Job 36

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 33 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=36-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q99 (4QJob{{sup|a}}; 175–60 BCE) with extant verses 7–11, 13–27, 32–33.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|pp=730–731}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#job Dead sea scrolls - Job]{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=42}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q99-1 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

The structure of the book is as follows:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=17–23}}

• The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
• The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
• The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
• The Epilogue (42:7–17)

Within the structure, chapter 36 is grouped into the Verdict section with the following outline:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=21–23}}

• Elihu's Verdict (32:1–37:24)
• Prose Introduction of Elihu (32:1–5)
• Elihu's Apology (32:6–22)
• A Transition from Apology to Argument (33:1–7)
• Elihu's First Speech (33:8–33)
• Elihu's Second Speech (34:1–37)
• Elihu's Third Speech (35:1–16)
• Elihu's Fourth Speech (36:1–37:24)
• A Summons to Job (36:1–4)
• Elihu's Verdict (36:5–7)
• The Substantiation of the Verdict (36:8–15)
• Application to Job (36:16–21)
• Hymn of Praise (36:22–37:24)
• God's Powerful Works Deserve Praise (36:22–25)
• God's Control of Rain and Storms (36:26–29)
• God's Use of Lightning (36:30–33)
• God's Purposes through Thunder and Lightning (37:1–5)
• God's Activity in the Rest of the Natural World (37:6–13)
• Challenge to Understand God's Great Works (37:14–20)
• Fear the Coming of God (37:21–24)
• God's Appearance (Yahweh Speeches) and Job's Responses (38:1–42:6)
• God's First Speech (38:1–40:2)
• Job's First Reply – An Insufficient Response (40:3–5)
• God's Second Speech (40:6–41:34)
• Job's Second Reply (42:1–6)

The section containing Elihu's speeches serves as a bridge between the Dialogue (chapters 3–31) and the speeches of YHWH (chapters 38–41).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=155}} There is an introduction in the prose form (Job 32:1–5), describing Elihu's identity and circumstances that cause him to speak (starting in Job 32:6).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=155}} The whole speech section can be formally divided into four monologues, each starting with a similar formula (Job 32:6; 34:1; 35:1; 36:1).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=155}} Elihu's first monologue is preceded by an apologia (justification) for speaking (Job 32:6–22) and a transitionary part which introduces Elihu's main arguments (Job 33:1–7) before the speech formally commences (Job 33:8–33).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=155–156}}

In the first three speeches Elihu cites and then disputes specific Job's charges in the preceding dialogue:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=156}}

The fourth (and final) speech of Elihu comprises chapters 36–37, in which Elihu stops refuting Job's charges, but states his conclusions and verdict:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=156}}

1. A summon to Job (Job 36:1–21)
2. A hymn of praise to God as creator (Job 36:22–37:13)
3. A concluding address to Job (Job 37:14–24){{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=156}}

File:SINAI3fol27v.jpg

After speaking without interruption for a long time, Elihu likely senses that Job (and his friends) may be impatient for him to finish, so he calls for Job's attention.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=218}} Elihu claims that what he is saying is right because he voices God's perfect knowledge (verse 4; cf. Job 37:16: Elihu affirms that God is perfect in knowledge).{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=219}}

:[Elihu said:] "For truly my words will not be false;

::He who is perfect in knowledge is with you."{{bibleref2|Job|36:4|MEV}} MEV

• "Perfect": translated from the Hebrew word {{lang|he|תְּמִים}}, temim; the same word used of Job in Job 2:3.Note on Job 36:4 in NET Bible

Elihu's last speech is more compassionate and constructive than his previous three discourses.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=218}} He focuses on the consequences of suffering rather than its cause, that suffering is God's discipline by which a person can be built up and be better.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=218}} In the second part of this speech, Elihu voices a hymn of praise to God as Creator (Job 36:22–25; 26–29, 30–33; 37:1–5, 6–13).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=175}} His words actually prepare for the divine appearance in chapter 38.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=175}}

:[Elihu said:] "For by these He judges the people;

::He gives food in abundance."{{bibleref2|Job|36:31|MEV}} MEV

Elihu draws a parallel between God's arrangements of natural world with God's government of human world; in both worlds, God is 'transcendent and in control'.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=221}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Cattle
• Cloud
• Discipline
• Divine judgment
• Hypocrisy
• Job
• King
• Knowledge
• Obedience (human behavior)
• Omnipotence
• Oppression
• Poverty
• Prosperity
• Righteousness
• God Shaddai (Almighty)
• Sin

}}

• Related Bible parts: Job 7, Job 9, Job 21

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last = Alter |first = Robert |title = The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary |publisher = W.W. Norton & Co |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TujOn209Ts8C| isbn = 978-0393080735}}
• {{Cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| authorlink= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last= Crenshaw | first= James L. | chapter = 17. Job | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 331–355 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{Cite book|last= Estes | first = Daniel J. | title= Job | series= Teach the Text Commentary Series |editor-first1= John H. |editor-last1=Walton |editor-first2= Mark L. |editor-last2=Strauss | place= United States |publisher =Baker Publishing Group | year= 2013 |isbn = 9781441242778 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SpFRU1n-oUMC }}
• {{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Kathleen A. |chapter = The Wisdom Books |editor1-last = McKenzie |editor1-first = Steven L. |editor2-last = Graham |editor2-first = Matt Patrick |title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC |isbn = 978-0-66425652-4}}
• {{Cite book |last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|author-link= Joseph Fitzmyer |title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
• {{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| authorlink= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zsG4oLToI7oC | isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
• {{Cite book | last1 = Kugler | first1 = Robert | last2 = Hartin | first2 = Patrick J. | title = An Introduction to the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4636-5 }}
• {{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
• {{Cite book | last1 =Walton | first1 = John H.| title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Zondervan |year= 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ9CvY0NccC | isbn = 9780310492009 }}
• {{Cite book | last1 =Wilson | first1 = Lindsay | title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_IpyCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781467443289 }}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

• Jewish translations:
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16438 Iyov - Job - Chapter 36 (Judaica Press)] translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Job+36 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=36&version=9 Book of Job Chapter 36]. Various versions
• {{librivox book | title=Book of Job}} Various versions

{{Book of Job}}

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