Joycelyn Elders#Comments on human sexuality and abortion

Elders was born Minnie Lee Jones in Schaal, Arkansas,{{cite web|url=http://www.phs.umn.edu/education/elders/bio/home.html|title=Joycelyn Elders, MD, 15th US Surgeon General|publisher=University of Minnesota|access-date=February 16, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628225644/http://www.phs.umn.edu/education/elders/bio/home.html|archive-date=June 28, 2010}} to a poor, farm sharecropping family, and was the eldest of eight children, and valedictorian of her school class.{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_98.html|title=Biography: Dr. M. Joycelyn Elders|publisher=NLM/NIH|access-date=February 16, 2013}} The family also spent two years near a wartime shipyard in Richmond, California before returning to Schaal. In college, she changed her name to Minnie Joycelyn Lee. In 1952, she received her B.S. degree in Biology from Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas, where she also pledged Delta Sigma Theta. She married briefly to Cornelius Reynolds, a Federal employee, and later to Oliver Elders, a basketball coach. After working as a nurse's aide in a Veterans Administration hospital in Milwaukee for a period, she joined the United States Army in May 1953 and became a second lieutenant. During her 3 years in the Army, she was trained as a physical therapist. She then attended the University of Arkansas Medical School, where she obtained her M.D. degree in 1960. After completing an internship at the University of Minnesota Hospital and a residency in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center, Elders earned an M.S. in Biochemistry in 1967.

In 1987, then-governor Bill Clinton appointed Elders as Director of the Arkansas Department of Health, making her the first African-American woman in the state to hold this position. Some of her major accomplishments while in office include reducing the teen pregnancy rate by increasing the availability of birth control, counseling, and sex education at school-based clinics; a tenfold increase in early childhood screenings from 1988 to 1992 and a 24 percent rise in the immunization rate for two-year-olds; and an expansion of the availability of HIV testing and counseling services, breast cancer screenings, and better hospice care for the elderly. She also worked hard to promote the importance of sex education, proper hygiene, and prevention of substance abuse in public schools. In 1992, she was elected President of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers.{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/joycelyn-elders|title=Joycelyn Elders|year=2004|website=Encyclopedia of World Biography|publisher=The Gale Group Inc.|access-date=2017-08-02}}

Elders believed that opposition to her Surgeon General nomination was driven by sexism and racism. "Some people in the American Medical Association, a certain group of them, didn't even know that I was a physician. They were passing a resolution to say that from now on every Surgeon General must be a physician—which was a knock at me. ... They don't expect a black female to have accomplished what I have and to have done the things that I have."{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/30/magazine/joycelyn-elders.html|title=Joycelyn Elders|last=Dreifus|first=Claudia|date=January 30, 1994|website=New York Times|access-date=2016-12-09}}

During an interview, she was asked if she related to Shirley Chisholm's statement about feeling more oppressed as a woman than as an African American, and replied by saying, "I am who I am because I'm a black woman." Elders was able to be the voice for the African-American community and speak on poverty and its role in teenage pregnancy, which is a major issue within the community. Poor African-American teenage mothers are "captive to a slavery the 13th Amendment did not anticipate,"{{Cite web|url=https://nytimes.com|title=Poor Mothers, Poorer Babies|date=November 6, 1989|website=New York Times}} which is a major reason why she stressed the importance of teaching sex education in public schools.

As an endocrinologist, Elders was especially concerned with young diabetic women getting pregnant. If young teen women who have diabetes get pregnant, they have a high chance of their bodies rejecting the fetus or the fetus developing abnormalities in utero. To prevent these pregnancies from happening, she thoroughly talked to her patients about the dangers of early pregnancy and the importance of using contraceptives, and taking control of their sexuality as soon as they began puberty. Of the approximately 260 young diabetic women she treated, only one of them became pregnant.{{Cite web|url=https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_98.html|title=M. Joycelyn Elders|date=2003-10-14|website=Changing the Face of Medicine|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|access-date=2017-08-02}}

Elders strongly advocated sex and reproductive education, especially in African-American communities. She criticized older textbooks{{Which|date=May 2018}} that said only white females had naturally regular periods, because white females were on birth control to regulate their periods. Black females did not readily seek out birth control because their "[black] ministers were up on the pulpit saying the birth control pills were black genocide." She was very vocal about her disgust with black men exploiting black women and stripping them of their reproductive health choices, because "If you can't control your reproduction, you can't control your life."

Elders has received a National Institutes of Health career development award, also serving as assistant professor in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center from 1967. She was promoted to associate professor in 1971 and professor in 1976. Her research interests focused on endocrinology, and she received board certification as a pediatric endocrinologist in 1978, becoming the first person in the state of Arkansas to do so. Elders received a D.Sc. degree from Bates College in 2002.

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed her as the United States Surgeon General, making her the first African American and the second woman (following Antonia Novello) to hold the position. At her confirmation hearing, Elders responded to criticism over an incident in which she decided not to notify the public that condoms her department had been distributing in Arkansas had been found to be defective, with a failure rate ten times the allowed rate. Elders said that "I don't know" whether the decision had been correct, but she had believed at the time that public disclosure could lead to a public loss of faith in the efficacy of condoms, which would have been the greater danger.{{cite book |title=HEARING OF THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES, UNITED STATES SENATE ... ON M. JOYCELYN ELDERS, OF ARKANSAS |year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/stream/nominationhearin072393unit/nominationhearin072393unit_djvu.txt |access-date=20 January 2021 |page=50|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |isbn=9780160446702}} She was a controversial choice and a strong backer of the Clinton health care plan, so she was not confirmed until September 7, 1993. As Surgeon General, Elders quickly established a reputation for being controversial. Like many of the Surgeons General before her, she was an outspoken advocate of a variety of health-related causes. She argued for an exploration of the possibility of drug legalization, and backed the distribution of contraceptives in schools. President Clinton stood by Elders, saying that she was misunderstood.

Elders drew fire, as well as censure from the Clinton administration, when she suggested that legalizing drugs might help reduce crime and that the idea should be studied. On December 15, 1993, around one week after making these comments, charges were filed against her son Kevin for selling cocaine in an incident involving undercover officers four months prior. Elders believes the incident was a frame-up and the timing of the charges was designed to embarrass her and the president.{{Cite news| url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/10-30-95/kevinelders.html| title=The Crucifixion of Kevin Elders| author=Cynthia Cotts| work=Albion Monitor| date=October 30, 1995| access-date=January 17, 2008|url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970707185751/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/10-30-95/kevinelders.html| archive-date=July 7, 1997}} Kevin Elders was convicted, and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, of which he served four months.{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1615,00.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202000911/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1615,00.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 2, 2010| title=Top Doc's Son Gets 10 Years| magazine=Time |date=August 29, 1994 |access-date=August 22, 2009}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/garden/after-the-storm-still-no-calm.html |title=After the Storm, Still No Calm |work=New York Times |date=October 10, 1996 |access-date=August 27, 2018}} He appealed his conviction to the Arkansas Supreme Court, and that court affirmed the conviction. The court held that Elders failed to show that he was entrapped into making the narcotics sale.Elders v. State, 321 Ark. 60, 900 S.W.2d 170 (1995). There was no further appeal.

{{See also|International Masturbation Month}}

In January 1994 in the context of abortion, Elders said, "We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children."{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/30/magazine/joycelyn-elders.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Joycelyn Elders |first=Claudia |last=Dreifus |date=January 30, 1994}}

Later that year, she was invited to speak at a United Nations conference on AIDS. She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promote masturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging in riskier forms of sexual activity, and she replied, "As per your specific question in regard to masturbation, I think that is something that is a part of human sexuality and it's a part of something that perhaps should be taught. But we've not even taught our children the very basics. And I feel that we have tried ignorance for a very long time and it's time we try education."{{Cite news| url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-12-10-1994344068-story.html|last1=Cannon|first1=Carl|title=Clinton fires surgeon general|date=December 10, 1994|work=Baltimore Sun|access-date=June 19, 2021}}

Elders' comments on masturbation caused great controversy and resulted in Elders losing the support of the White House. Clinton's chief of staff, Leon Panetta, remarked, "There have been too many areas where the President does not agree with her views. This is just one too many." In December 1994, Elders was forced to resign by President Clinton.{{Cite news|first=Alison |last=Mitchell |title=President Clinton Makes a Celebratory Return to His Starting Point in Arkansas |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E0D81038F935A35752C1A960958260 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1996 |access-date=January 17, 2008}}{{Cite news|first=Leon |last=Dash |title=Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a019034244 |work=The Washington Monthly |date=January 1997 |access-date=January 17, 2008}} This led sex-positive retailer Good Vibrations in 1995 to proclaim May 28 as National Masturbation Day in honor of Elders' advocacy.{{cite news |title=Clinton Fires Surgeon General Over New Flap |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-10-mn-7305-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=December 10, 1994}}{{cite news |last=Silver |first=Matty |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Make time for yourselves during National Masturbation Month in May |url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life/make-time-for-yourselves-during-national-masturbation-month-in-may-20150413-1mjqpo.html |access-date=May 28, 2016}}

A collection of Elders' professional papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.{{cite web|url=http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/elders571|title=Jocelyn Elders Surgeon-General Speech Collection 1992–1994|publisher=National Library of Medicine}}

File:Philander Smith College Harry R. Kendall Center.jpg]]

Since leaving her post as Surgeon General, Elders has returned to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences as professor of pediatrics, and is currently professor emerita at UAMS.{{cite book|first=Susan A.|last=Ambrose|title=Journeys of Women in Science and Engineering: No Universal Constants|year=1997|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia |isbn=1566395275|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/journeysofwomeni00ambr}} She is a regular on the lecture circuit, speaking against teen pregnancy. She has appeared on TV in Penn and Teller: Bullshit! during the episode on abstinence, where she says that she considers abstinence-only programs to be child abuse and discusses her opinions on teenage sex education, masturbation and contraceptives. In 2009 Elders teamed up with the University of Minnesota to establish the nation's first chair in Sexual Health Education, a fund to attract and retain outstanding tenured sexual health education faculty in the Program in Human Sexuality at the University of Minnesota Medical School.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/about/joycelyn-elders-chair-sexual-health-education|title=Joycelyn Elders Chair in Sexual Health Education|last=Program Human Sexuality|date=2016-07-15|website=Program in Human Sexuality − University of Minnesota|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}} She is interviewed in the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity on her opinions regarding comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education.{{cite news|last=Gray|first=Emma|title=Therese Shechter, Director Of Film 'How To Lose Your Virginity,' Talks Female Sexuality, 'Purity' And The Virgin-Whore Complex

|work=The Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/therese-schecter-how-to-lose-your-virginity-film-purity-virgin-whore_n_1496261.html|date=May 7, 2012|access-date=October 24, 2013}}

Elders was inducted into the Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame in 2016.{{cite web |title=Dr. M. Joycelyn Elders |url=https://www.arwomenshalloffame.com/joycelyn-elders |website=Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708125650/https://www.arwomenshalloffame.com/joycelyn-elders |archive-date=8 July 2022}}

In 2015, Philander Smith College, Elders' alma mater, established the Dr. Joycelyn Elders School of Allied and Public Health.{{cite web |title=Philander Forward |url=https://www.philander.edu/about-us/philander-foward |website=Philander Smith College |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113214449/https://resources.finalsite.net/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1579017213/philanderedu/ngnw4acw97psr3qx2lzs/JoycelynEldersSchoolofAllied.jpg |archive-date=13 November 2022 |quote=Established August 27, 2015}}

In an October 15, 2010, article, she clearly voiced support for legalization of marijuana:{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Nagourney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/us/16pot.html?_r=1 |title=U.S. Will Enforce Marijuana Laws, State Vote Aside |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2010}}

{{blockquote|I think we consume far more dangerous drugs that are legal: cigarette smoking, nicotine and alcohol ... I feel they cause much more devastating effects physically. We need to lift the prohibition on marijuana.}}

In 1997, Elders published a memoir.Joycelyn Elders, Joycelyn Elders, M.D.: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America, Harper Perennial (1997)

She received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1991.{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Chronicle |date=June 26, 1991 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/style/chronicle-949991.html}} She was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa as an honoris causa initiate at SUNY Plattsburgh in 1996.

• Sticky: A (Self) Love Story, a documentary on masturbation including an interview with Elders about her experience being asked to resign from the Clinton administration

{{reflist|30em}}

• Joycelyn Elders, M.D. by Dr. Joycelyn Elders and David Chanoff. Another Surgeon General's autobiography.

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{Cite web |author=Office of Public Health and Science |title=M. Joycelyn Elders (1993–1994) |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/about/previous/bioelders.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |date=4 January 2007 |access-date=2008-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916014439/http://surgeongeneral.gov/about/previous/bioelders.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}
• [http://www.visionaryproject.org/eldersjoycelyn Joycelyn Elders's oral history video excerpts] at The National Visionary Leadership Project
• [http://www.aetn.org/programs/menandwomenofdistinction/joycelynelders Video of Joycelyn Elders], from the AETN documentary on her
• {{C-SPAN|23296}}

{{US Surgeons General}}

{{Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elders, Joycelyn}}

Category:1933 births

Category:Living people

Category:African-American female military personnel

Category:African-American women scientists

Category:21st-century American scientists

Category:American abortion-rights activists

Category:American endocrinologists

Category:Women endocrinologists

Category:American pediatricians

Category:Women pediatricians

Category:Surgeons general of the United States

Category:State cabinet secretaries of Arkansas

Category:Women in Arkansas politics

Category:Arkansas Democrats

Category:Philander Smith University alumni

Category:United States Army officers

Category:University of Arkansas faculty

Category:University of Arkansas alumni

Category:Clinton administration personnel

Category:American women physicians

Category:United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps admirals

Category:Women in the United States Army

Category:Delta Sigma Theta members

Category:American cannabis activists

Category:African-American women physicians

Category:20th-century African-American physicians

Category:20th-century American physicians

Category:21st-century American women

Category:African-American United States Army personnel