Joint All-Domain Command and Control#JointAllDomainC2

The DoD has held at least two critical JADC2 exercises. The first one, in Florida in December 2019, centered on a simulated threat posed by cruise missiles. This was the very first demonstration of ABMS, which took place during the exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft (including F-22 and F-35 fighter jets), a Navy destroyer, an Army Sentinel radar system, a mobile artillery system, as well as commercial space and ground sensors, demonstrated their ability to collect, analyze, and share data in real-time to provide a more comprehensive picture of the operating environment.{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |last=R. Hoehn |first=John |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11493.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service}} }} For more information, see JADC2 at the Army's Project Convergence experiments

In July 2020, the Department of Defense carried out a second test of the JADC2 system. In the course of this exercise, planes from the Air Force communicated with naval vessels that were stationed in the Black Sea. Additionally, special operations personnel from eight other NATO nations and a simulated environment collaborated to deter a possible attack from Russia.

In November 2022, ABMS experiments showed how JADC2 is really § combined arms. —Brig. Gen. Jeffery Valenzia (USAF CFT lead for JADC2) Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/11/17/how-the-pentagon-knows-when-jadc2-innovations-are-working/ (17 Nov 2022) How the Pentagon knows when JADC2 innovations are working] by introducing benchmarks: "The benchmarks include data on how technologies speed or slow decision making, how many errors are introduced, the variance among available options and potential weak spots or pitfalls" —Jeffery Valenzia.Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general] Cropsey on C3BM

{{anchor|JWCC}}

In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —JEDI) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion. Competitive bidding was held, and an award was made but was protested by a competitor. In 2021, the award was canceled;Andrew Eversden [https://www.c4isrnet.com/breaking-news/2021/07/06/pentagon-cancels-controversial-jedi-cloud-contract/ (6 Jul 2021) Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract delayed by Microsoft, Amazon feud] in its place, multiple vendors for an interoperable, compatible network capability with multiple awards were envisioned, by 2022. This capability (Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability —JWCC) is to be for $9 billion spread among vendors and is meant to be awarded by mid-December 2022.Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/cloud/2022/11/07/pentagon-closing-in-on-9b-cloud-contract-award-after-scuttling-jedi/ (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon closing in on $9B cloud contract award after scuttling JEDI] Pentagon network officials began to envision JWCC as a necessary layer for JADC2. In early December 2022 JWCC was awarded to Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/pentagon-awards-google-amazon-microsoft-oracle-9b-cloud-contract/ (7 Dec 2022) Pentagon awards Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle $9B cloud contract] "JWCC is a multi-vendor, multi-cloud follow up to the infamous single-source Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract, which was worth up to $10 billion and canceled in 2021".Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/07/amazon-google-microsoft-and-oracle-picked-for-9b-jedi-successor/ (7 Dec 2022) Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle picked for $9B JEDI successor]Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/cyber/2022/08/24/army-it-leader-pledges-quicker-cloud-uptake-in-year-of-action/ (24 Aug 2022) Army IT leader pledges quicker cloud uptake in 'year of action'] Lt. Gen. John Morrison, deputy chief of staff, G-6. "The Army requested $16.6 billion in cyber and IT funding for fiscal 2023, which starts Oct. 1, or more than 9% of the service’s $178 billion budget blueprint"——Raj Iyer Army CIO

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DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency) was embarking on upgrading its JWICS (Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System), which is top-secret; DISA was using the same vendors as for JWCC, but also including IBM. Combining the JWICS with JWCC, economies of scale allowed a cooperative project of DISA's JWICS with DoD's JWCC.Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/12/27/pentagon-intelligence-community-eye-cloud-collaboration/ (27 Dec 2022) Pentagon, intelligence community eye cloud collaboration] A Top Secret capability is being sought.Jaspreet Gil [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/jwcc-secret-level-offerings-coming-in-a-few-weeks-official/ (14 Mar 2023) JWCC secret-level offerings coming in a few weeks: Official] JWICS follow-on: "departments are layering on DevSecOps and tactical edge capabilities"Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/industry/2022/12/08/pentagon-wants-competition-within-9b-joint-warfighting-cloud-contract/ (8 Dec 2022) Pentagon wants competition within $9B Joint Warfighting Cloud contract] to bridge Classification levels

Decision superiority is an objective of CDAO.Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/26/pentagon-setting-up-office-to-speed-jadc2-integration-across-military/ (26 Oct 2022) Pentagon setting up office to speed JADC2 integration across military]David Deptula [https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/making-joint-all-demand-command-and-control-a-reality/ (9 Dec 2022) MAKING JOINT ALL DEMAND COMMAND AND CONTROL A REALITY]

By FY2023, other Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) services will be available in JADC2.Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/pentagon-to-award-9b-jwcc-cloud-contract-mid-december/ (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon to award $9B JWCC cloud contract mid-December] DISA: by FY2023 Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) — °situational awareness ; °decision support ; °command and control ; and °training support

Raytheon BBN demonstrated its Robust Information Provisioning Layer (RIPL)Zamone Perez and Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/c2-comms/2022/11/18/raytheon-tests-information-sharing-technology-with-jadc2-in-mind/ (18 Nov 2022) Raytheon tests information-sharing technology with JADC2 in mind] which connects legacy links to ABMS.

A theater-level simulation tool will share data under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), in order to visualize JADC2 scenarios.David Roza [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/raytheon-rcade-simulator-jadc2/ (1 Sep 2023) Can This New Simulator Be a Proving Ground for JADC2?] Raytheon RTX Rapid Campaign Analysis and Demonstration Environment (RCADE)

The US Army's Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) will support JADC2 as a future capability. Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) Capability Set '25 will implement JADC2,Andrew Eversden [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2021/06/09/army-says-2025-tactical-network-will-make-jadc2-a-reality/ (9 Jun 2021) Army says 2025 tactical network will make JADC2 a reality]Spc. Richard Carlisi [https://www.army.mil/article/263876/all_domain_communications_focus_of_afcea_symposium (8 Feb 2023) All-domain communications focus of AFCEA symposium] on Indo-Pacific command according to the acting head of the Network CFT.{{efn|name= armyMissionCommand |1= In 2009 the US Army replaced command and control with mission command, in which the commander's intent suffices to empower subordinate unit commanders. This requires transparency of the command, and trust in the subordinates. For example, suppose the subordinate is a squad leader;US Dept of Army; FM 6-30 Chapter 4. [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/6-30/f630_5.htm (16 July 1991) Call for fire] (CFF) A forward observer (FO) in the squad requests fires (Call for fire -CFF); the CFF is a request, not an order. The fire direction center (FDC) reads back the data in 3 parts, as the forward observer sends the request:

1. Observer identification and warning order.
2. Target location.
3. Description of target, method of engagement, and method of fire and control.

}}{{efn|name= cff|1= Call For Fire (CFF)Matthew Murch, Futures and Concepts Center [https://www.army.mil/article/263570/fires_cdid_supporting_war_winning_future_readiness (30 Jan 2023) Fires CDID: Supporting war-winning future readiness]Ryan McBeth [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kux_4KGuj1w (Aug 2022) How artillery works - Featuring the M777 Howitzer] }}

The Air Force's Common Tactical Edge Network joins 9 contractors, exploiting AI.Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/12/physical-challenges-way-pentagons-connect-everything-vision/380759/ (12 Swc 2022) The Physical Obstacles to the Pentagon’s Connect-Everything Vision] Collins Aerospace demonstrated Combined JADC2 (CJADC2) in July 2022.Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/todays-defense-environment-demands-integrated-systems-and-jadc2-is-no-different/ (8 Dec 2022) Today's defense environment demands integrated systems, and JADC2 is no different] "The key is creating intelligent gateways that connect networks and the cloud across security domains and translate data so the joint services can speak the same language".Barry Rosenberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/no-service-can-fight-on-its-own-jadc2-demands-move-from-self-sufficiency-to-interdependency/ (30 Aug 2023) No service can fight on its own: JADC2 demands move from self-sufficiency to interdependency]{{efn|name= mdoExplainer}}{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept}}

{{anchor|Live, virtual, and constructive environment}}

The Navy's Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) environment is a training environment for naval operations, so that Navy, Air Force, and Army can train together in a unified way.Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/what-dod-needs-to-make-jadc2-a-reality-is-live-virtual-and-constructive/ (8 Mar 2023) What DoD needs to make JADC2 a reality is Live, Virtual, and Constructive]Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2023/08/31/why-jadc2-needs-yet-another-c-according-to-pentagon-officials/ (31 Aug 2023) Why 'JADC2' needs yet another 'C', according to Pentagon officials] CJADC2

:In Large Scale Exercise 2023 from August 9 to August 18, the Navy will test the response of over 50 Navy commands spread over 22 time zones, using retired Navy admirals to simulate members of the Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-Navy personnel.Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/coping-with-tension-navys-global-exercise-to-pit-commanders-with-joint-force-pressures/ (24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures]Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/inside-the-navys-largest-exercise-in-command-and-under-pressure/ (28 Aug 2023) Inside the Navy's largest exercise: In command and under pressure] Aug 9-18 2023: Large Scale Exercise 2023

:For example, aboard aircraft carrier USS Eisenhower (CVN-69), inside the Combat information center (CIC), the ship's watchstanding crew can train to the events presented to them on the screens of the CIC,Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/aboard-the-ike-as-it-teleports-to-the-mediterranean-for-the-navys-massive-exercise/ (31 Aug 2023) Aboard the Ike as it 'teleports' to the Mediterranean for the Navy's massive exercise] "It's probably one of the most dynamic and most [stressful] situations that we put our watchstanders through and our aircrew through", Rear Adm. Marc Miguez said of using LVC technology. irrespective of the physical position of USS Eisenhower during Large Scale Exercise 2023. The Navy's Project Overmatch is now installed on three carrier strike groups for § Project Convergence Capstone 4, or PCC4 (2024).Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2024/03/06/overmatch-networking-installed-on-3-carrier-strike-groups-says-boyle/ (6 Mar 2024) Overmatch networking now installed on 3 carrier strike groups]

The following material is split from Army Futures Command

;Multi-Domain Operations (MDO); Joint warfighting concept (JADC2) {{anchor|mdoJadc2}}

File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]

• Multi-Domain Operations (MDO):{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept |1= The Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/ (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer]}}{{efn |name= mdoExplainer |1= Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-domain-operations/ (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations] (ADO)
• "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
• "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
• "it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
• All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense".

}}{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy |url=https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=APG News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215121632/https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |url-status=dead }}Anthony Small {{citation |publisher=US Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw |date=13 March 2019| title=Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest}}Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops] "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. {{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/12/army-multi-domain-update-new-hqs-grey-zones-the-art-of-the-unfeasible/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}} Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-domain operations.Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War]Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-gets-its-ass-handed-to-it-in-wargames-heres-a-24-billion-fix/ (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here's A $24 Billion Fix] Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability{{Cite web|title=Readiness for the 21st Century: An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan|url=https://www.army.mil/article/210106/readiness_for_the_21st_century_an_interview_with_retired_gen_david_mckiernan|access-date=2021-12-14|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}Matthew Cox [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed]Army Futures Command [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/02/28/ (28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control] AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development Multi-domain battalions,{{efn|name= i2cews|1= When used in multi-domain operations, I2CEWS denotes Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare, and Space. See: ISR, or Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency}} first stood up in 2019,Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacdan,[http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf (6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense]

Jason Cutshaw [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329010526/https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations]

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/hack-jam-sense-shoot-army-creates-1st-multi-domain-unit/ (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit] an MDO BN for Targeting, I CorpsUS Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ9e38B4sxQ (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific ] comprise a single unit{{Cite web|last=Freedberg Jr|first=Sydney|date=2018-11-30|title=Forget The Terminator For Future Army AI: LTG Wesley|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/11/artificial-intelligence-key-to-commanding-future-army-ltg-wesley/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}{{Citation|title=AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuAE5eIcFdA|language=en|access-date=2021-12-15}} for air, land,Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) [https://www.army.mil/article/225470/leader_gives_space_and_missile_defense_update_at_smd_symposium (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium] Integrated fires across domains space,Stephen Clark [https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/08/atlas-5-launch-adds-to-u-s-militarys-secure-communications-satellite-network/ (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military's secure communications satellite network ] Air Force's fifth AEHF (Advanced Extremely High Frequency) communications satelliteOffice of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities]

Loren Thompson [https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2019/07/30/defense-against-hypersonic-attack-is-becoming-the-biggest-military-challenge-of-the-trump-era/#446b77d062c0 (30 Jul 2019) Defense Against Hypersonic Attack Is Becoming The Biggest Military Challenge Of The Trump Era ]John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/04/23/hypersonic_weapons__a_threat_to_national_security_114358.html (23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security] Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)

Kris Osborn [https://defensemaven.io/warriormaven/air/pentagon-advances-new-technology-to-destroy-hypersonic-missile-attacks-oKccmcWHpkqQhBTN-RLtJg/ (16 December 2019) Pentagon Advances New Technology to Destroy Hypersonic Missile Attacks] HBTSS will "establish a continuous 'track' on approaching hypersonic missiles"

Melanie Marlowe [https://www.c4isrnet.com/space/2020/04/08/three-obstacles-are-slowing-space-sensors-for-hypersonic-threats/ (8 April 2020) Three obstacles are slowing space sensors for hypersonic threats] Continuous tracking is needed to maintain custody of a hypersonic threat before its disposition.

David Brennan [https://www.newsweek.com/pentagon-orders-hypersonic-missile-trackers-russia-china-arms-race-1564754 (27 Jan 2021) Pentagon Orders Hypersonic Missile Trackers Amid Russia, China Arms Race] HBTSS awards to L3Harris; Northrop GrummanPaul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/mda-kickstarts-new-way-to-kill-hypersonic-missiles/ (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles] MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors—and cyberKathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/230394/the_army_gathers_industry_to_inspire_network_modernization (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization] Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.milMezher, Chyrine {{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/how-to-wage-global-cyber-war-nakasone-norton-deasy/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}} domains.Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/ (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops] 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.

Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.{{Cite web|title=Army aligning modernization programs with other services|url=https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212092732/https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2019|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}} A hypersonic-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,Sean Kimmons, Army News Service {{Cite web|title=Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222617/joint_hypersonic_weapon_tests_to_start_next_year|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/hypersonics-army-navy-test-common-glide-body/ (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body ] "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"

[https://www.army.mil/article/233873/department_of_defense_tests_hypersonic_glide_body DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body] "The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO possibly denoted a strategic fires battalionJen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/ (14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle] 2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype{{Cite web|last=Judson|first=Jen|date=2019-06-05|title=Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=C4ISRNet|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222891/army_accelerates_delivery_of_directed_energy_hypersonic_weapon_prototypes|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}} (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed),{{efn|name= i2cews}} depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises.[https://archive.today/20190917022407/https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028] "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf Link moved here]Claire Heininger [https://www.army.mil/article/209672/army_air_force_team_on_sensor_to_shooter_prototype_for_multi_domain_battle (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle]Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2018/04/11/in-the-move-to-multi-domain-operations-what-gets-lost/ (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost? ] The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs Using massive simulationDan Gouré [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/08/02/army_futures_commands_report_card_after_its_first_year_114632.html (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command's Report Card After Its First Year] Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability the need for a §new kind of command and control (now denoted JADC2) to integrate this firepower was explored.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/ (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit] prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)

Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO [https://www.army.mil/article/226368/army_awards_hypersonic_weapon_system_contracts (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts]

The ability to punch through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.Kerensa Crum [https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_dadc42e4-bea4-11e9-94c0-773e72931076.html CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army's modernization priorities ] StandoffYasmin Tadjdeh [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities] Summary of standoffArmy.mil {{Cite web|title=Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights|url=https://www.army.mil/article/223657/robotic_combat_vehicles_could_change_way_army_looks_fights|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability|url=https://www.army.mil/article/225269/aviation_industry_days_army_aviation_aims_for_more_lethal_multi_domain_operations_capability|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.army.mil|language=en}} For example, the combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satelliteTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/hey-sda-afrl-boosts-space-based-internet-tests/ (2 December 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests] capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley.Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228757/afc_deputy_combined_capabilities_make_military_might_more_lethal (21 October 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal]Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/ (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI ] Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)].

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• In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the five red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:

1. Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
2. Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
3. Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
4. Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
5. Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.) Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.{{Cite web|title=The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry|url=https://www.army.mil/article/212487/the_army_joins_the_air_force_navy_in_attempt_to_develop_hypersonic_weaponry|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}

• For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an anti-access/area denial (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/army-says-long-range-missiles-will-help-air-force-not-compete/ (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete ] by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation, an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to defeat in detail. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
• In August–September 2020. at Yuma Proving Ground, the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge multiple-domain capabilities. The exercise prototyped a ground tactical Network, pushing it to its limits of robustness (as of 2020, 36 miles on the ground, and demonstrated 1500-mile capability above the ground, with kill chains measured in seconds) in the effort to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2AD) with long-range fires. Longer-range fires are under development, ranging from hundreds of miles to over 1,000 miles, with yearly iterations of Project Convergence being planned.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/longer-range-missiles-more-ai-project-convergence-2021/ (25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021] PrSM, AFATDS to F-35
• {{anchor|JointAllDomainC2}} MDO (multi-domain operations) and JADC2 (joint all-domain command and control) thus entails:
• # Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
• # Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long-range fires
• # Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2020/09/inside-armys-fearless-messy-networked-warfare-experiment/168770/ (24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment] Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.
• {{anchor|cjadc2Oct2020}} Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO{{efn |name= mdoExplainer}} and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.{{Cite web|title=Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239363/army_to_build_on_results_from_first_project_convergence_exercise|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}} In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).{{Cite web|title=Army, Air Force form partnership, lay foundation for CJADC2 interoperability|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239598/army_air_force_form_partnership_lay_foundation_for_cjadc2_interoperability|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}
• The ability of the joint services to send data from machine to machine was exercised in front of several of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 2021; this is a prerequisite capability for Convergence of MDO and JADC2.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/new-army-lab-tests-joint-tech-project-convergence/ (20 Apr 2021) New Army Lab Tests Joint Tech: Project Convergence] Joint Systems Integration Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving GroundJoseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/245164 (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch] JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army - Air Force - NavyColin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/09/23/siemens-29-others-added-to-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-contract/ (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract]
• In July 2022 the 7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush called for the formation of a large office on the scale of the Joint Counter-small UAS office, but for JADC2.Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/army-acquisition-exec-pushes-for-joint-jadc2-office-large-scale-exercise/ (11 Jul 2022) Army acquisition exec pushes for joint JADC2 office, large-scale exercise] This would coordinate,Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/07/11/pentagons-secret-jadc2-plan-evolving-official-says-as-lawmakers-seek-audit/ (11 Jul 2022) Pentagon’s secret JADC2 plan 'evolving', official says, as lawmakers seek audit] "The oversight will inform future support and is not meant to be punitive". and eventually reconcile requirements for JADC2 for Army’s Project Convergence, the Navy’s Project Overmatch and the Air Force’s Advanced Battle Management System.Valerie Insinna [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/air-forces-sixth-gen-fighter-downselect-not-all-that-far-away-says-kendall/ (17 Jul 2022) Air Force’s sixth-gen fighter downselect ‘not all that far away,’ says Kendall] Air Force's Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) will have a private company as prime contractor, but the US government will probably be the prime contractor for integrating efforts involving collaborative combat aircraft (drones), NGAD, and AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile. —USAF Secretary Frank KendallTravis Sharp, CSBA [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/jadc2-spending-is-sprawling-dod-should-keep-watch-but-let-it-go/ (20 Oct 2022) JADC2 spending is sprawling. DoD should keep watch, but Let It Go.] Planning, Programming, Budgeting & Execution Process (PPBE) ~ $2.2 billion to $2.6 billion in FY2023 for 30 initiatives in JADC2.Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/21/project-convergence-shows-jadc2-alignment-leaders-from-3-services-say/ (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say] Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed". See CDAO

{{anchor|JWC 3.0 coming}}In April 2023 Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 (JWC 3.0) was previewed.Laura Heckmann [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/4/5/joint-warfighting-concept-30-definitely-coming-official-says (5 Apr 2023) SEA-AIR-SPACE NEWS: Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 'Definitely Coming', Official Says] Heidi Shyu JWC 2.0 involved '°fires, °information, °logistics, and °command and control'. Released 27 August 2023, JWC 3.0 additionally involves °the ability to win in contested logistics,°information advantage, and °expanded maneuver. —ADM Christopher Grady.Jon Harper [https://defensescoop.com/2023/09/13/us-military-publishes-new-joint-warfighting-doctrine/ (13 Sep 2023) US military publishes new joint warfighting doctrine] Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 was released 27 Aug 2023 as Joint Publication 1, Volume 1 —Joint Warfighting. An evolving Capability. Employment of crewed-uncrewed teaming to 'sense and make sense' of the situation, and to make that information rapidly available to the commanders will be an essential part of the Capability. Future Force Design is underway.Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/good-healthy-debate-eyeing-the-indo-pacific-army-leaders-grapple-with-force-structure-shake-up/ (14 Sep 2023) 'Good, healthy debate': Eyeing the Indo-Pacific, Army leaders grapple with force structure shake up] James Rainey

On 19 September 2023 Army Contracting Command-Aberdeen Proving Ground awarded Leidos a contract to provide an electronic platform: equipment and services in support of JADC2.Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/leidos-nabs-7-9b-army-tactical-it-hardware-contract-to-support-jadc2-aims/ (19 Sep 2023) Leidos nabs $7.9B Army tactical IT hardware contract to support JADC2 aims] Leidos Intelligent Logistics Platform

In February 2024 the Air Force's Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey warned that phase two of Combined JADC2, which was supposed to go forward in 2024Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/madc2-air-force-cjadc2-plans-completely-hamstrung-by-budget-impasse-general-says/ (15 Feb 2024) MADC2: Air Force CJADC2 plans 'completely hamstrung' by budget impasse, general says] Luke Cropsey: "Not having a budget is quite frankly, it's killing me, because my budget was supposed to double this year" is not starting because Continuing Resolutions (CRs) do not fund new program spending —full Congressional budget approval for FY2024 is required for Combined JADC2 to go forward in 2024. From: Transformation of the United States Army#cjadc2MeetIn60days

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[[File:National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Transport layer.webp|thumb|right|Transport layer of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA)Armament Facts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MdL5niEIdE (21 Jul 2022) How The New Hypersonic Weapons Tracking Constellation Will Work] 16:45 minutes. 2 awards, each of 14 satellites due to launch in 2025.

Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/sda-to-demo-tracking-targeting-satellites-in-2022/ (21 Jan 2020) SDA To Demo Tracking & Targeting Satellites In 2022] Tranche0 Link-16. Summary of 7-layer architecture.]]

JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. Chance Saltzman, US Space ForceTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking] Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-wraps-initial-plan-for-building-hybrid-commercial-military-outernet/ (26 Apr 2023) Space Force wraps initial plan for building 'hybrid' commercial/military 'outernet'] Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2023/04/26/the-us-is-rethinking-national-security-space-architecture-is-it-moving-fast-enough/ (26 Apr 2023) The US is rethinking national security space architecture. Is it moving fast enough?] 38:21 video. Col. Eric Felt; Mr. Nicholas EftimiadesCourtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/26/space-force-eyes-outernet-for-better-data-flow-in-orbit/ (26 Apr 2023) Space Force eyes 'outernet' for better data flow in orbit] Space Warfighting Analysis Center (SWAC) has analyzed Transport layer needs: Col. Felt. Use mesh networking, use commercial vendors By year-end 2025 there will be 126 Link-16 satellites operating in orbit, transmitting data in a world-wide mesh network.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/sdas-data-rely-missile-tracking-networks-to-be-operational-by-end-of-2025-tournear/ (18 Mar 2024) SDA’s data relay, missile tracking networks to be operational by end of 2025: Tournear]

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• C4I
• Defense Technical Information Center

{{Congressional Research Service|article = Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress |url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46725/2|author = John R. Hoehn|accessdate=2022-07-06}}

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