Joe Arpaio#Melendres v. Arpaio racial profiling class-action lawsuit

Arpaio was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on June 14, 1932,{{cite web|url=http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |first=Joe |last=Arpaio |date=2008 |title=Growing up |publisher=Committee to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio |access-date=January 29, 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129034231/http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |archive-date=January 29, 2008}} to Italian parents, both from Lacedonia, Italy.{{cite web |url=http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?MID=06830228630897368576&FNM=NICOLA&LNM=ARPAIO&PLNM=ARPAIO&CGD=M&first_kind=1&last_kind=0&TOWN=null&SHIP=null&RF=2&pID=604303010014 |title=OSIA Honors Sheriff Arpaio |website=encyclopedia.com |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=July 14, 2010}} Arpaio's mother died while giving birth to him, and he was raised by his father,{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/sheriff-joe-arpaio-slammed-in-federal-civil-rights-probe-report |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio Slammed in Federal Civil Rights Probe Report |first=Terry Greene |last=Sterling |work=The Daily Beast |date=December 16, 2011 |access-date=December 15, 2022}} who ran an Italian grocery store.{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1929920,00.html |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio |magazine=Time |date=October 13, 2009 |last=James |first=Randy |access-date=December 15, 2022}}{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-arpaio-timeline-20170801-story.html|title=Timeline: The rise and fall of Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=August 1, 2017 |last=Pearce |first=Matt}} Arpaio completed high school and worked in his father's business until age 18 when he enlisted in the United States Army.{{cite web |url=http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 |last=Arpaio |first=Joe |title=Joining the Army |publisher=Committee to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio |date=2008 |access-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218232919/http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 |archive-date=December 18, 2008}} He served in the Army from 1950 to 1954 in the Medical Department and was stationed in France for part of the time as a military policeman.

Following his army discharge in 1954, Arpaio moved to Washington, D.C., and became a police officer, moving in 1957 to Las Vegas, Nevada. He served as a police officer in Las Vegas for six months before being appointed as a special agent with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which later became part of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).{{cite web|url=http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=35 |title=Re-elect Sheriff Joe Arpaio 2012 |website=encyclopedia.com |access-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218232909/http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=35 |archive-date=December 18, 2008}} During his 25-year tenure with the DEA, he was stationed in Argentina, Turkey, and Mexico, and advanced through the ranks to the position of head of the DEA's Arizona branch.{{cite web|url=http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=37 |title=Joe Arpaio DEA Officer |website=sheriffjoe.org |access-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218232929/http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=37 |archive-date=December 18, 2008}}

After leaving the DEA, Arpaio became involved in a travel venture through his wife's travel agency Starworld Travel Agency, based in Scottsdale. While there, he sold passage on the Phoenix E space rocket, which was hoped to take off from either Edwards Air Force Base or Vandenberg Air Force Base on the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' voyage to the new world. Although he claimed in 1988 that the first 19 flights of the Phoenix E had been booked, no flights were ever made.{{cite web |first=Ray |last=Stern |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2009/09/arpaios_trips_to_space_arizona.php |title=Arpaios trips to space |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |access-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |date=September 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104223356/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2009/09/arpaios_trips_to_space_arizona.php |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141104154417/http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/09/03/20090903spacetravel-ON.html |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/09/03/20090903spacetravel-ON.html |title=Apaio's travel agency offers 'affordable' bookings on space flights |work=The Phoenix Gazette |via=The Arizona Republic |access-date=November 4, 2014 |first=Dave |last=Eskes |orig-date=May 5, 1985 |date=September 3, 2009}}

File:Joe Arpaio by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg]]

File:Joe Arpaio by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg

Arpaio was first elected as sheriff in 1992. He was re-elected in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012.{{cite web |url=http://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/archivedelectionresults.aspx |title=Maricopa County Election Results |publisher=Maricopa County government |access-date=March 24, 2015 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510161928/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/archivedelectionresults.aspx |url-status=dead}} Throughout his tenure as sheriff Arpaio sought out media coverage. He was featured and profiled by news media worldwide and claimed to average 200 television appearances per month.{{cite news|title=When a Taste for Publicity Bites Back|author=Fernanda Santos|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 1, 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/02/us/an-arizona-sheriffs-fondness-for-publicity-may-bite-back.html}} In late 2008 and early 2009, Arpaio appeared in Smile...You're Under Arrest!, a three-episode Fox Reality Channel series in which persons with outstanding warrants were tricked into presenting themselves for arrest.{{cite news |title=A Star Turn for a Sheriff on Fox TV |author=David Carr |author-link=David Carr (journalist) |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 4, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/business/media/05carr.html}}

Arpaio's jail detention practices included serving inmates Nutraloaf{{cite news |title=It's What's for Dinner |url=http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/its_whats_for_dinner/ |work=ABA Journal |date=July 2010 |first=Arin |last=Greenwood |access-date=August 21, 2018}} and edibles recovered from food rescue{{cite news |last=Zoellner |first=Tom |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/11/janet-napolitano-s-embarrassing-history-with-sheriff-joe-arpaio.html |title=Janet Napolitano's embarrassing history with Sheriff Joe Arpaio |work=Slate |date=November 24, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2010}} and limiting meals to twice daily.{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/10/29/chain.gang.reut/ |publisher=CNN |title=Sheriff runs female chain gang |agency=Reuters |date=October 29, 2003 |access-date=May 6, 2010}} He also banned inmates from possessing "sexually explicit material" including Playboy magazine, after female officers complained that inmates openly masturbated while viewing the articles. The ban was challenged on First Amendment grounds, but was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.{{cite web |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1279443.html |title=Mauro v. Arpaio |work=FindLaw |date=August 17, 1999}} In February 2007, Arpaio instituted an in-house radio station he called KJOE,{{cite news |url=http://www.kpho.com/news/10932222/detail.html |title=Arpaio Launches KJOE Radio |date=February 5, 2007 |publisher=KPHO.com |access-date=August 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325164925/http://www.kpho.com/news/10932222/detail.html |archive-date=March 25, 2007}} broadcasting classical music, opera, Frank Sinatra hits, patriotic music, and educational programming five days a week, four hours each day.

Federal Judge Neil V. Wake ruled in 2008 and 2010 that the Maricopa County jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care-related issues.{{cite news|last1=Hensley|first1=JJ|last2=Collom|first2=Lindsey|title=Judge backs county inmates in jail case|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/10/23/20081023ruling1023.html|work=The Arizona Republic|date=October 23, 2008|access-date=May 17, 2010}}{{cite news|last=Hensley|first=JJ|title=Judge: County failed to improve jails' medical, mental-health conditions|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/08/20100408maricopa-county-jail-conditions.html|date=April 8, 2010|access-date=May 17, 2010}}

In 2013, National Geographic Channel featured Arpaio's jail in the Banged Up Abroad episode of "Raving Arizona".{{YouTube|NijcOiuUdFg}} The episode told the story of the Ecstasy dealer Shaun Attwood who started the blog Jon's Jail Journal.{{cite web|url=http://jonsjailjournal.blogspot.co.uk/ |title=Jon's Jail Journal (by Shaun Attwood) |website=Jonsjailjournal.blogspot.co.uk |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://shaunattwood.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113&Itemid=55 |title=Blog |website=Shaunattwood.com |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://shaunattwood.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=76 |title=Media Requests |website=Shaunattwood.com |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

In 1993, Arpaio set up a "Tent City" — which he described as a "concentration camp"Multiple sources:

• {{Cite web|last=Attwood|first=Shaun|date=December 7, 2010|title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio Brags His Tent City Jail Is A Concentration Camp|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7reZOp2Qco|access-date=August 30, 2019|via=Youtube}}
• {{YouTube|D7reZOp2Qco}}
• {{cite web|title=Two Americans video footage|url=http://www.twoamericans.com/downloads/TwoAmericansPreview.mov|access-date=July 17, 2015|website=Twoamericans.com}} — as a temporary extension of the Maricopa County Jail for convicted and sentenced prisoners.{{cite web|title=Tent City Jail|url=http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/TentCity.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117161910/http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/TentCity.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2015|publisher=Maricopa County Sheriff's Office}}{{Coord|33|25|40|N|112|07|26|W|type:landmark_region:US-AZ|display=inline|name=Maricopa County Jail}} It was located in a yard next to a more permanent structure.{{cite web|author=The Honorable Jeffrey S. Cates, Judge|date=September 26, 2002|title=Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County, Cause No. CV 97-008668|url=http://www.cofad1.state.az.us/opinionfiles/cv/cv010239.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307230026/http://www.cofad1.state.az.us/opinionfiles/cv/cv010239.pdf|archive-date=March 7, 2009}} He later claimed that the "concentration camp" remark had been a joke, pointing out: "What difference does it make? I still survived. I still kept getting re-elected.”{{Cite news|last=Fernández|first=Valeria|date=2017-08-21|title=Arizona's 'concentration camp': why was Tent City kept open for 24 years?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/21/arizona-phoenix-concentration-camp-tent-city-jail-joe-arpaio-immigration|access-date=2019-08-30|issn=0261-3077}}

In 1997, Amnesty International said Arpaio's tent city jail was not an "adequate or humane alternative to housing inmates in suitable ... jail facilities."{{cite news |author=Tony Ortega |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-09-18/news/human-plights/ |title=Human Plights – Page 1 – News – Phoenix |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=September 18, 1997 |access-date=September 29, 2011 |author-link=Tony Ortega |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823020630/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-09-18/news/human-plights/ |url-status=dead}} Tent City was criticized by groups contending that there were violations of human and constitutional rights.{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/sheriff-joes-inhumane-circus?redirect=2009%2F02%2F05%2Fsheriff-joes-inhumane-circus |first=Alessandra |last=Soler |title=Sheriff Joe's Inhumane Circus |date=February 5, 2009 |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |access-date=August 29, 2010}} Arpaio stated he reserved the punishment of living in Tent City "for those who have been convicted."{{cite web|last=Yu |first=Esther |url=https://archive.thinkprogress.org/twenty-years-of-in-tents-treatment-how-sheriff-joe-arpaio-put-racism-on-display-a804f9a43601/ |title=Twenty Years Of In-Tents Treatment: How Sheriff Joe Arpaio Put Racism On Display |website=ThinkProgress |date=August 2, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite news |first=Ted |last=Hesson |url=https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Politics/problem-sheriff-joe-arpaios-tent-city-analysis/story?id=19804368 |title=The Problem With Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Tent City |publisher=ABC News |date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

During the summer of 2003, when outside temperatures exceeded {{convert|110|F|C|0}}, Arpaio said to complaining inmates, "It's 120 degrees [{{cvt|120|F|C|disp=out}}] in Iraq and the soldiers are living in tents and they didn't commit any crimes, so shut your mouths!"{{cite web |first=Ananda |last=Shorey |date=July 25, 2003|title=Phoenix is sizzling through what could be the hottest July on record |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20030725-2230-phoenixheat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009182800/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20030725-2230-phoenixheat.html |archive-date=October 9, 2007 |access-date=October 20, 2007 |website=signonsandiego.com}} On July 2, 2011, when the temperature in Phoenix hit {{convert|118|F|C|0}}, Arpaio measured the temperature inside these tents at {{convert|145|F|C|0}}. Some inmates complained that fans near their beds were not working, and that their shoes were melting from the heat.{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Eugene |date=July 3, 2011 |title=Temperatures rise to 145 inside Tent City |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/07/03/20110703tent-city-temperatures-rise-145.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719015159/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/07/03/20110703tent-city-temperatures-rise-145.html |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |access-date=September 29, 2011 |newspaper=The Arizona Republic}}

In April 2017, it was announced by newly elected Sheriff Paul Penzone that the Tent City jail would be shut down.{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Merritt|title=Joe Arpaio's Infamous Tent City Jail In Maricopa County Will Shut Down|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/05/522707158/joe-arpaios-infamous-tent-city-jail-in-maricopa-county-will-shut-down|access-date=April 5, 2017|publisher=NPR |date=April 5, 2017}}

In 1995, Arpaio reinstituted chain gangs. In 1996, he expanded the chain gang concept by instituting female volunteer chain gangs.{{Cite news |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2004-03-10/segment/00 |title=Anderson Cooper 360 transcript |date=March 10, 2004 |work=Anderson Cooper 360° |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 4, 2009}} Female inmates worked seven hours a day (7 a.m. to 2 p.m.), six days a week. He also instituted the world's first all-juvenile volunteer chain gang; volunteers earned high school credit toward a diploma.{{Cite news |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/lt/date/2004-03-11/segment/01 |title=CNN reporter Eric Phillips interviews Sheriff Arpaio and a juvenile offender |date=March 11, 2004 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 20, 2007 |work=CNN Live Today}}

One of Arpaio's public relations actions was the requirement that inmates wear pink underwear in order to prevent its theft by the released inmates. He claimed this saved the county $70,000 in the first year the rule was in effect.{{cite web|url=http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/CustodySupport/Default.aspx?t=LaundryServices |title=Custody Operations: Laundry Services |publisher=Maricopa County Sheriff's Office |access-date=May 8, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065318/http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/CustodySupport/Default.aspx?t=LaundryServices |archive-date=May 18, 2015}} Arpaio subsequently started to sell customized pink boxers (with the Maricopa County Sheriff's logo and "Go Joe") as a fund-raiser for Sheriff's Posse Association. Despite allegations of misuse of funds received from these sales, Arpaio declined to provide an accounting for the money.{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-05-27/news/blowing-his-cool/|title=Blowing His Cool|date=May 27, 1999|author=Tony Ortega|website=Phoenix New Times|access-date=June 19, 2008|archive-date=December 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208180304/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-05-27/news/blowing-his-cool/|url-status=dead}}

Arpaio's success in gaining press coverage with the pink underwear resulted in his extending the use of the color. He introduced pink handcuffs, using the event to promote his book, Sheriff Joe Arpaio, America's Toughest Sheriff.{{cite web |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0114052pinkcuffs1.html |title=Not Pretty In Pink|date=January 14, 2005|website=The Smoking Gun|access-date=June 19, 2008}} Arpaio has said "I can get elected on pink underwear... I've done it five times."{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/10/joe_arpaio_obliterated_in_two.php |title=Joe Arpaio Obliterated in New TV Ads by Citizens for Professional Law Enforcement |website=Phoenix New Times |date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508125455/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/10/joe_arpaio_obliterated_in_two.php |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5KRX7uMEpg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/q5KRX7uMEpg |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Sheriff Arpaio: "I could be elected on pink underwear" |date=October 16, 2009 |via=YouTube |access-date=March 3, 2013}}{{cbignore}}

In 2004, Arpaio ordered all undocumented immigrants then in jail to register for the Selective Service System.{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/1/16/19806836/illegals-in-jail-ordered-to-register-for-draft |title='Illegals' in jail ordered to register for draft |agency=Associated Press |work=Deseret News |access-date=December 15, 2022 |date=January 16, 2004}}

In November 2010, Arpaio created an armed illegal immigration operations posse to help his deputies enforce immigration law. Members of the posse included actors Steven Seagal, Lou Ferrigno, and Peter Lupus.{{cite web|last1=Leibowitz|first1=Barry|title=Lou Ferrigno, Steven Seagal, Join Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Posse to Crack Down on Illegal Immigrants|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lou-ferrigno-steven-seagal-join-sheriff-joe-arpaios-posse-to-crack-down-on-illegal-immigrants/|publisher=CBS News|access-date=December 11, 2017|date=November 22, 2010}} Because the MCSO lost its authority to enforce immigration law (both by losing its 287(g) authority and through a federal court order in Melendres v. Arpaio), {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, the immigration posse is no longer active.{{cite web|url=http://digitalissue.phoenixnewtimes.com/publication/?i=161501&p=6|title=Bad Conscience|last=Lemons|first=Stephen|work=Phoenix New Times digital issue|date=June 5, 2013}} While the MCSO website claimed 3,000 posse members, as of July 29, 2015, the posse had 986 members.{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/joe-arpaios-incredibly-shrinking-posse-w-update-7523792|title=Joe Arpaio's Incredibly Shrinking Posse (w/Update)|first=Stephen |last=Lemons|work=Phoenix New Times|date=July 29, 2015}}

Arpaio was a controversial sheriff. His practices were criticized by government agencies such as the United States Department of Justice and United States district courts, as well as organizations such as Amnesty International,{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr510511997en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030909151038/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510511997?open&of=ENG-2AM |archive-date=September 9, 2003 |date=August 1, 1997 |title=Ill-treatment of inmates in Maricopa County jails, Arizona |publisher=Amnesty International}} the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Arizona Ecumenical Council, the American Jewish Committee,{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishaz.com/issues/story.mv?080425+statement |date=July 24, 2009 |title=Valley rabbis' statement on Sheriff Joe Arpaio |newspaper=Jewish News of Greater Phoenix |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029144216/http://www.jewishaz.com/issues/story.mv?080425%2Bstatement |archive-date=October 29, 2010}} and the Arizona chapter of the Anti-Defamation League.{{cite news |first1=Casey |last1=Newton |first2=JJ |last2=Hensley |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/0413gordonarpaio0413.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718234826/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/0413gordonarpaio0413.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 18, 2012 |date=April 13, 2008 |title=Phoenix Mayor Gordon calls for FBI investigation of Arpaio |newspaper=The Arizona Republic}} The editorial board of The New York Times called Arpaio "America's Worst Sheriff".{{cite news |title=America's Worst Sheriff (Joe Arpaio) |author=New York Times editorial board |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 31, 2008 |url=http://theboard.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/americas-worst-sheriff-joe-arpaio/}} Controversies surrounding Arpaio included allegations of racial profiling, for which the ACLU sued the sheriff's office.{{cite press release |url=https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-sues-maricopa-county-sheriffs-office-illegal-arrest-and-detention-us-citizen-and |title=ACLU Sues Maricopa County Sheriff's Office For Illegal Arrest And Detention Of U.S. Citizen And Legal Resident |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=August 19, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/sheriff-arpaio-sued-over-racial-profiling-latinos-maricopa-county |title=Sheriff Arpaio Sued over Racial Profiling of Latinos in Maricopa County |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=July 16, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}

In 2000 it was claimed that the sheriff's office failed to properly investigate serious crimes, including the rape of a 14-year-old girl by classmates,{{cite web |last=Fenske |first=Sarah |title=How the MCSO Neglected a 14-Year-Old Rape Victim |website=Phoenix New Times |date=May 28, 2009 |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2009-05-28/news/two-statutory-rape-allegations-tell-us-everything-we-need-to-know-about-the-mcso-s-priorities/ |access-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131112854/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2009-05-28/news/two-statutory-rape-allegations-tell-us-everything-we-need-to-know-about-the-mcso-s-priorities/ |archive-date=January 31, 2013}}{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Josh |title=Sexual assault victim claims MCSO failed to do its job |publisher=KNXV-TV |date=May 21, 2009 |url=http://www.abc15.com/content/news/investigators/story/Sexual-assault-victim-claims-MCSO-failed-to-do/Clk4sc9W30WbpU6Si-4TgA.cspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523094549/http://www.abc15.com/content/news/investigators/story/Sexual-assault-victim-claims-MCSO-failed-to-do/Clk4sc9W30WbpU6Si-4TgA.cspx |archive-date=May 23, 2009}} and the rape of a 15-year-old girl by two strangers.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/works/2009-Local-Reporting-Group2 |title=The Pulitzer Prizes | Works |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|last=Gabrielson |first=Ryan |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8377 |title=Reasonable Doubt: Public pays the price |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |work=East Valley Tribune |date=July 12, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303215400/http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8377 |archive-date=March 3, 2013}} These cases were reported as "exceptionally cleared" (solved) by the MCSO without investigation or, in one instance, without even identifying a suspect – in contravention of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) standards for exceptional clearance.{{cite web |url=http://victimpower.org/2009/05/31/exceptionally-cleared/ |title=Victim Power |publisher=Victim Power |access-date=October 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527145602/http://victimpower.org/2009/05/31/exceptionally-cleared/ |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |url-status=dead}} In the case of the 15-year-old girl, the case was closed within one month and before DNA testing was even complete, a 13-year-old's because her mother did not want to "pursue this investigation," and the 14-year-old's because a suspect declined to appear for questioning. In a statement to ABC15, the sheriff's office claimed "The Goldwater Institute's report cites the FBI's Uniform Code [sic] Reporting handbook, which is a voluntary crime-reporting program to compile statistical information and reports. The UCR is not intended for oversight on how law enforcement agencies clear cases... The Sheriff's Office has its own criteria for clearing cases." The Arizona Department of Public Safety, which serves as the repository for Arizona case clearance statistics, told 12 News that the guidelines in the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook are mandatory for all Arizona law enforcement agencies. Those guidelines specify that a case can be cleared by exception only when a perpetrator's identity and location is known and there is sufficient evidence to support prosecution, but, due to special circumstances (such as the suspect dying, or extradition not being possible), an arrest cannot be made.

In an interview on the ABC's Nightline news program, when asked to explain why 82 percent of cases were declared cleared by exception, Arpaio said, "We do clear a higher percentage of that. I know that. We clear many, many cases – not 18 percent." Nightline contacted the MCSO after the interview and was told that of 7,346 crimes, only 944, or 15%, had been cleared by arrest.{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/sheriff-joe-arpaio-unapologetic-tactics-illegal-immigrant-crackdowns/story?id=9219341&page=2 |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio Unapologetic About Tactics, Illegal Immigrant Crackdowns |first1=Martin |last1=Bashir |first2=Max |last2=Culhane |publisher=ABC News |date=July 23, 2009 |access-date=October 24, 2010}}

Under Arpaio, the MCSO may have improperly cleared (reported as solved) as many as 75% of cases without arrest or proper investigation.{{cite news

|last1=Dana

|first1=Joe

|title=Many MCSO cases solved without arrests

|url=http://archive.azcentral.com/12news/news/articles/20100115mcsocases01152010-CR.html

|access-date=July 17, 2015

|newspaper=The Arizona Republic

|publisher=12 News

|date=January 19, 2010}}

{{cite web

|url=https://www.amazon.com/Justice-Denied-Improper-Clearance-Unsolved-ebook/dp/B002ZCY9KS

|first1=Clint

|last1=Bolick

|publisher=Goldwater Institute

|date=May 21, 2009

|title=Justice Denied: The Improper Clearance of Unsolved Crimes by the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office

|access-date=July 17, 2015}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/pdf_32f0adf2-2764-11e1-9e0b-001871e3ce6c.html

|first1=Clint

|last1=Bolick

|publisher=Goldwater Institute

|date=December 2, 2008

|title=Mission Unaccomplished: The Misplaced Priorities of the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office

|access-date=July 17, 2015}}

{{cite news

|title=Goldwater Institute: Arpaio's crime clearance rate a sham

|website=AzCapitolTimes.com

|date=May 22, 2009

|url=https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2009/05/22/goldwater-institute-arpaio8217s-crime-clearance-rate-a-sham-2/

|access-date=June 7, 2012}}

{{cite news

|last1=Richardson

|first1=Bill

|title=The numbers don't match Arpaio's hype

|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/opinion/article_0d55b363-2ce6-500e-9f57-372d884e96bd.html

|access-date=July 17, 2015

|newspaper=East Valley Tribune

|date=May 27, 2009}}

During a three-year period ending in 2007, more than 400 sex crimes reported to Arpaio's office were inadequately investigated or not investigated at all. While providing police services for El Mirage, Arizona, the MCSO under Arpaio failed to follow through on at least 32 reported child molestations, even though the suspects were known in all but six cases. Many of the victims were children of illegal immigrants.{{cite news|last=Billeaud |first=Jacques |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2011/12/04/critics_tough_sheriff_botched_sex_crime_cases/?page=full |title=Critics: 'Tough' sheriff botched sex-crime cases |website=The Boston Globe|date=December 4, 2011 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

In a controversial case, Arpaio's office was accused of ignoring Sabrina Morrison, a teenage girl suffering from a mental disability. On March 7, 2007, the 13-year-old was raped by her uncle, Patrick Morrison. She told her teacher the next day, and her teacher called the MCSO. A rape kit was taken, but the detective assigned to the case told Sabrina and her family that there were no obvious signs of sexual assault, no semen, or signs of trauma.{{cite web|last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/blogs/joe-arpaios-deputy-told-to-work-fraud-cases-instead-of-child-rape-crime-6500460 |title=Joe Arpaio's Deputy Told to Work Fraud Cases Instead of Child Rape Crime |website=Phoenix New Times |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

As a result of the detective's statements, Sabrina was branded by her family as a liar. Her uncle continued to rape her repeatedly, saying he would kill her if she told anyone. She became pregnant by him, and had an abortion. The family did not know that the rape kit had been tested at the state lab and showed the presence of semen. The lab requested that the detective obtain a blood sample from the suspect, Patrick Morrison.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/08/joe_arpaios_deputy_ordered_to.php?page=2 |title=Rape victim opens up about botched MCSO investigation |publisher=KPHO-TV |date=September 28, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828083003/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/08/joe_arpaios_deputy_ordered_to.php?page=2 |url-status=dead}} Instead of obtaining the blood sample, or making an arrest, the detective filed the crime-lab note and closed the case for four years.

In September 2011 the sheriff's office obtained a blood sample from Patrick Morrison, which was a DNA match with the semen taken over four years earlier. Patrick Morrison was arrested and charged in February 2012; he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 24 years in prison.

In December 2011, responding to continuing media coverage of the controversy, and apparently unaware that there were hundreds of victims in these cases, Arpaio stated in a press conference, "If there were any victims, I apologize to those victims."{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=Marc |date=December 9, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/10/us/sheriff-joe-arpaio-criticized-over-handling-of-sex-crimes-cases.html |title=Arpaio Is Criticized Over Handling of Sex-Crimes Cases |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 15, 2022}}

In August 2012, Sabrina Morrison filed a notice of claim against Arpaio and Maricopa County for gross negligence. In April 2015, the case settled for $3.5 million.{{cite web |last=Loew |first=Morgan |url=http://www.kpho.com/story/19662091/rape-victim-opens-up-about-botched-mcso-investigation |title=Rape victim opens up about botched MCSO investigation |publisher=KPHO |date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=February 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214193742/http://www.kpho.com/story/19662091/rape-victim-opens-up-about-botched-mcso-investigation |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/maricopa-county-to-pay-35-million-for-botched-sheriffs-office-rape-investigation-7287590 |title=Maricopa County to Pay $3.5 Million for Botched Sheriff's Office Rape Investigation |first=Ray |last=Stern |website=Phoenix New Times |date=April 9, 2015}}

An internal memo written by one of the detectives assigned to the Morrison case blamed a high case load, saying the special victims unit had gone from five detectives to just three, and the detectives left were often called off their cases to investigate special assignments. These included a credit card fraud case involving the Arizona Diamondbacks and a mortgage fraud case in Arpaio's home city of Fountain Hills.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/08/joe_arpaios_deputy_ordered_to.php |title=Joe Arpaio's Deputy Told to Work Fraud Cases Instead of Child Rape Crime |website=Phoenix New Times |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119111130/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2012/08/joe_arpaios_deputy_ordered_to.php |url-status=dead}}

When county supervisors provided more than $600,000 to fund six additional detective positions to investigate child abuse in fiscal 2007, none were added to the sex-crimes squad. Sheriff's administrators concluded they had no idea where positions were added or what became of the money after it was added to the budget.{{cite web|url=http://www.trivalleycentral.com/casa_grande_dispatch/arizona_news/arpaio-s-office-continues-to-investigate-sex-crime-cases/article_6ec5ec3a-0caf-11e2-ae18-0019bb2963f4.html |title=Arpaio's office continues to investigate sex-crime cases |work=Casa Grande Dispatch |date=October 2, 2012 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205001751/http://www.trivalleycentral.com/casa_grande_dispatch/arizona_news/arpaio-s-office-continues-to-investigate-sex-crime-cases/article_6ec5ec3a-0caf-11e2-ae18-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

In October 2007, Mike Lacey and Jim Larkin, the founders and leaders of the Phoenix New Times, were arrested after publishing a news article on a grand jury investigation involving Arpaio's office.{{cite web|url=http://frontpageconfidential.com/michael-lacey-jim-larkin-arpaio-frontera-fund-first-amendment/|title=Michael Lacey and Jim Larkin on the Enduring Sins of Joe Arpaio, America's Worst Sheriff|work=Front Page Confidential|author=Tom Finkel|date=November 17, 2017}} On the evening that the article was published, Lacey and Larkin were arrested by plainclothes sheriff's deputies, "handcuffed, put in dark SUVs with tinted windows and driven to jail."{{cite news |first1=Anne |last1=Ryman |first2=Michael |last2=Kiefer |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/immigration/2014/12/16/proceeds-arpaio-suit-fund-asu-journalism-chair/20480479/ |title=Even Arpaio likes lawsuit proceeds funding ASU journalism program |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=December 17, 2014}} Following a public uproar over the arrests, all charges were dropped against Lacey and Larkin. Lacey and Larkin filed a federal Section 1983 lawsuit for the violations of their civil rights, and in 2012 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that they could sue the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office for the arrests.{{cite court |url=http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2012/08/30/09-15703.pdf |litigants=Lacey v. Maricopa County |vol=693 |reporter=F.3d |pinpoint=896 |court=9th Cir. en banc |date=2012}} In 2013, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors voted to settle the suit for $3.75 million. Lacey and Larkin used the proceeds of the settlement to establish an endowed chair professorship at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, and to establish the Lacey & Larkin Frontera Fund, which advocates for migrant rights and freedom of speech issues in Arizona.{{cite web |url=http://www.laceyandlarkinfronterafund.org/joe-arpaio-basics-all-you-need-to-know/ |first=Carmen |last=Cornejo |publisher=Lacey & Larkin Frontera Fund |title=Joe Arapaio Basics: All You Need to Know |date=August 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827102724/http://www.laceyandlarkinfronterafund.org/joe-arpaio-basics-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 27, 2017}}

Between 2008 and 2010, Arpaio and former Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas together undertook a number of government-corruption investigations targeting political opponents, including judges, county supervisors and administrators. These investigations resulted in: lawsuits against the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, a federal civil-racketeering suit against the supervisors, four judges, and attorneys who worked with the county; and filing of criminal charges against several individuals.{{cite web|last=Hee |first=Michelle Ye |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131218maricopa-county-supervisors-settle-lawsuit-new-times-founders.html |title=Maricopa County supervisors settle lawsuits filed by 'New Times' founders, Stapley |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140606094114/http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131218maricopa-county-supervisors-settle-lawsuit-new-times-founders.html |archive-date=June 6, 2014 |date=December 20, 2013}}

In early 2010, Arpaio and Thomas sought to have a grand jury indict a number of Maricopa County judges, Maricopa County supervisors, and employees of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. The grand jury, in an unusual rebuke, ordered the investigation ended. This action has been described as meaning that "the case is so bad, there's no further evidence that could be brought" to substantiate it. Legal experts agreed this was a rare move.{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Kiefer |first2=Yvonne |last2=Wingett |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/08/15/20100815maricopa-county-joe-arpaio-andrew-thomas-feud.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117100843/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/08/15/20100815maricopa-county-joe-arpaio-andrew-thomas-feud.html?nclick_check=1 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |title=Maricopa County feud: What happens next? |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 15, 2009}}

Arpaio and Thomas lost every case, either by ruling of the courts or by dropping the case.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/09/15/20100915maricopa-county-officials-feud-costs-millions.html |title=Maricopa County's officials tab for feuding hits $5.6 million |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=September 15, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2010}}

Arpaio's and Thomas' actions in these matters led to Thomas' disbarment by a disciplinary panel of the Arizona Supreme Court, which found that Thomas "outrageously exploited power, flagrantly fostered fear, and disgracefully misused the law" while serving as Maricopa County Attorney. The panel found "clear and convincing evidence" that Thomas brought unfounded and malicious criminal and civil charges against political opponents, including four state judges and the Arizona Attorney General.{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-thomas-disbarred-phoenix-prosecutor_n_1415815 |work=The Huffington Post |first=John |last=Rudolf |title=Arizona Prosecutor Disbarred For Plotting Bad Arrests With 'America's Toughest Sheriff' |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=December 14, 2022}} "Were this a criminal case," the panel concluded, "we are confident that the evidence would establish this conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt."{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2012-04-19/news/andy-thomas-needs-a-perp-walk-with-his-papi-sheriff-joe-arpaio/2/ |title=Andy Thomas Needs a Perp Walk With His Papi, Sheriff Joe Arpaio |website=Phoenix New Times |date=April 19, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420222430/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2012-04-19/news/andy-thomas-needs-a-perp-walk-with-his-papi-sheriff-joe-arpaio/2 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/12/06/20101206andrew-thomas-discipline-arizona-supreme-court.html |title=Investigator to recommend disbarment in Thomas ethics case |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=December 6, 2010 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

At least 11 individuals filed lawsuits or legal claims as a result of being targeted by Arpaio and Thomas. The county settled all 11 cases:{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2014/06/02/wilcox-arpaio-payout-lawsuit-abrk/9884143/ |title=Mary Rose Wilcox awarded $975,000 from Arpaio suit |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=June 2, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

• Gary Donahoe, retired Superior Court judge: $1,275,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $767,127.
• Kenneth Fields, retired Superior Court judge: $100,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $81,040.
• Barbara Mundell, retired Superior Court judge: $500,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $134,273.
• Anna Baca, retired Superior Court judge: $100,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $112,588.
• Stephen Wetzel, former county technology director: $75,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $107,647.
• Sandi Wilson, deputy county manager and county budget director: $122,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $458,318.
• Don Stapley, former county supervisor: $3.5 million settlement. County legal expenses: $1,682,020.
• Mary Rose Wilcox, county supervisor: $975,000 settlement, plus $9,938 in court-ordered legal costs. County legal expenses to date: over $375,442.
• Susan Schuerman, Stapley's executive assistant: $500,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $200,201.
• Conley Wolfswinkel, Stapley's business associate: $1,400,000 settlement. County legal expenses: $1,586,152.
• Andy Kunasek, county supervisor: $123,110 settlement. County legal expenses: $1,150.

In February 2010, Pima County Superior Court Judge John S. Leonardo found that Arpaio "misused the power of his office to target members of the Board of Supervisors for criminal investigation".{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/25/20100225wilcox0225.html |title=Supervisor cases collapse |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=February 25, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2010}}

As of June 2014, costs to Maricopa County taxpayers related to Arpaio's and Thomas's failed corruption investigations exceeded $44 million, not including staff time.{{cite web|last=Hee |first=Michelle Ye |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140606055715/http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140127maricopa-county-arpaio-costs-tallied.html |archive-date=June 6, 2014 |date=January 27, 2014 |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140127maricopa-county-arpaio-costs-tallied.html |title=Maricopa County infighting, lawsuits cost taxpayers $44.4 million |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

In July 2010, a committee established by Arpaio (the "Campaign to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2012") funded advertisements critical of Rick Romley, a candidate in the Republican primary for Maricopa County Attorney, and Arizona Attorney General candidate Tom Horne, despite the fact that Arpaio was not running for re-election at the time (his term did not expire until the end of 2012).{{cite web |last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/08/24/20100824joe-arpaio-mailers-on-romley-violate-rules-brk24-ON.html |title=Joe Arpaio's campaign mailers violate rules, elections panel finds |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719043618/http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/08/24/20100824joe-arpaio-mailers-on-romley-violate-rules-brk24-ON.html |archive-date=July 19, 2012}}

In August 2010, following the filing of complaints to the Maricopa Elections Department, the Office of Maricopa County Attorney found that one of the advertisements, a direct mailer, advocated the defeat of Romley and was an in-kind contribution to Bill Montgomery (Romley's primary election opponent), in violation of Arizona election law. The order stated that a civil penalty in the amount of three times the amount of money spent on the mailer would be imposed on Campaign to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0824-arpaio-order.PDF |title=Office of Maricopa County Attorney : Campaign Finance Proceeding |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=July 17, 2015}} In September 2010, Arpaio's campaign was fined $153,978.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_fined_154k_for_in_k.php |title=Joe Arpaio Fined $154K for "In-Kind Contribution" to Bill Montgomery (w/Update) |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=September 14, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2010 |archive-date=September 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917084454/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_fined_154k_for_in_k.php |url-status=dead}} Montgomery ultimately defeated Romley in the primary election, with Romley stating Arpaio's ads "hurt" his results.{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Sakal |url=https://www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/article_a81436ba-b237-11df-b5b8-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Arpaio campaign fined for illegal mailers targeting Romley |newspaper=East Valley Tribune |date=August 27, 2010 |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829023705/https://www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/article_a81436ba-b237-11df-b5b8-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=August 29, 2010}}

An analysis by the Maricopa County Office of Management and Budget, completed in April 2011, found that Arpaio had misspent almost $100 million over the previous 5 years.{{cite web |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117133707/http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/21/20100921joe-arpaio-sheriffs-office-funds-analysis.html?nclick_check=1 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/21/20100921joe-arpaio-sheriffs-office-funds-analysis.html |title=Joe Arpaio's office misspent funds, analysis says |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=September 23, 2010}}{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/22/20100922joe-arpaio-misused-funds-maricopa-county-says22-ON.html |title=Joe Arpaio's office misused up to $80 million, Maricopa County says |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117112004/http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/22/20100922joe-arpaio-misused-funds-maricopa-county-says22-ON.html?nclick_check=1 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=September 23, 2010}}{{cite web|last=Sanchez |first=Yvonne Wingett |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/04/13/20110413arizona-arpaio-detention-funds-misspent.html |title=Joe Arpaio's staff misspent $99.5 million, budget officials say |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

The analysis showed that money from a restricted detention fund which could legally be used only to pay for jail items, such as food, detention officers' salaries, and equipment, was used to pay employees to patrol Maricopa County. The analysis also showed that many sheriff's office employees, whose salaries were paid from the restricted detention fund, were working job assignments different from those recorded in their personnel records. Arpaio's office kept a separate set of personnel books detailing actual work assignments, different from information kept in the county's official human resources records.

Arpaio used the detention fund to pay for investigations of political rivals, as well as activities involving his human-smuggling unit.

The analysis also showed a number of inappropriate spending items including a trip to Alaska where deputies stayed at a fishing resort, and trips to Disneyland.{{cite web|author=Sarah Buduson |url=http://www.kpho.com/news/25109597/detail.html |title=Maricopa Officials: Arpaio's Spending Illegal |publisher=KPHO-TV |date=June 28, 2007 |access-date=September 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061218/http://www.kpho.com/news/25109597/detail.html |archive-date=June 14, 2011}}

Separate investigations by The Arizona Republic uncovered widespread abuse of public funds and county policies by Arpaio's office, including high-ranking employees routinely charging expensive meals and stays at luxury hotels on their county credit cards.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/08/08/20100808maricopa-county-sheriff-office-spending.html |title=Maricopa County Sheriff's Office spent loosely |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 8, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2010}}

The Republic also found that a restricted jail-enhancement fund was improperly used to pay for out-of-state training, a staff party at a local amusement park, and a $456,000 bus which Arpaio purchased in violation of county procurement rules.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/08/18/20090818jefaudit0818.html |title=Audit sought on how jail fund is spent by Maricopa County Sheriff's Office |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 18, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2010}}

In September 2010, a 63-page internal memo written by Maricopa Deputy Chief Frank Munnell, was made public. The memo alleged years of misconduct and mismanagement by Arpaio's second-in-command and other top MCSO officers, including the use of a public-corruption task force to conduct politically motivated probes into political opponents. The memo alleged that top officials in the MCSO "willfully and intentionally committed criminal acts by attempting to obstruct justice, tamper with witnesses, and destroy evidence."{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaios_watergate_read_fra.php |title=Joe Arpaio's Watergate: Read MCSO Deputy Chief Frank Munnell's Memo Here (w/Update) – Phoenix News – Feathered Bastard |work=Phoenix New Times |date=September 16, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203045625/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaios_watergate_read_fra.php |url-status=dead}} Arpaio forwarded the memo to the Pinal County Sheriff's Office, requesting they conduct an administrative investigation. Former top MCSO staffers claimed that Arpaio knew of the acts alleged in the Munnell memo, but took no action to stop them.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_knows_all_and_david.php |title=Joe Arpaio Knows All, and David Hendershott's His Lackey, Say Former Staffers and Critics |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=September 17, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-date=September 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920175830/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_knows_all_and_david.php |url-status=dead}} Arpaio has not commented publicly on the allegations.

In October 2010, the U.S. Attorney for Arizona confirmed that the FBI and Department of Justice had received copies of the Munnell memo and were conducting criminal investigations into its allegations.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/10/05/20101005joe-arpaio-office-misconduct-allegations-investigated.html |title=Joe Arpaio aide's misconduct allegations investigated by U.S. Attorney's Office, FBI |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011}}

File:Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio.jpg in 2010]]

In 1999, undercover MCSO deputies arrested James Saville, then 18 years old, and charged him with plotting to kill Arpaio with a pipe bomb. A local television station had been tipped off to the arrest by the MCSO, and broadcast footage of the arrest that evening. The MCSO held a news conference shortly after the arrest, and Arpaio appeared in interviews on local television stations, saying "If they think they are going to scare me away with bombs and everything else, it's not going to bother me."{{cite web |author=Dougherty, John |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-08-05/news/the-plot-to-assassinate-arpaio/ |title=The Plot To Assassinate Arpaio |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=August 5, 1999 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020113529/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-08-05/news/the-plot-to-assassinate-arpaio/ |url-status=dead}}

In July 2003, after spending almost four years in jail awaiting trial, Saville was acquitted by a Maricopa County Superior Court jury. Jurors were persuaded that Saville had been entrapped by the MCSO as part of a publicity stunt by Arpaio.{{cite web |last=Bommersbach |first=Jana |url=http://janabommersbach.com/will-sheriff-joe-stop-at-nothing/ |title=Will Sheriff Joe Stop at Nothing? |work=PHOENIX Magazine |date=February 2005}}{{cite web |first=Carol |last=Sowers |url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2003/06/14/36722-man-cleared-of-plot-to-bomb-sheriff-arpaio/ |title=Man cleared of plot to bomb Sheriff Arpaio |work=The Arizona Republic |via=tucsoncitizen.com |date=June 14, 2003 |access-date=December 15, 2022}} This was a rare example of a successful entrapment defense, which is very difficult to prove.{{cite web |author=Dougherty, John |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2004-06-24/news/in-the-crosshairs/ |title=In the Crosshairs |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=June 24, 2004 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074511/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2004-06-24/news/in-the-crosshairs/ |url-status=dead}} Jurors interviewed following the trial said that "they were convinced that Saville had been a pawn in an elaborate media ploy." The jury forewoman subsequently said: "This was a publicity stunt at the expense of four years of someone's life." Another juror stated that "This was a big setup from the beginning."

In 2004, Saville, following the acquittal, sued Arpaio and Maricopa County for wrongful arrest and entrapment. In 2008, the suit was settled, with Maricopa County paying Saville $1.1 million. Saville also received an unspecified additional compensation from the county's insurance company.{{cite web|last=Dickerson |first=John |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/a-phony-murder-plot-against-joe-arpaio-winds-up-costing-taxpayers-11-million-6629798|title=A Phony Murder Plot Against Joe Arpaio Winds Up Costing Taxpayers $1.1 Million |website=Phoenix New Times |date=October 28, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

In 2008, a federal grand jury began an inquiry of Arpaio for abuse-of-power in connection with an FBI investigation.{{cite news|title=Sources: FBI Investigating Joe Arpaio |url=http://www.kpho.com/news/21470567/detail.html |access-date=July 10, 2010 |publisher=KPHO |date=October 30, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020184811/http://www.kpho.com/news/21470567/detail.html |archive-date=October 20, 2010}}{{cite news |last=Conder |first=Chuck |title=Arizona sheriff under investigation for alleged abuse of power |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/07/09/arizona.tough.sheriff/index.html |access-date=July 10, 2010 |newspaper=CNN |date=July 10, 2010}} On August 31, 2012, the Arizona U.S. Attorney's office announced that it was "closing its investigation into allegations of criminal conduct" by Arpaio, without filing charges.{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/feds-close-criminal-investigation-into-maricopa-county-sheriff-joe-arpaio |agency=Associated Press |title=Feds close criminal investigation into Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio |publisher=Fox News |date=August 31, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

Arpaio was investigated for politically motivated and "bogus" prosecutions, which a former U.S. Attorney called "utterly unacceptable". Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon called Arpaio's "long list" of questionable prosecutions "a reign of terror".

The targets of Arpaio's alleged abuse of power included:

• Phil Gordon, Phoenix Mayor
• Dan Saban, Arpaio's 2004 and 2008 opponent for the office of Sheriff of Maricopa County
• Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General
• David Smith, Maricopa County Manager
• The Maricopa County Board of Supervisors
• Barbara Mundell, Maricopa Superior Court Presiding Judge
• Anna Baca, former Maricopa Superior Court Presiding Judge{{cite news |title=Judges file claims accusing Joe Arpaio, Andrew Thomas for abuse of power |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/05/28/20100528judges-claim-against-arpaio-thomas.html |access-date=August 30, 2010 |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=May 28, 2010}}
• Gary Donahoe, Maricopa Superior Court Criminal Presiding Judge
• Daniel Pochoda, ACLU attorney
• Sandra Dowling, former Maricopa County School Superintendent
• Mike Lacey, Editor, Phoenix New Times

As of July 2010, only Sandra Dowling had been successfully prosecuted. Indicted on 25 felony counts, Dowling eventually pleaded guilty to patronage for giving a summer job to her daughter, a single class-2 misdemeanor which was not among the original counts, although as part of the plea bargain she also agreed to recuse herself from the Maricopa County Regional School District. Dowling later filed suit, alleging negligence, malicious prosecution, abuse of process and several constitutional violations, although Arpaio won summary judgment against her claims.{{cite news |title=Dowling sues Arpaio, county for prosecution |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2009/06/04/20090604dowling0604.html |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=June 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117154623/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2009/06/04/20090604dowling0604.html?nclick_check=1 |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}

As of December 2011, a federal grand jury was investigating Arpaio's office on criminal abuse-of-power allegations since at least December 2009 and was specifically examining the investigative work of the sheriff's anti-public corruption squad.

On August 31, 2012, federal authorities announced they were terminating their abuse-of-power investigation into Arpaio in Arizona without filing charges against him.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

In 2005, Arpaio began focusing on enforcing immigration laws, after Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas was elected with a campaign slogan of "Stop illegal immigration."{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/EJMontini/167250 |title=EJ Montini | Insiders |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=March 3, 2013}} Arpaio stated that prior to 2005, he didn't view illegal immigration as a "serious legal issue."{{cite magazine|last=Pettersson |first=Edvard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-24/-america-s-toughest-sheriff-to-answer-profiling-claims.html |title=Arizona's Arpaio Testifies Race Not Factor in Arrests|magazine=Bloomberg Business|date=July 25, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

Starting in 2005, Arpaio regularly conducted saturation patrols and immigration sweeps, targeting Latino neighborhoods{{cite web|last=Bogado |first=Aura |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3790 |title=Arpaio vs. Immigrants: Those most affected left out of debate |publisher=FAIR: Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting |date=May 1, 2009 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/page/reasonable_doubt |title=Reasonable Doubt |work=East Valley Tribune |date=July 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2013}} and day laborers.{{cite web |author=Fernández, Valeria |url=http://newamericamedia.org/2012/07/attorneys-allege-culture-of-discrimination-in-arpaios-office.php |title=Attorneys Allege 'Culture of Discrimination' in Arpaio's Office |publisher=New America Media |date=July 27, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205035120/http://newamericamedia.org/2012/07/attorneys-allege-culture-of-discrimination-in-arpaios-office.php |url-status=usurped}} Arpaio also ran many operations targeting businesses employing Latinos, and arresting employees who were unauthorized immigrants for identity theft. According to Arpaio, 100% of the persons arrested for using stolen IDs in 57 raids conducted up until March 2012 were in the country illegally.{{cite web |last=Hendley |first=Matthew |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2012/03/joe_arpaio_runs_another_employ.php |title=Joe Arpaio Runs Another "Employer Sanctions Operation" – Get This – Zero of 31 Arrested Are Employers |website=Phoenix New Times |date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=March 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315223920/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2012/03/joe_arpaio_runs_another_employ.php |url-status=dead}} Until 2011, when a Federal District Court injunction halted the practice, Arpaio maintained an immigrant smuggling squad which illegally stopped cars with Latino drivers or passengers to check their immigration status.{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/feds-ariz-sheriff-arpaio-violated-civil-rights/ |title=Feds: Ariz. Sheriff Arpaio violated civil rights |publisher=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |date=December 15, 2011 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

Arpaio has said of his immigration law enforcement efforts, "Ours is an operation where we want to go after illegals, not the crime first... It's a pure program. You go after them, and you lock them up."{{cite web |last=Fernández |first=Valeria |url=http://newamericamedia.org/2012/07/two-faces-of-arpaio-revealed-in-trial.php |title=Two Faces of Arpaio Revealed in Trial |publisher=New America Media |date=July 25, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711092515/http://newamericamedia.org/2012/07/two-faces-of-arpaio-revealed-in-trial.php |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |url-status=usurped}}

As of September 2012, Arpaio was a defendant in a federal class action suit and a United States Department of Justice suit, both of which alleged racial profiling.{{cite web |title=Ortega Melendres, et al. v. Arpaio, et al. |url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/ortega-melendres-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=July 10, 2012 |access-date=July 16, 2012}}{{cite news|author=Horwitz, Sari |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/justice-to-sue-arizona-sheriff-joe-arpaio-saying-he-violated-hispanics-civil-rights/2012/05/10/gIQAYfFwFU_story.html |title=Justice to Sue Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 10, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

Arpaio repeatedly denied racial profiling, although the MCSO did not have a policy specifically barring the practice nor any reliable internal method of ensuring it was not taking place.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/us/sheriff-joe-arpaio-trial-opens-in-phoenix.html |work=The New York Times |first=Fernanda |last=Santos |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio Trial Opens in Phoenix |date=July 19, 2012}}{{cite web|last=Hensley |first=JJ |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2012/08/01/20120801arizona-arpaio-racial-profiling-trial-traffic-stop-focus-testimony.html |title=Racial-profiling trial: Former MCSO deputy testifies |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 1, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

In 2007 Manuel De Jesus Ortega Melendres, a Mexican tourist who was a passenger in a car stopped in Cave Creek, Maricopa County, filed a lawsuit (Melendres v. Arpaio) in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona against Sheriff Arpaio, the MCSO, and Maricopa County, claiming to have been detained unlawfully for nine hours as a result of racial profiling. The lawsuit was expanded when several individuals joined in with similar complaints.

The plaintiffs were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF), and the law firm of Covington & Burling.

The lawsuit charged that Sheriff Arpaio and the MCSO unlawfully instituted a pattern and practice of targeting Latino drivers and passengers in Maricopa County during traffic stops, and that MCSO's practices discriminated on the basis of race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and resulted in prolonged traffic stops and baseless extended detentions in violation of the Fourth Amendment.{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/ortega-melendres-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al |title=Ortega Melendres, et al. v. Arpaio, et al. |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=September 25, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}

The case was initially assigned to U.S. District Judge Mary Murguia. In June 2009, in response to a motion filed by Arpaio's lawyers, she recused herself. The case was then assigned to U.S. District Judge G. Murray Snow.

In his September 2009 deposition in the case, Arpaio testified he had never read the complaint in the case, was unfamiliar with the details of the allegations of racial profiling therein, didn't know the content of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and had never read the Department of Justice's guidelines concerning the use of race in investigations, which would have applied to his deputies in the field when they were still operating under a 287(g) program agreement with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). He insisted, however, that his deputies didn't profile based on ethnicity or race.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2009/12/joe_arpaio_clueless_or_cagey_s.php |title=Joe Arpaio, Clueless or Cunning? Sheriff Does His Sgt. Schultz Impersonation During Seven Hour Depo in Racial Profiling Lawsuit |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503152905/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2009/12/joe_arpaio_clueless_or_cagey_s.php |url-status=dead}}

In a December 2011 order, Judge Snow sanctioned Arpaio and the MCSO for acknowledged destruction of records in the case.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/us/arizona-sheriffs-office-punished-in-profiling-case.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Arizona: Sheriff's Office Punished in Profiling Case |date=December 24, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.abqjournal.com/main/2011/12/23/abqnewsseeker/judge-punishes-sheriff-arpaios-office-for-document-destruction.html |title=Judge Punishes Sheriff Arpaio's Office for Document Destruction | Albuquerque Journal News |newspaper=Albuquerque Journal|date=December 23, 2011 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/melendres-v-arpaio-decision-motions-summary-judgment|title=Melendres v. Arpaio – Decision on Motions for Summary Judgment|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=March 18, 2015|access-date=July 17, 2015|archive-date=January 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129065059/https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/melendres-v-arpaio-decision-motions-summary-judgment|url-status=dead}} Judge Snow also stated:

Sheriff Arpaio has made public statements that a fact finder could interpret as endorsing racial profiling, such as stating that, even lacking 287(g) authority, his officers can detain people based upon 'their speech, what they look like, if they look like they came from another country'... Moreover, he acknowledges that MCSO provides no training to reduce the risk of racial profiling, stating 'if we do not racial profile, why would I do a training program?'"{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/melendres-v-arpaio-decision-sanctions-regarding-adverse-inferences-trial|title=Melendres v. Arpaio – Decision on Sanctions Regarding Adverse Inferences at Trial|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=March 18, 2015|access-date=July 17, 2015|archive-date=January 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129065037/https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/melendres-v-arpaio-decision-sanctions-regarding-adverse-inferences-trial|url-status=dead}} Judge Snow expanded the complaint into a class-action lawsuit, including all Latino drivers stopped by the Sheriff's Office since 2007, or who will be stopped in the future. He also enjoined the MCSO and all of its officers from "detaining any person based only on knowledge or reasonable belief, without more, that the person is unlawfully present within the United States, because as a matter of law such knowledge does not amount to a reasonable belief that the person either violated or conspired to violate the Arizona human smuggling statute, or any other state or federal criminal law.

On December 23, 2011, U.S. District Court Judge G. Murray Snow enjoined Arpaio and the MCSO from "detaining any person based only on knowledge or reasonable belief, without more, that the person is unlawfully present within the United States," halting anti-illegal immigration enforcement by MCSO in its current form.{{cite web |last=Stern |first=Ray |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/judge_grants_class_status_in_l.php |title=Joe Arpaio Can be Sued by Detained Hispanics: Judge Grants Class Status in Lawsuit to Hispanics Stopped by Arpaio's Deputies, Orders Halt to Human-Smuggling Enforcement in Current Form |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=December 23, 2011 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101100410/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/judge_grants_class_status_in_l.php |url-status=dead}}

Arpaio filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The court upheld Judge Snow's injunction.{{cite news |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/09/26/az-sheriff-joe-arpaio-loses-appeal-on-immigration-law-limit/ |publisher=Fox News |title=Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio Loses Immigration Law Appeal |date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=October 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015150550/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/09/26/az-sheriff-joe-arpaio-loses-appeal-on-immigration-law-limit/ |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}

Starting July 19, 2012, a six-day bench trial was held before Judge Snow.{{cite news |title=Joe Arpaio's legacy in the balance with lawsuit outcome |author=J. J. Hensley |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2012/07/03/20120703joe-arpaio-legacy-balance-lawsuit.html |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=July 8, 2012 |access-date=July 16, 2012}} On May 24, 2013, Judge Snow issued a decision finding the policies and practices of Arpaio and his office discriminatory, in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.{{cite web|title=Federal Court Rules Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio Violated U.S. Constitution|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/federal-court-rules-arizona-sheriff-joe-arpaio-violated-us|access-date=May 25, 2013}}{{cite web|title=Ortega Melendres, et al. v. Arpaio, et al. – Decision|url=https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/ortega-melendres-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al-decision|access-date=May 25, 2013|archive-date=February 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226210108/https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/ortega-melendres-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al-decision|url-status=dead}}

In June 2013, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a Statement of Interest in the case, recommending the appointment of an "independent monitor to assess and report on MCSO's compliance with the remedial measures ordered by the Court." Adopting the DOJ's recommendation, in August 2013 Judge Snow stated in a court hearing that he would be assigning an independent monitor.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-arpaio-arizona-idUSBRE97U00O20130831 |title=Judge plans to appoint monitor for controversial Arizona sheriff |publisher=Reuters |date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=September 5, 2013 |author=Schwartz, David}}

In October 2013, Judge Snow issued a 59-page final order, giving the MCSO a list of reforms and requirements to institute and follow. In January 2014, Judge Snow appointed Robert Warshaw, former Rochester, New York, police chief, to act as monitor over the MCSO.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2014-04-24/news/joe-arpaio-racial-profiling/full/ |title=Arpaio Will Continue to Defy Judge Snow Until He's Held in Contempt |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815003442/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2014-04-24/news/joe-arpaio-racial-profiling/full/ |url-status=dead}}

Arpaio filed a limited appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, contesting the district court's order, insofar as it covered traffic stops outside of saturation patrols. The appeals court rejected this claim, upholding Judge Snow's inclusion of non-saturation patrols in his finding of racial profiling, and maintaining his rulings of corrective actions that included training and video recording of traffic stops. The appeals court did agree with Arpaio that the court-appointed monitor's oversight of internal investigations must only be related to the constitutional violations.{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/04/15/arpaio-loses-appeal-melendres/25823671/ |title=Court largely upholds racial-profiling ruling against Sheriff Joe Arpaio |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=April 15, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

Subsequent to Judge Snow's October 2013 order, Arpaio was videotaped during a training session for MCSO deputies, saying "we don't racially profile. I don't care what everybody says." As a result of this, and mischaracterizations of the court's order by MCSO Chief Deputy Jerry Sheridan, Snow convened a hearing in March 2014 where he chastised Arpaio and Sheridan, saying they had "defied and even mocked his order to stop singling out Latinos during routine patrols, traffic stops and workplace raids."{{cite news |first=Fernanda |last=Santos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/judge-says-arpaio-defied-order-on-profiling-latinos.html |title=Angry Judge Says Sheriff Defied Order on Latinos |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 24, 2014}} He then ordered Arpaio's attorney to prepare a corrective letter setting the record straight, to be distributed to all MCSO deputies. Because of Arpaio's First Amendment free speech rights, the court did not require him to personally sign the corrective letter.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/03/joe_arpaio_jerry_sheridan_span.php |title=Joe Arpaio, Jerry Sheridan Spanked by Judge G. Murray Snow Over Melendres Remarks |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503132844/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/03/joe_arpaio_jerry_sheridan_span.php |url-status=dead}}

Two days after the hearing, having just been rebuked for mocking the court's order, Arpaio sent out a fundraising letter complaining of "Rampant UNFOUNDED [sic] charges of racism and racial profiling in my office."{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/03/joe_arpaio_lies_to_possible_co.php |title=Joe Arpaio Lies About Racial Profiling, and MCSO Deputies Screw Up on Video (Again) |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=March 28, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814021942/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/03/joe_arpaio_lies_to_possible_co.php |url-status=dead}} Judge Snow responded to this fundraising letter, stating:

{{blockquote|I want to be careful and say that the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office has used race – has illegitimately used race as a factor, and to the extent that constitutes racial profiling, that's what it is and that's what I found and the sheriff is saying that people have wrongfully accused him of that as of last Wednesday, which was after the meeting in which he was here.

So to the extent that I have a sheriff, who I'm not going to prohibit from mischaracterizing my order publicly, to the extent that I have an MCSO that is rife with a misunderstanding of my order and a mischaracterization of it when they are the people that have to understand it and implement it, I have grave concerns...{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/04/joe_arpaio_wants_out_of_part_o.php |title=Joe Arpaio Wants Out of Part of Judge's Latest Order, and MCSO Flack Jack MacIntyre Mischaracterizes Melendres |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427044710/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/04/joe_arpaio_wants_out_of_part_o.php |url-status=dead}}}}

On September 11, 2014, Judge Snow granted more than $4.4 million in attorney's fees to four legal organizations that litigated Melendres v. Arpaio. Attorney's fees were granted to the ACLU Immigrants' Rights Project, the ACLU of Arizona, MALDEF, and Covington & Burling.{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/arizona-district-court-judge-grants-over-4-million-attorney-fees |title=Arizona District Court Judge Grants Over $4 million in Attorney Fees to Civil Rights Groups in Landmark Lawsuit Against Sheriff Joe Arpaio and Maricopa County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=September 11, 2014}}

On June 4, 2014, the Phoenix New Times reported that Arpaio had initiated a criminal investigation of Judge Snow as well as the DOJ.{{cite web |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/joe-arpaio-investigating-judge-murray-snow-doj.php |title=Joe Arpaio's Investigating Federal Judge G. Murray Snow, DOJ, Sources Say, and Using a Seattle Scammer To Do It |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425185817/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/joe-arpaio-investigating-judge-murray-snow-doj.php |url-status=dead}} The article quoted unnamed sources, including a former detective with the MCSO's Special Investigations Division, who claimed that the investigation was being run directly by Arpaio and was based on his belief that Judge Snow and the DOJ had engaged in a conspiracy against him.

Arpaio neither confirmed nor denied the investigation to the Phoenix New Times. However, in an April 2015 civil contempt hearing before Judge Snow, Arpaio testified that his attorney, Tim Casey, had hired a private investigator to investigate Judge Snow's wife, and that the MCSO had paid Dennis L. Montgomery to investigate whether the DOJ had been penetrating Arpaio's e-mails as well as those of local attorneys and judges, including Judge Snow. (This was called the "Seattle Operation."){{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/04/23/joe-arpaio-apologizes-contempt-hearing-day-three-abrk/26240715/ |title=Arpaio: PI hired to investigate judge's wife |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://kjzz.org/content/136962/man-sheriff-joe-arpaio-hired-investigate-federal-agencies-tries-intervene-contempt |title=Man Sheriff Joe Arpaio Hired To Investigate Federal Agencies Tries To Intervene In Contempt Case |first=Jude |last=Joffe-Block |date=May 8, 2015 |publisher=KJZZ (FM) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083043/http://kjzz.org/content/136962/man-sheriff-joe-arpaio-hired-investigate-federal-agencies-tries-intervene-contempt |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |df=mdy}} Subsequently, MCSO Chief Deputy Jerry Sheridan testified that there was no investigation into Snow, his wife, or his family. As a result of the potential for ethical conflicts arising from Arpaio's and Sheridan's testimony, Casey withdrew as legal counsel for Arpaio and the MCSO.{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/border/arpaio-immigration-case-attorney-quits-citing-ethical-conflicts/article_d8bb9717-11c0-5760-8260-e9d5e5ff9b92.html |title=Arpaio immigration case attorney quits, citing ethical conflicts |newspaper= Arizona Daily Star|date=April 28, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/04/26/sheriff-joe-arpaio-civil-contempt-hearing-recap/26402545/ |title=Arpaio civil-contempt hearing recap: Case of surprises |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

During a status conference on May 14, 2015, Judge Snow, reading from a prepared statement, said that documents unearthed from the "Seattle Operation" by the court-appointed monitor revealed "an attempt to construct a conspiracy involving this court" as well as other entities and individuals including the DOJ, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, former Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon, and former MCSO Executive Chief Brian Sands, among others.{{cite web|last=Lemons |first=Stephen |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/snow-blasts-arpaios-bogus-conspiracy-theory-7332531 |title=Snow Blasts Arpaio's "Bogus Conspiracy Theory" |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=May 15, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}} One week after this status conference, Arpaio's criminal defense attorney filed a motion to disqualify Judge Snow, claiming that he had moved from being an independent arbiter in the case into the role of investigating "issues involving his own family." Judge Snow temporarily halted further hearings in the case, but ultimately denied the motion and resumed holding hearings.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc15.com/news/state/sheriff-joe-arpaio-due-in-court-as-contempt-case-against-him-resumes|title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio contempt case to resume in September|date=July 20, 2015|publisher=KNXV-TV|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720220520/http://www.abc15.com/news/state/sheriff-joe-arpaio-due-in-court-as-contempt-case-against-him-resumes|archive-date=July 20, 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/05/22/arpaio-snow-recusal-motion-abrk/27781057/ |title=Arpaio moves to remove judge on racial-profiling case |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://kjzz.org/content/147557/sheriff-joe-arpaio-contempt-hearing-delayed-due-recusal-request |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio Contempt Hearing Delayed Due To Recusal Request |publisher=KJZZ |date=June 2, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/arpaio-foes-oppose-sheriffs-request-to-disqualify-judge |title=Arpaio foes oppose sheriff's request to disqualify judge – ABC15 Arizona |publisher=KNXV-TV |date=June 13, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720191937/http://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/arpaio-foes-oppose-sheriffs-request-to-disqualify-judge |archive-date=July 20, 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/arpaios-epic-fail-judge-refuses-to-recuse-self-in-melendres-7479256|title=Arpaio's Epic Fail: Judge Refuses to Recuse Self in Melendres|first=Stephen|last=Lemons|date=July 10, 2015|newspaper=Phoenix New Times}} On August 7, 2015, Arpaio asked the Ninth Circuit to remove Judge Snow from the case.{{cite news|title=Arpaio asks appeals court to recuse judge in profiling case|url=http://www.kpho.com/story/29738655/arpaio-asks-appeals-court-to-recuse-judge-in-profiling-case|date=August 7, 2015|publisher=KPHO-TV|access-date=August 10, 2015|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821120018/http://www.kpho.com/story/29738655/arpaio-asks-appeals-court-to-recuse-judge-in-profiling-case|url-status=dead}} On September 15, 2015, the Ninth Circuit denied Arpaio's request to remove Judge Snow, as well as Arpaio's related request to halt the lower court's proceedings.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/sheriff-joe-arpaio-loses-bid-to-disqualify-judge-from-profiling-case |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio loses bid to disqualify judge from profiling case |date=September 15, 2015 |publisher=KNXV-TV |access-date=December 14, 2022}}

As part of the contempt proceedings, Judge Snow concluded Arpaio and others had made intentionally false statements about the efforts to investigate him.

Federal Judge Neil V. Wake ruled in 2008, and again in 2010, that the county jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care-related issues. This ruling was a result of a lawsuit brought by the ACLU which alleged that "Arpaio routinely abused pre-trial detainees at Maricopa County Jail by feeding them moldy bread, rotten fruit and other contaminated food, housing them in cells so hot as to endanger their health, denying them care for serious medical and mental health needs, and keeping them packed as tightly as sardines in holding cells for days at a time during intake."{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/ninth-circuit-court-appeals-orders-sheriff-arpaio-fix-unconstitutional-conditions-m |title=Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals Orders Sheriff Arpaio To Fix Unconstitutional Conditions In Maricopa County Jail|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=October 13, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011}}

In a ruling issued in October 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ordered Arpaio to comply with Judge Wake's 2008 ruling, which required Arpaio to end the overcrowding and to ensure all detainees received necessary medical and mental health care; be given uninterrupted access to all medications prescribed by correctional medical staff; be given access to exercise and to sinks, toilets, toilet paper and soap; and be served food that met or exceeded the U.S. Department of Agriculture's dietary guidelines.{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/graves-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al-opinion |title=Graves, et al. v. Arpaio, et al. – Opinion |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=October 13, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-date=February 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206091130/http://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/graves-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al-opinion |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/prison/graves_v_arpaio_findingsoffact.pdf |title=Fred Graves and Isaac Popoca v. Joseph Arpaio |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Arizona |date=October 22, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-4-7-GravesvArpaio-Order.pdf |title=Fred Graves, Isaac Popoca, et al. v. Joseph Arpaio |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Arizona |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}{{cite news|last=Chung |first=Joanna |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/10/14/sheriff-joe-told-to-clean-up-his-jails-again/ |title=Sheriff Joe Told to Clean Up His Jails — Again|website=The Wall Street Journal Law Blog|date=October 14, 2010 |access-date=February 10, 2011}}

In 2005, Deborah Braillard, a diabetic was arrested and detained in county jail on a minor drug-possession charge. Without medical attention, Braillard soon became ill. Although Braillard "groaned and cried for help as she defecated and vomited on herself and others," guards refused to listen to pleas to medical treatment for Braillard, who went into a diabetic coma and died while chained to a hospital bed.{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Lemons |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/joe-arpaios-victim-deborah-braillard-family-agrees-to-32-million-settlement-abc15-reports-6501507 |title=Joe Arpaio's Victim Deborah Braillard: Family Agrees to $3.2 Million Settlement, ABC15 Reports |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=October 17, 2012}}

In the subsequent wrongful death of Braillard v. Maricopa County,{{cite court |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=809935207723184825 |litigants=Braillard v. Maricopa County |vol=232 |reporter=P.3d |pinpoint=1263 |court=Arizona Court of Appeals |year=2010}} the plaintiff's attorney cited numerous reports commissioned and paid for by Maricopa County, dating back as far as 1996, detailing a "culture of cruelty" where inmates were routinely denied humane healthcare at Maricopa County jails run by Arpaio. Testifying in this case, Arpaio stated he could not deny making the statement that even if he had a billion dollars he wouldn't change the way he runs his jails.{{cite web |url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/Key-evidence-in-Maricopa-County-Jail-death-suit-of-Deborah-Braillard-destroyed |first=Dave |last=Biscobing |title=Key evidence in Maricopa County Jail death suit of Deborah Braillard 'destroyed' |publisher=KNXV-TV |date=August 23, 2010 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202023718/http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/Key-evidence-in-Maricopa-County-Jail-death-suit-of-Deborah-Braillard-destroyed |archive-date=February 2, 2013}} Arpaio said his jails were meant as places for punishment, and that the inhabitants were all criminals, although in fact most inmates had not been convicted of a crime and were awaiting trial.{{cite web |author=Tony Ortega |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-05-29/news/joe-assumes-deposition/ |title=Joe Assumes Deposition |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=May 29, 1997 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065123/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-05-29/news/joe-assumes-deposition/ |url-status=dead}}

In the litigation, the former medical director for the country jails and other witnesses testified on the destruction of evidence, specifically "about evidence in the case being swiped and deleted from his computer." In 2012, after the judge assigned to the case "that the jury was to be told about the MCSO's coverup, including missing jail videos and recordings of Braillard's phone calls," the county settled the litigation for $3.25 million. The county spent an additional $1.8 million in legal fees on the Braillard case.

In June 2008, the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division began an investigation of Arpaio amid accusations of discrimination and unconstitutional searches and seizures. The investigation was conducted under the authority of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination related to programs that receive federal funds.{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/mcso.php |title=Civil Rights Division Maricopa County Sheriffs Office Investigation |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=December 15, 2011 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-date=July 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716211832/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/mcso.php |url-status=dead}}

On July 7, 2009, Arpaio held a press conference and announced that he would not cooperate with the investigation, either by providing documents or permitting interviews with personnel. On September 2, 2010, the Department of Justice filed suit against Arpaio{{cite news |last=Frieden |first=Terry |title=Justice Department lawyers sue Arizona sheriff in civil rights probe |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/09/02/arizona.sheriff.justice.dept/index.html |access-date=September 2, 2010 |publisher=CNN |date=September 2, 2010}} to compel his cooperation with the investigation. A spokeswoman for the Justice Department stated that it was unprecedented for an agency to refuse to cooperate with a Title VI investigation, and that this was the first time the Justice Department had sued to compel access to documents and facilities.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/02/20100902joe-arpaio-sued-by-justice-department-brk-02-ON.html |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio sued by Justice Department in civil-rights probe |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=September 2, 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azdatapages.com/datacenter/maricopa/sheriff-arpaio-justice-department-lawsuit.html |title=Justice Department lawsuit involving Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio |website=Azdatapages.com |access-date=September 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907054518/http://www.azdatapages.com/datacenter/maricopa/sheriff-arpaio-justice-department-lawsuit.html |archive-date=September 7, 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0902irvine-county-letter-to-DOJ.pdf |title=United States of America v. Maricopa County, Arizona |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=July 17, 2015}} The suit was settled in June 2011, after Arpaio allowed federal officials to interview Sheriff's office employees and review hundreds of thousands of documents for the investigation.{{cite web|last=Wingett |first=Yvonne |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/06/02/20110602arpaio-office-civil-rights-case-agreement.html |title=Feds settle lawsuit vs. Arpaio's office |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=September 29, 2011}}{{cite web |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/75229/feds-report-on-sheriff-joe-due-out-today.html |title=Feds say Arpaio violated civil rights |access-date=December 14, 2022 |work=Albuquerque Journal |first=Jacques |last=Billeaud |agency=Associated Press |date=December 15, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214114845/https://www.abqjournal.com/75229/feds-report-on-sheriff-joe-due-out-today.html |archive-date=December 14, 2022}}

On December 15, 2011, the Justice Department released their findings after a 3-year investigation of Arpaio's office amid complaints of racial profiling and a culture of bias at the agency's top level. The report stated that under Arpaio, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office has "a pervasive culture of discriminatory bias against Latinos" that "reaches the highest levels of the agency."

The Justice Department accused Arpaio of engaging in "unconstitutional policing" by unfairly targeting Latinos for detention and arrest, and retaliating against critics.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/us/arizona-sheriffs-office-unfairly-targeted-latinos-justice-department-says.html |work=The New York Times |first=Marc |last=Lacey |title=U.S. Finds Pervasive Bias Against Latinos by Arizona Sheriff |date=December 15, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2022}} In the report, a Justice Department expert concluded that Arpaio oversaw the worst pattern of racial profiling in U.S. history.{{cite web |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Office Commits Worst Racial Profiling in U.S. History, Concludes DOJ Investigation |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/sheriff_arpaio_oversaw_worst_r.php |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |access-date=May 28, 2012 |first=Ray |last=Stern |date=December 15, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505072757/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/sheriff_arpaio_oversaw_worst_r.php |url-status=dead}}

Based on the Justice Department report on discriminatory policing practices within the MCSO, on December 15, 2011, the United States Department of Homeland Security removed the MCSO from the 287(g) program. This decision revoked the MCSO's federal authority to identify and detain illegal immigrants.{{cite web |title=Feds Pull 287(g) Authority From Maricopa County Jails Because of Civil Rights Violations |url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/feds_pull_287g_authority_from.php |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |access-date=May 28, 2012 |first=Ray |last=Stern |date=December 15, 2011 |archive-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614191326/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/feds_pull_287g_authority_from.php |url-status=dead}}

On May 10, 2012, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in United States v. Maricopa County, et al (Case number 2:12-cv-981), filed suit against Arpaio, the MCSO, and Maricopa County, alleging that "The Maricopa County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) and Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio have engaged and continue to engage in a pattern or practice of unlawful discriminatory police conduct directed at Latinos in Maricopa County and jail practices that unlawfully discriminate against Latino prisoners with limited English language skills." The complaint included accusations that Arpaio and his staff forced women to sleep in their own menstrual blood, assaulted pregnant women, ignored rape, and criminalized being a Latino.{{cite web|last=Israel |first=Josh |url=https://thinkprogress.org/appeals-court-reinstates-federal-civil-rights-lawsuit-against-sheriff-joe-arpaio-c12d89b5c806/ |title=Appeals Court Reinstates Civil Rights Lawsuit Against Joe Arpaio |work=ThinkProgress |date=August 30, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2017}}

The United States' claims in this suit encompassed, but were broader than, the unconstitutional discriminatory conduct that the Court in Melendres v. Arpaio found the MCSO to have engaged in concerning its immigration enforcement-related traffic stops.{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/melendres_soi_6-13-13.pdf |title=Office of Maricopa County Attorney : Campaign Finance Proceeding |publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=July 17, 2015}}

A DOJ representative said that the agency was left with no choice but to file suit after Arpaio's attorneys balked at a demand for a court-appointed monitor to ensure the sheriff's office complied with any settlement terms. Arpaio rejected the notion of a court-appointed monitor, and denied that the MCSO engaged in racial profiling.{{cite web |title=U.S. sues Arpaio's office over treatment of Latinos |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/2012/05/10/20120510joe-arpaio-doj-lawsuit.html |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=May 28, 2012|author=J. J. Hensley|date=May 10, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0510DOJ-mcso-lawsuit.pdf |title=Plaintiff v. Maricopa County, Arizona |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

On June 15, 2015, Senior United States District Judge Roslyn O. Silver of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona entered partial summary judgment for the DOJ, and against Arpaio, on the central racial-profiling allegations in the suit.{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/06/16/sheriff-joe-arpaio-dog-suit-judge-ruling/28787635/ |title=Judge rules in favor of DOJ in suit against Arpaio |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}} On July 15, Maricopa County's board of supervisors voted to settle the lawsuit.{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/07/15/county-settle-arpaio-doj-lawsuit-abrk/30195769/ |title=County votes to settle DOJ lawsuit vs. Arpaio |first=Michael |last=Kiefer |date=July 15, 2015 |newspaper=The Arizona Republic}} The partial settlement, however, did not resolve the claims of discriminatory policing.{{cite news|url=http://kjzz.org/content/166539/maricopa-county-agrees-settle-part-racial-profiling-case|title=Maricopa County Agrees To Settle Part Of Racial Profiling Case|first=Jude|last=Joffe-Block|date=July 15, 2015|publisher=KJZZ}}

{{see also|Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories}}

At two press conferences held in March 2012, Arpaio and members of his Cold Case Posse claimed that President Barack Obama's long-form birth certificate, released by the White House on April 27, 2011,{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf|title=White House: birth certificate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125144906/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf|archive-date=January 25, 2017|via=National Archives|work=whitehouse.gov|df=mdy-all}} is a computer-generated forgery. The Posse also claimed that Obama's Selective Service card was a forgery.{{cite news|title=Sheriff Arpaio says Obama's birth certificate is forged|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7400631n|publisher=CBS News|access-date=June 15, 2012|archive-date=May 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161545/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7400631n|url-status=dead}}In February 2012, Mike Zullo, the "MCSO Cold Case Posse Chief Investigator" and Jerome Corsi, a conspiracy theorist, published a book, A Question of Eligibility: A Law Enforcement Investigation into Barack Obama's Birth Certificate and His Eligibility to be President, repeating the claims. Arpaio wrote the introduction. Paperless Publishing LLC (February 29, 2012), Amazon Digital Services, Inc., {{ASIN|B007FWO19W}} The allegations regarding the birth certificate were repeated at a July 2012 news conference in which Arpaio stated that Obama's long-form birth certificate was "definitely fraudulent."{{cite web|agency=The Associated Press|title=Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio: Obama birth record 'definitely fraudulent'|url=http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_21097312/maricopa-county-sheriff-joe-arpaio-obama-birth-record?source=rss|work=Daily News (Los Angeles)|access-date=July 18, 2012|date=July 17, 2012}}

Some of the major claims presented by Arpaio were subsequently shown to be false; specifically, the 1961 Vital Statistics Instruction Manual that Arpaio and his team claimed to possess contradicted what they claimed it said, and images shown by them, purportedly from that manual, were instead from computer specifications dated 1968 and 1969.{{cite web |title=Exposed: Sheriff Joe Arpaio Birther Scam – Here's the Proof that Arpaio's Posse Fabricated Evidence and Lied to the Nation |url=http://www.obamabirthbook.com/2012/07/exposed-sheriff-joe-arpaio-corsi-birther-scam-heres-the-proof-that-arpaios-posse-fabricated-evidence-and-lied-to-the-nation/ |access-date=November 17, 2013 |date=July 24, 2012 |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127083616/http://www.obamabirthbook.com/2012/07/exposed-sheriff-joe-arpaio-corsi-birther-scam-heres-the-proof-that-arpaios-posse-fabricated-evidence-and-lied-to-the-nation/ |url-status=dead}}

In response to Arpaio's claims, Joshua A. Wisch, a special assistant to the Attorney General of Hawaii, said in a statement, "President Obama was born in Honolulu, and his birth certificate is valid. Regarding the latest allegations from a sheriff in Arizona, they are untrue, misinformed and misconstrue Hawaii law."{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78645.html |title=Joe Arpaio: Obama birth certificate a fraud |agency=Associated Press |work=Politico |date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2015}} Arizona state officials, including Governor Jan Brewer and Secretary of State Ken Bennett, also dismissed Arpaio's objections and accepted the validity of Obama's birth certificate.{{cite news |url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/arizona/politics/article_7ceda460-67e1-11e1-977c-0019bb2963f4.html |title=Brewer disagrees with Arpaio findings, believes Obama birth record real |work=East Valley Tribune |location=Tempe, Ariz. |date=March 6, 2012}} Brewer also stated that Obama's mother's U.S. citizenship made him a citizen by jus sanguinis, regardless of where he was born.{{cite news |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/05/23/arizona-officially-accepts-obama-birth-record/ |title=Arizona Officially Accepts Obama's Birth Record |publisher=Fox News Latino |date=May 23, 2012}}

During September 2016, Arpaio claimed to be still investigating President Obama's birth certificate, stating, "We are looking at a forged document. Period."{{cite web |author=Nick Gass |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/joe-arpaio-obama-birther-228455 |title=Sheriff Arpaio on Obama birth certificate: 'I'm not going to give up' |work=Politico |date=September 21, 2016|access-date=October 12, 2016}} On December 15, 2016, Arpaio held a news conference along with posse member Mike Zullo, detailing "9 points of forgery" supposedly found on the digital image of Obama's birth certificate.{{cite web |first=Megan |last=Cassidy |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/12/15/sheriff-joe-arpaio-5-year-investigation-proves-obama-birth-certificate-fake/95444730/ |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio: 5-year investigation proves Obama birth certificate is fake' |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=December 16, 2016}}

In 2007, Arpaio said that it was an "honor" for his department to be compared to the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist organization. On the witness stand in a civil trial in 2012, however, Arpaio backtracked, saying that he no longer considered the comparison an honor.{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2012/07/24/ariz-sheriff-back-tracks-on-kkk-support/|title=Ariz. sheriff backtracks on praise for KKK|agency=Associated Press|date=July 24, 2012}}

In December 2014, after many warnings, U.S. District Judge G. Murray Snow told Arpaio there was a very real possibility that he would refer Arpaio to the U.S. Attorney's Office for criminal prosecution on contempt of court charges due to the MCSO's failure to comply with the court's order to stop its racial profiling practices. Snow advised Arpaio to retain a criminal defense attorney. In a bid to shield Arpaio from criminal proceedings, his attorneys filed a written statement arguing that any mistakes in complying with the court's orders were unintentional, or the fault of former employees.{{cite web |first=Sean |last=Holstege |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2014/12/04/arpaio-criminal-contempt-hearing-abrk/19915657/ |title=Judge fed up with Arpaio defiance |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015}} Judge Snow found Arpaio's arguments unavailing, and, in January 2015, announced that Arpaio would face a contempt hearing in April 2015 for violating court orders in Melendres v. Arpaio.{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/01/16/arpaio-federal-contempt-hearing-april-abrk/21869887/ |title=Judge: Arpaio will face contempt hearing in April|newspaper=The Arizona Republic|date=January 16, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

In March 2015, a month before the scheduled contempt hearing, Arpaio admitted that he violated several court orders, and consented to a finding of civil contempt against him. Because the matter of criminal contempt was still at issue, the initial contempt hearing was held as scheduled.{{cite news |first=Megan |last=Cassidy |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/03/18/arpaio-admits-contempt/24963155/ |title=Arpaio admits contempt of court, offers public acknowledgement |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=March 19, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}

On July 24, 2015, the court directed U.S. marshals to seize evidence, which was possibly related to the contempt of court charges and was slated for destruction, from the sheriff's office.{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/07/24/snow-orders-marshals--retrieve-mcso-evidence-abrk/30647253/ |title=Judge sends marshals to seize evidence from Sheriff Joe Arpaio |first=Megan |last=Cassidy |date=July 25, 2015 |newspaper=The Arizona Republic}}

On May 13, 2016, the court held Arpaio in contempt on three counts.{{Cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/05/13/arpaio-contempt-federal-court-ruling/77833232/ |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio in contempt of federal court, judge rules |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=May 13, 2016}} On August 19, 2016, the court asked the federal government to file criminal contempt charges against Arpaio and some of his subordinates over his failure to follow the court's instructions.{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/20/us/arpaio-criminal-contempt-charges-referral/|title=Judge seeks criminal contempt charges against Sheriff Joe Arpaio|date=August 20, 2016|first=Kimberly|last=Hutcherson|publisher=CNN}} On October 11, 2016, federal prosecutors announced that they would press criminal contempt of court charges against Arpaio.{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/11/497577585/feds-will-press-criminal-contempt-charges-against-ariz-sheriff-arpaio|title=Feds Will Press Criminal Contempt Charges Against Ariz. Sheriff Arpaio|first=Richard|last=Gonzales|date=October 11, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2016|publisher=NPR}} On October 25, 2016, such charges were officially filed, though Arpaio would not be arrested and no mugshot would be taken. The charges were filed just two weeks before an election in which Arpaio was running for re-election.{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-arpaio-criminal-contempt-20161025-snap-story.html|title=Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio is officially charged with criminal contempt in racial profiling case|date=October 25, 2016|agency=Associated Press}}

On July 31, 2017, Arpaio was found guilty of criminal contempt of court. U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton wrote that Arpaio had "willfully violated an order of the court" by failing "to ensure his subordinates' compliance and by directing them to continue to detain persons for whom no criminal charges could be filed." Arpaio was scheduled to be sentenced in October 2017.

{{anchor|Trump Presidential pardon}}

{{main|Pardon of Joe Arpaio}}

File:Pardon of Joe Arpaio by President Trump.jpg

On August 25, 2017, President Donald Trump pardoned Arpaio for his conviction for criminal contempt of court, a decision that provoked considerable controversy.{{cite news|last=Logan|first=Bryan|title=Trump pardons former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-pardons-joe-arpaio-2017-8|work=Business Insider|date=August 26, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2017}}{{cite news|title=Trump pardons former Sheriff Joe Arpaio|first1=Jesse|last1=Byrnes|first2=Jonathan|last2=Easley|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/348061-trump-pardons-arpaio/|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|newspaper=The Hill}}{{cite news|title=Donald Trump pardons Joe Arpaio, former sheriff convicted in racial profiling case|newspaper=The Guardian|first1=Julia Carrie|last1=Wong|first2=Lauren|last2=Gambino|date=August 27, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/25/donald-trump-joe-arpaio-pardon-arizona-sheriff}} The pardon covers Arpaio's conviction and "any other offenses under Chapter 21 of Title 18, United States Code that might arise, or be charged, in connection with Melendres v. Arpaio."{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/here-is-the-pardon-trump-signed-for-joe-arpaio/article/2632651|title=Here is the pardon Trump signed for Joe Arpaio|last=Chaitin|first=Daniel|date=August 26, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Examiner|access-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827050054/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/here-is-the-pardon-trump-signed-for-joe-arpaio/article/2632651|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live|quote=Text of the pardon itself: "Be it known that this day, I, Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, pursuant to my powers under Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, have granted unto Joseph M. Arpaio a full and unconditional pardon for his conviction of Section 401(3), Title 18, United States Code (Docket No. 2:16-CR-01012-SRB) in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, of which he was convicted on July 31, 2017, and for which sentencing is currently set for October 5, 2017; and, for any other offenses under Chapter 21 of Title 18, United States Code that might arise, or be charged, in connection with Melendres v. Arpaio (Docket No. 2:07-CV-02513-GMS) in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto signed my name and caused the seal of the Department of Justice to be affixed.}}

Trump also announced his decision on Twitter, declaring that Arpaio is an "American patriot" who had "kept Arizona safe."{{cite tweet|number=901263061511794688|first=Donald J.|last=Trump|author-link=Donald Trump|user=realDonaldTrump|title=I am pleased to inform you that I have just granted a full Pardon to 85 year old American patriot Sheriff Joe Arpaio. He kept Arizona safe!|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826213312/https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/901263061511794688}} Arpaio expressed his thanks to the President in a series of tweets{{cite tweet|number=901249811743035393|first=Joe|last=Arpaio|user=RealSheriffJoe|title=Thank you @realdonaldtrump for seeing my conviction for what it is: a political witch hunt by holdovers in the Obama justice department!|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827010044/https://twitter.com/RealSheriffJoe/status/901249811743035393|url-status=live|archive-date=August 27, 2017}}{{cite tweet|number=901249956668776449|first=Joe|last=Arpaio|user=RealSheriffJoe|title=I am humbled and incredibly grateful to President Trump. I look fwd to putting this chapter behind me and helping to #MAGA|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826165838/https://twitter.com/RealSheriffJoe/status/901249956668776449}} and to his "loyal supporters."{{cite tweet|number=901250131239985152|first=Joe|last=Arpaio|user=RealSheriffJoe|title=I also thank my loyal supporters, who stood shoulder to shoulder w/ me in this fight, and throughout my career. For those who are asking . .|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826040501/https://twitter.com/RealSheriffJoe/status/901250131239985152}} Arpaio also declared that his conviction was "a political witch hunt by holdovers in the Obama justice department!" The Washington Post fact-checker gave the claim "Four Pinocchios" (its worst rating), noting that Arpaio was convicted by two federal judges: a Bush-appointed federal judge, and a federal judge respected by both Republicans and Democrats.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/08/30/was-former-arizona-sheriff-joe-arpaios-criminal-conviction-an-obama-political-witch-hunt/|title=Analysis {{!}} Was former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio's criminal conviction an Obama 'political witch hunt'?|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-08-30}} Attorneys for Arpaio have stated that they are moving for his case to be dismissed in light of the pardon.

Arizona Governor Doug Ducey was among the politicians praising the pardon,{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/d051dd749ce74c75817fe56159fb4398 |title=The Latest: Senator critical of Trump's pardon of Arpaio |publisher=Associated Press |date=August 26, 2017 |quote=Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey and Arizona congressman Andy Biggs are supporting the presidential pardon of former metro Phoenix sheriff Joe Arpaio. Ducey says Arpaio 'deserves credit for helping to reduce crime in Maricopa County over his long career in law enforcement and public office.' He says Trump's pardon 'has brought finality to this chapter in Arizona's history.' Ducey adds that Arpaio is his friend and now the 85-year-old ex-lawman can move on and enjoy his retirement with his wife and family.}} crediting Arpaio with helping to reduce crime over a long career, and Ducey also welcomed the finality that the pardon gave to the whole matter. The pardon was strongly criticized by Arizona Senator and 2008 Republican presidential candidate John McCain as Arpaio had expressed no remorse for his actions. Arizona Senator Jeff Flake and House Speaker and 2012 Republican vice-presidential candidate Paul Ryan signaled their opposition to the pardon.{{Cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/348069-flake-on-arpaio-pardon-i-would-have-preferred-trump-honor-the-judicial/ |title=Flake: Trump should have honored judicial process on Arpaio pardon |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=August 25, 2017 |work=The Hill |access-date=August 26, 2017}}{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/north-america-donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-joe-arpaio-c75403dad1ef42d699f58ce19d0c2ae0 |title=Critics: Trump pardon his latest affront against judiciary |work=Associated Press |first=Darlene |last=Superville |date=August 27, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2017}}

A number of law professors and political scientists described the pardon as troubling and unusual.{{cite news |title=Legal scholar on why the Arpaio pardon is 'troubling' |work=CBS This Morning |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/legal-scholar-on-why-the-arpaio-pardon-is-troubling/ |date=August 26, 2017 |language=en |access-date=August 26, 2017}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/26/us/politics/trump-pardon-joe-arpaio-constitution.html |title=Why Trump's Pardon of Arpaio Follows Law, Yet Challenges It |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=August 26, 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 26, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.axios.com/the-message-behind-the-pardon-2477360144.html|title=The message behind the pardon|date=August 26, 2017|work=Axios|access-date=August 26, 2017|language=en}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/26/what-authoritarianism-experts-think-of-trumps-decision-to-pardon-joe-arpaio/ |title=Analysis: What authoritarianism experts think of Trump's decision to pardon Joe Arpaio |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 27, 2017}} Several experts on authoritarianism described the pardon as illiberal and said that it undermined the rule of law.

After the pardon, Arpaio filed a motion to vacate his conviction for criminal contempt. District judge Susan R. Bolton denied the motion. She held that Trump's pardon "undoubtedly spared Defendant from any punishment that might otherwise have been imposed. It did not, however, 'revise the historical facts' of this case." Arpaio's attorneys said that he would probably appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.{{cite news |last=Cassidy |first=Megan |title=Judge denies Arpaio's motion to erase his criminal contempt conviction |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=October 20, 2017 |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2017/10/19/judge-denies-joe-arpaio-motion-erase-contempt-conviction/782613001/ |access-date=2017-10-21}} One of the American Civil Liberties Union attorneys who had represented the plaintiffs in the underlying racial-profiling case agreed with the denial of Arpaio's motion, stating, "The court made detailed findings after a bench trial about Joe Arpaio's criminal conduct. The court's findings and documents in the record of the case should stand and now will stand."

The legal status of the pardon continued to be challenged. Although the federal prosecutors did not contest its validity, some legal groups challenged the pardon as unconstitutional.{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/11/trump-arpaio-pardon-challenge-242562 |first=Madeline |last=Conway |date=September 11, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |title=Legal groups move to challenge Trump's Arpaio pardon |website=Politico}}

In 2018, Arpaio sued The New York Times, the HuffPost, Rolling Stone, and CNN, alleging that their analyses of Arpaio's proceedings had defamed him.{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/16/joe-arpaio-sues-new-york-times-909885|title=Ex-Sheriff Joe Arpaio files libel suit against NYT|first=Quint|last=Fogey|date=October 16, 2018|work=Politico}}{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/420798-arpaio-files-300m-defamation-lawsuit-against-cnn-other-media-outlets/|first=Morgan|last=Gstalter|date=December 11, 2018|title=Arpaio files $300M defamation lawsuit against CNN, other media outlets|work=The Hill}} These suits were dismissed by a federal judge, who ruled that Arpaio failed to prove actual malice.{{cite web |work=The Hill |first=Jessica |last=Campisi |access-date=December 12, 2022 |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/468562-federal-judge-tosses-joe-arpaios-300m-defamation-lawsuit-against-cnn/ |title=Judge tosses out Joe Arpaio's $300M defamation lawsuit against CNN, other media outlets |date=November 1, 2019}}

In 2020, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected Arpaio's attempt to vacate his guilty verdict, finding that the verdict no longer has any legal consequences. Arpaio said he still considered this a victory as ensuring there was no legal consequences was what he desired from his attempt to vacate the verdict. {{Cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=2020-02-27 |title=Court won't let Trump pardon void guilty verdict against Arpaio |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/02/27/trump-pardon-arpaio-117918 |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2020-02-27 |title=Court denies Joe Arpaio's bid to remove criminal conviction, citing pardon |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/court-denies-joe-arpaios-bid-to-remove-criminal-conviction-citing-pardon |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-us}}

{{Election box begin |title=2000 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona{{cite web|title=Elections Results Archive|url=http://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/archivedelectionresults.aspx|publisher=Maricopa County Recorder's Office|access-date=March 24, 2015|archive-date=May 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510161928/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/archivedelectionresults.aspx|url-status=dead}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| candidate = Joe Arpaio (incumbent)

| votes = 572,063

| percentage = 66.5

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Robert Ayala

| votes = 227,055

| percentage = 26.4

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box candidate

| party = Independent

| candidate = Tom Bearup

| votes = 60,401

| percentage = 7.0

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box candidate

| party = n/a

| candidate = Write-in candidate

| votes = 825

| percentage = 0.1

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box majority

| votes = 345,008

| percentage = 40.1

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box turnout

| votes = 860,344

| percentage =

| change =

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

| winner = Republican Party (United States)

| swing =

}}

{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2004 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| candidate = Joe Arpaio (incumbent)

| votes = 642,923

| percentage = 56.7

| change = −9.8

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Robert Ayala

| votes = 347,981

| percentage = 30.7

| change = +4.3

}}

{{Election box candidate

| party = n/a

| candidate = Steven W. Martin

| votes = 142,296

| percentage = 12.6

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box majority

| votes = 294,942

| percentage = 26.0

| change = −14.1

}}

{{Election box turnout

| votes = 1,133,200

| percentage =

| change = +31.7

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

| winner = Republican Party (United States)

| swing =

}}

{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2008 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| candidate = Joe Arpaio (incumbent)

| votes = 730,426

| percentage = 55.2

| change = −1.5

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Dan Saban

| votes = 558,176

| percentage = 42.2

| change = +11.5

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Libertarian Party (United States)

| candidate = Chris A.H. Will

| votes = 35,425

| percentage = 2.7

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box majority

| votes = 172,250

| percentage = 13.0

| change = −13.0

}}

{{Election box turnout

| votes = 1,324,027

| percentage =

| change = +16.8

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

| winner = Republican Party (United States)

| swing =

}}

{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2012 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| candidate = Joe Arpaio (incumbent)

| votes = 679,967

| percentage = 50.7%

| change = −4.5%

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Paul Penzone

| votes = 599,328

| percentage = 44.7%

| change = +2.5%

}}

{{Election box candidate

| party = Independent

| candidate = Mike Stauffer

| votes = 61,973

| percentage = 4.6%

| change = n/a

}}

{{Election box majority

| votes = 80,639

| percentage = 6.0%

| change = −7.0%

}}

{{Election box turnout

| votes = 1,342,221

| percentage =

| change = +1.4%

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

| winner = Republican Party (United States)

| swing =

}}

{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2016 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Paul Penzone

| votes = 861,757

| percentage = 56.3%

| change = +11.6%

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| candidate = Joe Arpaio (incumbent)

| votes = 665,581

| percentage = 43.5%

| change = -7.2%

}}

{{Election box majority

| votes = 196,176

| percentage = 12.8%

| change =

}}

{{Election box turnout

| votes = 1,530,887

| percentage =

| change = +14.1%

}}

{{Election box gain with party link without swing

|winner = Democratic Party (United States)

|loser = Republican Party (United States) }}

{{Election box end}}

In November 2007, a group calling itself Arizonans for the U.S. Constitution and Recall of Joe Arpaio filed the paperwork to begin an effort to recall Arpaio and County Prosecutor Thomas from office for allegedly disobeying and violating the United States Constitution and abuse of power.{{cite web|url=http://www.azpbs.org/horizon/poll/2007/11-20-07.htm |title=Cronkite-Eight Poll |publisher=Arizona State University PBS channel |date=November 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814050807/http://www.azpbs.org/horizon/poll/2007/11-20-07.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2008}} Their petition to get a recall question for the two officials onto the next general election ballot failed when the group was unable to collect the more than 200,000 registered voter signatures required.{{cite web |url=http://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/190167.php |title=Recall Petition Targets Sheriff Joe Arpaio |publisher=The Jawa Report |date=November 19, 2007 |access-date=August 8, 2008 |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209004226/http://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/190167.php |url-status=dead}} In a survey taken by the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, while the petition was in circulation, nearly three out of four respondents opposed the recall, and 65 percent of the respondents held a positive opinion of Arpaio.{{cite web |url=http://cronkitenews.jmc.asu.edu/?p=245 |title=Maricopa County Voters Support Thomas, Arpaio Over Recall Effort |publisher=Cronkite News Service |date=November 20, 2007}}

On May 30, 2013, a recall attempt on Arpaio again failed only a week after a federal judge ruled that the sheriff's office had engaged in systematic discrimination against Latinos in violation of their constitutional rights. Members of Respect Arizona and Citizens for a Better Arizona started the recall effort, but were unable to get the required 335,000 valid voter signatures by the 5 p.m. deadline.{{cite news|title=Recall effort against Arizona's Sheriff Joe Arpaio fails|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-ff-arpaio-recall-fails-20130530,0,7548060.story|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 31, 2013 |first=Cindy |last=Carcamo |date=May 30, 2013}}

Arpaio stated in a September 2017 interview with American Free Press that he would consider running for office again, including the United States Congress, if President Donald Trump asked him to.{{cite news |url=http://americanfreepress.net/arpaio-bypasses-fake-media/ |title=Arpaio Bypasses Fake Media |first=Mark |last=Anderon |date=September 15, 2017 |newspaper=American Free Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920020908/http://americanfreepress.net/arpaio-bypasses-fake-media/ |archive-date=September 20, 2017}} In January 2018, Arpaio announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate in 2018.{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/joe-arpaio-may-challenge-jeff-flake-for-arizona-senate-seat/article/2632732|title=Joe Arpaio may challenge Jeff Flake for Arizona Senate seat: Exclusive|last=Nelson|first=Steven|date=August 28, 2017|website=The Washington Examiner|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828205818/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/joe-arpaio-may-challenge-jeff-flake-for-arizona-senate-seat/article/2632732|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/joe-arpaio-running-for-senate-in-arizona/article/2645354|title=Joe Arpaio running for Senate in Arizona |last=Drucker |first=David M. |work=The Washington Examiner |access-date=January 9, 2018 |language=en}} He faced Martha McSally and Kelli Ward in the August 28, 2018, Republican primary. Arpaio was defeated, receiving 19% of the vote to McSally's 52% and Ward's 28%.{{cite news |title=Arizona Primary Election Results |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/28/us/elections/arizona-primary-elections.html |access-date=August 29, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 29, 2018}}

On August 25, 2019, Arpaio issued a statement saying that he would run for Sheriff of Maricopa County in 2020, saying "Watch out world! We are back!" and promising to reinstitute the severe prison conditions he imposed in the past. He lost the primary election to his former right-hand man, Jerry Sheridan.{{cite news |title=Jerry Sheridan talks upcoming Maricopa County Sheriff race against Paul Penzone |url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/jerry-sheridan-talks-upcoming-maricopa-county-sheriff-race-against-paul-penzone |access-date=August 12, 2020 |publisher=KSAZ-TV |date=August 8, 2020}}

Arpaio announced his candidacy for mayor of Fountain Hills, Arizona, on October 5, 2021.{{cite news |title=Arpaio running for mayor of Fountain Hills {{!}} Arizona Capitol Times |url=https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2021/10/06/arpaio-running-for-mayor-of-fountain-hills/ |access-date=August 4, 2022 |work=Arizona Capitol Times |date=October 6, 2021}} This followed comments made in September about running for the office.{{cite news |title=Joe Arpaio running for Fountain Hills mayor in 2022 |url=https://www.fhtimes.com/news/local_news/joe-arpaio-running-for-fountain-hills-mayor-in-2022/article_c41ede1e-26c0-11ec-801c-9fc404af824e.html |access-date=August 4, 2022 |work=Fountain Hills Times |date=October 6, 2022 |language=en}} In the election on August 2, 2022, he failed to oust the incumbent Ginny Dickey, receiving 5,207 votes (49.0%).{{cite web |title=A Resolution of the Mayor and Council of the Town of Fountain Hills, Arizona, Declaring and Adopting the Results of the Primary Election Held on August 2, 2022. |url=https://www.fountainhillsaz.gov/DocumentCenter/View/8761/Final-Official-Results-of-the-August-2-2022-Primary-Election |publisher=Town of Fountain Hills, Arizona |access-date=February 27, 2024}}

In 2024, Arpaio again ran to be the mayor of Fountain Hills. He lost in the primary election, receiving 1,527 votes to incumbent Ginny Dickey's 4,507 and Gerry Friedel's 4,061.{{cite web |title=A Resolution of the Mayor and Council of the Town of Fountain Hills, Arizona, Declaring and Adopting the Official Canvass of Votes Cast in the Town of Fountain Hills Primary Election Held July 30, 2024; Declaring the Election of One Candidate for the Office of Councilmember; Declaring Two Candidates for the Office of Mayor and Four Candidates for the Office of Councilmember Shall Proceed to the General Election to Be Held November 5, 2024. |url=https://www.fountainhillsaz.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10654/July-30-2024-Primary-Election-Results |publisher=Town of Fountain Hills, Arizona |access-date=September 29, 2024}}

File:Ben Carson, Joe & Ava Arpaio (14975122290).jpg in September 2014]]

Arpaio married his wife Ava in 1958 and they had two children.Gennifer Furst, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (ed. Wilbur R. Miller: SAGE, 2012), p. 66. In 2021, Ava died of cancer complications.{{Cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale-breaking/2021/03/21/ava-arpaio-wife-former-maricopa-county-sheriff-joe-arpaio-dies/4794843001/ |title=Ava Arpaio, wife of former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, dies at 89 |first1=Grace |last1=Oldham |first2=Kaila |last2=White |newspaper=The Arizona Republic}} As of 2008, he lived in Fountain Hills, Arizona.{{cite news |first=Ray |last=Stern |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/sheriff-joe-arpaio-this-time-reveals-his-home-address-himself-6648739 |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio, this time, reveals his home address himself |newspaper=Phoenix New Times |date=April 29, 2008}} In 2018, Arpaio was featured on Sacha Baron Cohen's spoof TV comedy Who Is America?, in which he discussed gun control with Baron Cohen's fascist-sympathising YouTuber alter ego OMGWhizzBoyOMG.

• {{cite book |author=Arpaio, Joe |author2=Sherman, Len |title=America's Toughest Sheriff: How to Win the War Against Crime |year=1996 |publisher=Summit Publishing Group |location=New York City |isbn=1-56530-202-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americastoughest0000arpa/page/262 262] |url=https://archive.org/details/americastoughest0000arpa|url-access=registration |quote=america's toughest sheriff.}}
• {{cite book |author=Arpaio, Joe |author2=Sherman, Len |title=Joe's Law: America's Toughest Sheriff Takes on Illegal Immigration, Drugs and Everything Else That Threatens America |year=2008 |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8144-0199-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/joeslawamericast0000arpa/page/n291 272] |url=https://archive.org/details/joeslawamericast0000arpa|url-access=registration |quote=joe's law.}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite magazine|last=Finnegan|first=William|author-link=William Finnegan|date=July 20, 2009|title=Sheriff Joe.|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/20/sheriff-joe|department=Profiles|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=85|issue=24|pages=42–53}}

{{Portal|Biography}}

{{sisterlinks}}

• {{cite web |url=https://www.mcso.org/About/Sheriff.aspx |title=About the Sheriff |publisher=Maricopa County Sheriff's Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826152528/https://www.mcso.org/About/Sheriff.aspx |archive-date=August 26, 2016}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.sheriffjoeforamerica.com/ |title=2018 Campaign official website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322205001/http://www.sheriffjoeforamerica.com/ |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |url-status=dead}}
• {{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RealSheriffJoe |title=Sheriff Joe Arpaio |via=Twitter |access-date=December 14, 2022}}
• {{cite press release |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J7ObikDZqrrfSAitKFthK7Dv_8yiUI5u/view?usp=sharing |title=Joe Arpaio Announces 2020 Bid to Win 7th Term as Maricopa County Sheriff |date=August 25, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2022}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-civ}}

{{s-bef|before=Tom Agnos}}

{{s-ttl|title=Sheriff of Maricopa County|years=1993–2016}}

{{s-aft|after=Paul Penzone}}

{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arpaio, Joe}}

Category:1932 births

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Category:20th-century Arizona politicians

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Category:2000 United States presidential electors

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Category:Arizona sheriffs

Category:Candidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections

Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States elections

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Category:Drug Enforcement Administration agents

Category:People from Fountain Hills, Arizona

Category:People from Maricopa County, Arizona

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Category:People pardoned by Donald Trump