July 1943

• The death sentence, for treason, of German-born American Max Stephan was commuted by U.S. President Roosevelt to life imprisonment, seven hours before Stephan was to be hanged. Stephan had been convicted of harboring a German prisoner of war who had escaped from a POW camp in Ontario."Traitor Saved by President", Milwaukee Journal, July 2, 1943, p1
• The United States Women's Army Corps (WAC) was converted to full status, changing its name from the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, and U.S. Army Major Oveta Culp Hobby was the first Director.Jerry K. Sweeney, A Handbook of American Military History: From the Revolutionary War to the Present (University of Nebraska Press, May 1, 2006) p216
• The Nurse Training Act was passed by the United States Congress, creating the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps.Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (University Press of Kentucky, 2003) p190
• Adolf Eichmann was granted full authority by Martin Bormann to use the Gestapo in enforcement of "the permanent elimination of Jews from the territories of Greater Germany"."Bormann, Martin", in Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide, by Leslie Alan Horvitz and Christopher Catherwood (Infobase Publishing, 2009) p49
• U.S. forces defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Viru Harbor on the island of New Georgia.
• Romanian Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu met with the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome and pleaded with him to lead a bid by the countries aligned with Germany to leave the Axis. Mussolini refused to commit to the plan.{{cite book |last=Knox |first=MacGregor |date=2000 |title=Hitler's Italian Allies |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox|url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox/page/191 191] |isbn=978-1-139-43203-0 }}
• An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, a six-volume secret report compiled by the Population and Race Section of the Research Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare, was completed and submitted to the Prime Minister, setting the blueprint for imposing Japanese names, the Japanese language and the Shinto religion on all minorities within the Empire.Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Yale University Press, 2009) p482
• Tokyo City was administratively merged with its prefecture to form the special wards of Tokyo.

• New Georgia, the largest of the Solomon Islands controlled by Japan, was invaded by the U.S. 37th and 43rd Infantry divisions, striking from Rendova Island. After fierce resistance from the Japanese occupiers for more than a month, the New Georgia airfield at Munda would be captured on August 5, and the entire island would be secured by August 25.Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p1998
• Allied forces on New Georgia began the Drive on Munda Point.

• The new town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, constructed for workers on the secret atomic bomb project, had its first residents arrive, as a family moved into a trailer on the 92 square mile area. Within two years, it would have 75,000 people, but its existence would be kept hidden until after World War II."Mystery Town Cradled Bomb", LIFE Magazine, August 20, 1945, p94
• The Battle of Wickham Anchorage ended in American victory.
• The German submarines U-126 and U-628 were both depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Ortegal, Spain by British aircraft.
• "Comin' in on a Wing and a Prayer" by The Song Spinners topped the Billboard singles chart.
• Born:
• Kurtwood Smith, American film and TV actor known for Robocop and That '70s Show;, in New Lisbon, Wisconsin
• Judith Durham, Australian singer (The Seekers); in Essendon, Victoria (d. 2022)

• Subhas Chandra Bose became the new President of the Indian Independence League, which was meeting in the Cathay Theater in Japanese-occupied Singapore.Sugata Bose, His Majesty's Opponent (Harvard University Press, 2012) p3
• The American Forces Radio Network (which became the United States Armed Forces Network) was created to broadcast from 55 low-power transmitters near areas in the United Kingdom where American servicemen were stationed.Burton Paulu, British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom (University of Minnesota Press, 1956) p395
• The British troopship City of Venice was torpedoed and sunk north of Ténès, Algeria by German submarine U-375.
• Born: Geraldo Rivera, American reporter and talk show host; in Brooklyn, New York City
• Died: General Władysław Sikorski, 62, Prime Minister of Poland 1922–1923, leader of the Polish government-in-exile after the German conquest of 1939; in the 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash that killed 14 others, including Brigadier General J. P. Whitehead, a British MP, leading to Władysław Sikorski's death controversy

• The Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history, began when Germany launched an attack on the Soviet city of Kursk with 20 infantry divisions and 3,000 tanks. Two days later, the Soviet Union launched a counteroffensive against the Germans. By the time the battle ended on August 5, the Germans had lost 70,000 men and 2,900 of the 3,000 tanks.Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Kursk: Hitler's Gamble, 1943 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) p53; William L. Hosch, ed. World War II: People, Politics, and Power (Rosen Publishing Group, 2009) p119"Monster Tanks Are Hurled Into Battle by Nazis and Reds on Belgorod Front", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p1
• American and Japanese troops fought the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."Navy Reports Damage to Jap Ships as Surface Units Battle in Kula Gulf", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1; "Six Japanese Ships 'Probably Sunk', Four Damaged in Battle of Kula Gulf", Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1943, p1
• The American destroyer USS Strong was sunk in Kula Gulf by the Japanese destroyer Niizuki and shore batteries.
• The German submarine U-535 was depth charged and sunk northeast of Cape Finisterre, Spain by a B-24 Liberator of No. 53 Squadron RAF.
• Film actress Betty Grable was married to bandleader Harry James at a ceremony in Las Vegas."Grable, Betty", in The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, And Canada in World Wars I And II, James Ciment and Thaddeus Russell, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p602

• The town of Boise City, Oklahoma was mistakenly bombed by a U.S. Army Air Forces plane that had taken off from the nearby Dalhart Army Air Base in Texas. The pilot, sent on a training mission to drop explosives on a practice range near Conlen, Texas, got off course, mistook Boise City for the range, and dropped five bombs on the town. Although there was slight damage to buildings, nobody was injured, and the air raid was stopped after the town was blacked out by an alert power plant worker."U.S. Airman, Off the Beam, Bombed Oklahoma Town", Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1943, p1
• The Battle of Kula Gulf was fought between U.S. and Japanese warships off the island of Kolombangara with an inconclusive result. The American cruiser Helena and the Japanese destroyers Nagatsuki and Niizuki were sunk.
• Yeshwantrao Holkar II, the 33-year-old Maharaja of Indore, described as "one of the wealthiest men in the world", was granted a divorce from his American wife, the Maharanee Margaret Lawlor, in proceedings in Reno, Nevada."Maharaja Is Divorced", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1

• Southern Airways was incorporated by Frank Hulse and Ike Jones, in order to seek approval from the Civil Aeronautics Board to operate a civilian airline after the end of World War II. In later years, the company would merge with another carrier to become Republic Airlines, which would then be acquired by Northwest Airlines,Geoff Jones, Northwest Airlines: The First Eighty Years (Arcadia Publishing, 2005) p67 which in turn would be acquired by Delta Air Lines.
• Reverend Jóhannes Gunnarsson became the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Iceland since the Reformation, in services held in Washington, D.C."First Bishop to Iceland", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1
• Died: Rudolph Forster, 70, Chief Clerk of the White House Executive Offices since 1897. His obituary described him as "virtually unknown to the public, but for 46 years highly esteemed and frequently honored by the nation's presidents", and he served for eight U.S. Presidents, from William McKinley to Franklin D. Roosevelt."Presidents' Able Assistant Is Dead", Milwaukee Journal, July 8, 1943, p2

• The Jamaica Labour Party, which rivals the People's National Party and is in opposition in Jamaica as of February 2015, was founded by Alexander Bustamante.[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/latest/article.php?id=38406 "JLP Commemorates 69th Anniversary"], The Gleaner (Kingston), July 8, 2012
• The German submarines U-232 and U-514 were lost to enemy action.
• Born:
• Joel Siegel, American film critic for Good Morning America; in Los Angeles (d. 2007);
• Guido Marzulli, Italian painter, in Bari
• Died:
• Sir Harry Oakes, 68, American-born British entrepreneur, who was found beaten to death in his mansion in Nassau in the Bahamas. The search for Oakes, described once as one of the two wealthiest men in America, was made after he failed to appear for a scheduled golf game with the Duke of Windsor, the former King who had become the British Governor of the Bahamas. The case was never solved, and the murderer of Oakes was never discovered.[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/nov/13/william-boyd-any-human-heart-murder "The real-life murder case behind Any Human Heart"], by William Boyd, The Guardian (Manchester), November 12, 2010
• Jean Moulin, 44, a leader of the French Resistance against the Nazi German occupation of France, after being tortured by the Nazi Gestapo.
• Edward Haight, 17, became the youngest person to ever die in the electric chair in New York, as he was executed for the September murder of two young girls ten months earlier."Boy, 17, Electrocuted for Killing Two Girls", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p2
• Levi Mosley, a seasonal farm laborer, died in a hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. When Mosley failed to report to his local draft board in December, the FBI would be called in and begin a nine-year search for Mosley, which would not end until 1953 when his death was discovered."Man Was Not Draft Dodger, Merely Died", St. Petersburg Times, November 24, 1953 p10

• A German air raid killed 108 people, many of them children, in a movie theater, in the British town of East Grinstead. Schoolchildren were inside the Whitehall Cinema, watching a Hopalong Cassidy film, when air raid sirens sounded. At 5:17 pm, a wave of German bombers struck the town, leveling the theater with one bomb, followed by a second. Another 235 people were seriously injured.[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/2362666.print/ "East Grinstead bombing – 65 years on"], The Argus (Brighton, East Sussex, UK), June 25, 2008;

"Nazi Bombs Bury Children Watching Movie in England", Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1943, p2

• The United States Congress recessed for the first time in four years, after the nation's legislators had passed on vacations since 1939."Congress, Tired and Angry, Takes Its First Leave since 1939", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p2
• The German submarines U-435 and U-590 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
• Born: Soledad Miranda, Spanish-born Portuguese actress; in Seville (killed in car wreck, 1970)

• The Allied invasion of Sicily began as U.S., British and Canadian forces landed on the large Italian island at 0245 GMT (4:45 am local time), with the U.S. Third Infantry Division, codenamed the "Dime Force", coming ashore at the beaches of the port city of Licata.Alfred M. Beck, United States Army in World War II: the technical services (Government Printing Office, 1985) p126 The Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army arrived with 180,000 men on 2,590 ships in "the largest sea-borne assault" of World War II.R. A. C. Parker, The Second World War:A Short History: A Short History (Oxford University Press, 2001) p181; "'Bitter Fightin' on Sicily's Shores", Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1943, p1 Defending Sicily were 230,000 Italian and 40,000 German troops.Carlo D'Este, Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943 (HarperCollins, 2009) Earlier, the Allies released 147 military gliders from towing aircraft, to glide in silently. Of those, 69 were released too early and landed in the ocean, drowning 252 men. Only 12 of the 147 gliders landed in the target area.Carlo D'Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (Algonquin Books, 1990) pp 51–52
• The American destroyer USS Maddox was bombed and sunk off Gela, Sicily by an Italian Junkers Ju 87.
• The Battle of Enogai began between U.S. and Japanese forces in New Georgia.
• Born: Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis player, winner of titles at U.S. Open (1968), Australian Open (1970) and Wimbledon (1975); in Richmond, Virginia (d. 1993)

• The British Army captured the ancient port of Syracuse (Siracusa) in the invasion of Sicily, while nine other major ports (Licata, Gela, Pachino, Avola, Noto, Pozzallo, Scoglitti, Ispica and Rosolini) were captured by the Allies on the second day of the invasion."Allies Take Syracuse and Nine Other Important Points in Drive Into Sicily", Milwaukee Journal, July 12, 1943, p1
• The Allied troopships California and Duchess of York of Convoy Faith were bombed in the Atlantic Ocean west of Vigo, Spain by Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft of the Luftwaffe. Both were scuttled the next day after the rescue of survivors.
• The Battle of Enogai on New Georgia ended in American victory.
• The Italian submarine Flutto was sunk in the Straits of Messina by British motor torpedo boats.
• Born: Robert Malval, Prime Minister of Haiti 1993–1994; in Port-au-Prince

• In the main engagement of the Battle of Prokhorovka, the German SS Panzer-Regiment 1 and the Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army fought a prolonged tank battle that saw the loss of hundreds of tanks in a single day.Wolfgang Schneider, Tigers in Combat II (Stackpole Books, 2005) p x As many as 429 German and 616 Soviet tanks battled over the next four days,Niklas Zetterling, Anders Frankson, Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis (Frank Cass Publishers, 2000) p107 one of the largest tank battles in military history.
• An explosion at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida killed 17 men and injured 51 others."17 Deaths Are Reported in Florida Field Blast", Milwaukee Journal, July 13, 1943, p1
• The United States Pharmacy Corps was created.Dennis B. Worthen, Pharmacy in World War II (The Haworth Press, 2004) p143
• The Battle of Kolombangara was fought off the island of Kolombangara over the night of July 12–13, resulting in Japanese tactical victory. The American destroyer Gwin and the Japanese cruiser Jintsū would both be sunk.
• The German submarines U-409, U-506 and U-561 were lost to enemy action.
• The Michniów massacre began in occupied Poland. Over a two-day period, German police and SS troopers massacred 204 Poles, including 48 children, in the village of Michniów.
• Born:
• Christine McVie, British rock keyboardist and singer (Fleetwood Mac); in Bouth, Lancashire (d. 2022)
• Walter Murch, Academy Award-winning U.S. film editor; in New York City
• Died: Cecilia Loftus, 66, Scottish-born American vaudevillian

• University of Munich student Alexander Schmorell, 25, and university Professor Karl Huber, 49, were both executed by guillotine at Munich's Stadelheim Prison after being convicted of distributing anti-Nazi literature for the secret organization White Rose. On the same day, trial was held for four other students who were White Rose defendants— Wilhelm Geyer, Manfred Eickemeyer, Josef Soehngen and Harald Dohrn. People's Court chief judge Roland Freisler was absent, and the case was tried before the more lenient Judge Schwingenschlögl. All four were acquitted of the most serious charges and convicted on the less serious crime of failing to report treason. Soehngen received a six-month sentence, with credit for time served, while the other three were ordered to pay court costs.{{cite book |title=Third White Rose Trial, July 13, 1943: Eickemeyer, Söhngen, Dohrn, and Geyer |publisher=Exclamation! Publishers |year=2003 |page=35}}{{cite book |first=Inge |last=Scholl |author-link=Inge Scholl |title=The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |year=2011 |page=}}[http://white-rose-studies.org/Their_Story.html White-Rose-Studies.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212072954/http://www.white-rose-studies.org/Their_Story.html |date=2017-12-12 }}
• The German submarines U-487 and U-607 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
• The American League defeated the National League 5-3 in the 11th Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Shibe Park in Philadelphia.
• After drifting nearly 2,000 miles for 47 days in the Pacific Ocean, former Olympic athlete and army officer Louis Zamperini and pilot Russell Phillips reached the Marshall Islands and were captured by Japanese soldiers.{{Cite web |last=Simon, Bob |first= |date=1998 |title=Louis Zamperini - Adrift in the Pacific |url=http://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Louis-Zamperini-Adrift-in-the-Pacific |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228140050/http://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Louis-Zamperini-Adrift-in-the-Pacific |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |access-date= |website=60 Minutes}}

• Two days after reporting to Soviet Party general secretary Joseph Stalin, General Panteleimon Ponomarenko, the leader of the Belarusian resistance movement, issued Order Number 42, directing the 123 partisan units to begin the destruction of the railway lines that had brought invading German troops in 1941.{{cite book |first=Leonid D. |last=Grenkevich |title=The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |page=244}}
• The Battle of Mubo in New Guinea ended in Allied victory.
• U.S. soldiers carried out the Biscari massacre, killing 73 unarmed German and Italian prisoners of war.
• The German submarine U-160 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft.
• The Japanese submarine I-179 sank in the Seto Inland Sea during a diving drill when a hatch was left open. All hands were lost.
• The war drama film For Whom the Bell Tolls based on the Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name and starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman premiered in New York City.{{cite web |title=For Whom the Bell Tolls |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/437 |work=AFI Catalog of Feature Films |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=8 May 2024}}
• Died: Luz Long, 30, German track and field athlete and 1936 Olympic silver medalist, died of wounds suffered while fighting against the Allied invasion of Sicily.{{cite web |title=Luz Long |website=Olympedia |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/70387 |publisher=OlyMADMen |access-date=8 May 2024}}

• Renzo Chierici, the Chief of Police for the Italian-occupied area of France, agreed to a demand by the German authorities to turn over all German Jews who had fled across the border.{{cite book |first=Davide |last=Rodogno |title=Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |page=399}}
• The Tule Lake Segregation Center in California was created by order of the U.S. Department of War, renamed from the Tule Lake Relocation Center, one of ten internment camps for U.S. citizens with Japanese ancestry. The "Segregation Center" was selected to house those Japanese-Americans "who by their acts have indicated that their loyalties lie with Japan during the present hostilities".{{cite book |first1=Dorothy S. |last1=Thomas |first2=Richard |last2=Nishimoto |title=The Spoilage: Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement During World War II |publisher=University of California Press |year=1969 |page=85}} The internees who were classified as disloyal would be transferred to Tule Lake from the other nine camps. Included were any who had formally asked for repatriation to Japan and had not retracted their applications before July 1, 1943; persons who had failed to answer or declined to agree to serve in the U.S. armed forces if called; and any other persons who were, in the opinion of a camp director, not loyal to the United States.
• The German submarines U-135, U-509 and U-759 were lost to enemy action.
• Born:
• Jocelyn Bell Burnell, U.K. astrophysicist and radio astronomer; in Belfast, Northern Ireland
• The Diligenti quintuplets (Franco, Carlos Alberto, Maria Ester, Maria Fernanda and Maria Cristina); in Buenos Aires, Argentina. They were the second group of quintuplets to all survive childbirth, the Dionne quintuplets having been the first, in 1934.{{cite magazine |title=Diligenti Quintuplets in Argentina |magazine=LIFE |date=April 10, 1944 |page=43}} In 2013, all five celebrated their 70th birthday together in Argentina.{{cite web|title=¡Juntos a los 70!|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601680-juntos-a-los-70|publisher=La Nación|language=es}}

• The Norwegian freighter D/S Bjørkhaug, which was hauling 1,800 German mines that had been collected by minesweepers, exploded in the harbor at Algiers, killing hundreds of people who were working on the docks.Barbara Tomblin, With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (University Press of Kentucky, 2004) pp 215–216
• Allied aircraft dropped pamphlets over the Italian mainland with the message, "Die for Mussolini and Hitler, or live for Italy and for civilization", a message reinforced by Allied radio broadcasts."Get Out Of War Quick, Allies Tell Italians", Milwaukee Journal, July 16, 1943, p1 On the same day, Benito Mussolini, under pressure from other members of the Fascist Party to respond to the invasion of Italy, convened the Fascist Grand Council for the first time since 1939.Martin Blinkhorn, Mussolini And Fascist Italy (Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1984) p70
• The Air Ministry of the United Kingdom gave approval for the use of the aluminum strips referred to as "Window", as a countermeasure against German radar.Alan Hodgkin, Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War (Cambridge University Press, 1994) p200
• Nazi officials in German-occupied France ordered a roundup of the 13,000 Jews living in Paris, including 4,000 children, to be arrested and deported to the detention center at Drancy, from which they were transported to the Auschwitz extermination camp.Abraham Malamat and Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People (Harvard University Press, 1976) p1030
• Lithuanian Jewish resistance leader Yitzhak Wittenberg voluntarily surrendered himself to the Gestapo in Vilnius in return for an agreement that the Jewish ghetto there would not be liquidated. Wittenberg died soon afterward, either being murdered or killing himself.Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (University of Nebraska Press, 1972) p470
• Father Marie-Benoit, a French Roman Catholic priest, met with Pope Pius XII in hopes of getting Vatican support for the transfer of 30,000 French Jews, from the Italian occupation zone at Nice, to Italy, before the area was turned over to German administration. Benoit was unsuccessful in persuading the Pope to act.Mordecai Paldiel, Churches And The Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans And Reconciliation (KTAV Publishing House, 2006) p111
• The German Office of High Frequency Research was created, with Dr. Hans Plendl as the director.Horst Boog, Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5 (Oxford University Press, 2006) pp 198–199
• The Battle of Mount Tambu began in New Guinea.
• The British cruiser Cleopatra was torpedoed in the Mediterranean Sea by the Italian submarine Dandolo. Repairs would take until November 1944 to complete.
• The German submarine U-67 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft based on the escort carrier Core.
• The Batman brought the comic book superheroes Batman and Robin to film for the first time, in a 15-installment serial that would precede the feature presentation of films from the Columbia Pictures studio. Lewis Wilson, 23, appeared as Batman and Bruce Wayne, while Douglas Croft, 17, portrayed Robin and Dick Grayson.William C. Cline, In the Nick of Time: Motion Picture Sound Serials (McFarland, 1998) pp. 235–236
• Born:
• Jimmy Johnson, American football coach who guided the Dallas Cowboys to two Super Bowl wins; in Port Arthur, Texas
• Reinaldo Arenas, Cuban-born novelist, poet and dissident; in Aguas Claras (d. 1990)
• Died:
• Saul Raphael Landau, age 79–80, Polish Jewish lawyer, journalist, publicist and Zionist activist; in New York (b. 1870)

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H01758, Erich v. Manstein.jpg

• As the tank battle continued in Kursk, German panzer commanders were ordered by Adolf Hitler to withdraw from the battlefield and bring Operation Citadel to an end, despite protests by Erich von Manstein and other German generals that the Soviet forces could be defeated. At the time that the operation ceased, Germany had lost 252 tanks, compared to more than 2,000 lost by the Soviet Union. The battle had 64,000 German casualties, and 320,000 of the Soviet troops.Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945 (Penguin, 2009)
• Krasowo-Częstki massacre: The village of Krasowo-Częstki in Nazi-occupied Poland was completely burned and 257 of its inhabitants, mostly women and children, murdered by the Ordnungspolizei and SS in retaliation for the deaths of at least eight Germans in a skirmish with Polish partisans nearby.{{cite book|last=Fajkowski|first=Józef|title=Wieś w ogniu. Eksterminacja wsi polskiej w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej|trans-title=A countryside on fire. The extermination of the Polish villages during the Nazi occupation|year=1972|publisher=Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza|location=Warszawa|language=pl}}{{cite magazine|last=Markiewicz|first=Marcin|year=2003|title=Represje hitlerowskie wobec wsi białostockiej|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=67|issn=1641-9561}}
• The Allied Drive on Munda Point concluded with limited tactical gains.
• Japanese forces launched the New Georgia counterattack.
• The Japanese destroyer Hatsuyuki' was bombed and sunk in an American air raid at Kahili, Shortland Islands.

• General Harold Alexander of the British Army became the first Allied Military Governor of Sicily, as conquest of the Italian island was nearly completed. His first act was to proclaim the dissolution of all Fascist organizations."Allies Shelve Fascist Laws", Milwaukee Journal, July 19, 1943, p2
• In the only battle during World War II between an airship and a submarine, the U.S. Army blimp K-74 dropped depth charges on the German U-boat U-134, which fired its 20 mm cannons at the blimp. The K-74 was downed and its crew of ten were rescued unharmed the next day, and nobody was hurt on the U-134David M. Kennedy, The Library of Congress World War II Companion (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p333
• The New Georgia counterattack ended in Japanese offensive failure.
• Born: Calvin Peete, African-American professional golfer; in Detroit (d. 2015)

• Italian dictator Benito Mussolini met with Germany's Adolf Hitler at the northern Italian town of Feltre to discuss Italy's withdrawal from further fighting, but Mussolini reportedly failed to bring the subject up. The two leaders agreed to mount a fighting withdrawal in Italy while the Gustav Line was formed across the 72 miles from the mouth of the Garigliano to the River Sangro south of Ortona.{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Edward |last2=Manning |first2=Dale |date=1999 |title=Chronology of World War Two |url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofworl0000davi |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Cassell & Co. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chronologyofworl0000davi/page/n178 159]–160 |isbn=0-304-35309-4 }}
• At 11:13 in the morning,Santi Corvaja and Robert L. Miller, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings (Enigma Books, 2008) p245 Allied airplanes dropped bombs on the ancient city of Rome, three days after the ultimatum had been made to Italy."Rome Bombed Heavily By U.S. Planes",, Milwaukee Journal, July 19, 1943, p1 Italian state radio reported that 166 people were killed and 1,659 injured."Axis Tries to Make Propaganda Capital Out of Attack on Rome", Milwaukee Journal, July 20, 1943, p2 The attack, and the prospect of the conquest and destruction of Italy, would hasten the fall of Premier Mussolini.Jörg Echternkamp, Stefan Martens, Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe (Berghahn Books, 2010) p121
• The United States Department of War issued an order requiring that the most troublesome German prisoners of war — "Nazi leaders, Gestapo agents, and extremists" — were to be interned at the Camp Alva PW camp at Alva, Oklahoma.

R. Douglas Hurt, The Great Plains During World War II (University of Nebraska Press, 2008) p339

• The Warsaw concentration camp, referred to as KL (Konzentrationslager) Warschau was opened with barbed wire surrounding the ruins of the former Warsaw Ghetto, with a few hundred Polish prisoners and foreign Jews being put to work in destroying the remaining buildings, salvaging valuable property that may have been left in the ruins, and attempting to persuade Warsaw's remaining Jews to come out of hiding.Barbara Engelking and Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City (Yale University Press, 2009) p801; Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Basic Books, 2010) p296
• The German submarine U-513 was depth charged and sunk in the South Atlantic by Martin PBM Mariner aircraft of the U.S. Navy.
• Born: Han Sai Por, Singaporean sculptor; in Singapore
• Died: Yekaterina Budanova, 26, Soviet Air Force flying ace who shot down 20 German aircraft, was killed after her Yakovlev UT-1 plane was hit in aerial combat. She and fellow-Soviet Lydia Litvyak were the only two women to be recognized as "aces" for having shot down more than five aircraft.Hugh Morgan, Soviet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Publishing, 1997) p81
• Polish prisoners hanged on 19 July 1943 during the biggestpublic execution in KL Auschwitz.

• The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff voted to fight Japan by invading the Gilbert Islands and Nauru first, followed by a battle for the Marshall Islands.Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944 (Little, Brown and Company, 1951, reprinted by University of Illinois Press, 2002) pp 84–85
• The Battle of Bairoko was fought between U.S. and Japanese forces on New Georgia. The day-long American assault on Japanese defensive positions was unsuccessful.
• The Japanese destroyers Kiyonami and Yūgure were bombed and sunk northwest of Kolombangara by U.S. aircraft.
• The German submarine U-558 was sunk in the Bay of Biscay by Allied aircraft.
• Born: Wendy Richard, British TV actress (Are You Being Served? and EastEnders); in Middlesbrough (d. 2009).
• Died: Walter Schilling, 47, German lieutenant general who had received the Iron Cross four times, the German Cross and the Cross of Honor for his heroism in World War One and World War Two, was killed in action in Ukraine.

• The Battle of Roosevelt Ridge began between U.S. and Japanese forces in the Salamaua region of the Territory of New Guinea.
• German occupation authorities in Yugoslavia announced a bounty of 100,000 Reichsmarks for the capture of Josip Broz Tito, and the same amount for Tito's fellow resistance leader, Draža Mihailović.Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945 (Duke University Press, 1987) p122
• The German submarine U-662 was depth charged and sunk in the Amazon Estuary by an American Consolidated PBY Catalina.
• Born:
• Tess Gallagher, American poet, in Port Angeles, Washington
• Edward Herrmann, American film and TV actor, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2014)
• Died: Charley Paddock, 42, American track and field athlete, winner of two gold medals in 1920 Olympics; and U.S. Army Major General William P. Upshur, 61, Medal of Honor recipient; and four others, were killed when their plane crashed during an inspection tour in Alaska.[https://www.nytimes.com/1943/07/23/archives/gen-upshur-paddock-die-with-4-in-sitka-air-crash-gen-upshur-cw.html "Gen. Upshur, Paddock Die With 4 in Sitka Air Crash"], New York Times, July 22, 1943, p1

• George S. Patton's Seventh United States Army entered Palermo.
• The Battle of Munda Point began on New Georgia.
• The Japanese seaplane tender Nisshin was bombed and sunk by American aircraft off the southeast tip of Bougainville Island. Only 178 of the 1,263 on board survived.
• The remaining 2,500 Jewish prisoners at the Tarnopol concentration camp were executed by the German SS."Tarnopol", in The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life: Before and During the Holocaust, Shmuel Spector and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds. (NYU Press, 2001) p1293

• The Battle of Belgorod began on the Eastern Front.
• On recommendation of the National Petroleum Council, Brazil banned the use of private motorcycles throughout the nation in order to conserve fuel. Use of gasoline-powered automobiles had been prohibited the year before."Ban Motorcycles in Brazil", Milwaukee Journal, July 23, 1943, p3
• The British cruiser Newfoundland was torpedoed and damaged in the Mediterranean Sea by the Italian submarine Ascianghi, which was then depth charged and sunk by the British destroyers Eclipse and Laforey.
• The German submarines U-527, U-598 and U-613 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
• Born: Bob Hilton, American TV game show host, in Lake Charles, Louisiana

• Operation Gomorrah, the destruction of the German port of Hamburg began. British and Canadian airplanes bombed the city by night, and American planes followed during the day."Hamburg Bombing Campaign", in Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Walter J. Boyne, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p290 By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives would kill more than 30,000 people and destroy 280,000 buildings. For the first time, the British forces used "Window", aluminum strips dropped to distort radar images, against the German anti-aircraft defense.
• The Fascist Grand Council began its first meeting since 1939. In a ten-hour session that lasted into the next morning, the Council criticized Prime Minister Mussolini for his failure to prevent Italy from being invaded. At the end of the meeting, on a motion by Dino Grandi the Council voted 19 to 7 to remove Mussolini from further leadership.
• The German submarines U-459 and U-622 were lost to enemy action.

• Benito Mussolini resigned as Prime Minister of Italy, along with the other Fascist Party members of his cabinet, bringing an end to a dictatorship of more than 17 years.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19430726&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Martial Law in Italy as Duce Steps Down"], Milwaukee Journal, July 26, 1943, p1 After leaving the meeting of the Fascist Grand Council earlier that day, Mussolini reportedly left to award prizes in a farmer's festival to conduct business as usual. Count Grandi then reported the Fascist Council decision to King Victor Emmanuel III, who ordered Mussolini to report personally, and then asked the longtime Premier to resign. When Mussolini asked for more time and left the palace, he was arrested, then driven away to face imprisonment."Ambulance Took Mussolini Away, Newspaper Says", Milwaukee Journal, July 31, 1943, p1 Marshal Pietro Badoglio was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III as the new Italian premier.
• The USS Harmon, the first U.S. Navy ship to be named after an African-American person, was launched. The ship was named for Leonard Roy Harmon, a mess attendant who had been killed in Guadalcanal while saving a shipmate."Blacks in the War", The Logistics of War: A Historical Perspective, Beth F. Scott, et al., eds (Air Force Logistics Management Agency, 2000) p264
• Ubaldo Pugnaloni won the Giro d'Italia, the national cycling championship of Italy, on the day that the Fascist government was overthrown.William Fotheringham, Fallen Angel: The Passion of Fausto Coppi (Random House, 2009)

• American-born poet Ezra Pound was indicted for treason for making radio broadcasts from Italy for the Axis powers; indicted also were Robert H. Best, Fred W. Kaltenbach, Douglas Chandler ("Paul Revere"), Edward Delaney (E.D. Ward), Constance Drexel, Jane Anderson, and Max Otto Koischwitz ("O.K."). U. S. Attorney General Francis Biddle said that any of the eight, all indicted in absentia, would be brought to trial when caught.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19430726&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Axis' Yank Broadcasters Are Indicted for Treason"], Milwaukee Journal, July 27, 1943, p1
• An assassination attempt was made on Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the future leader of Pakistan. Jinnah was in his home in Bombay (Mumbai) when a young man attacked him with a knife, but he escaped major wounds.Akbar Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (Routledge, 1997) p10
• The German submarine U-359 was depth charged and sunk off the southwest tip of Haiti by an American Martin PBM Mariner aircraft.
• Born: Mick Jagger, English rock singer (The Rolling Stones), as Michael Philip Jagger in Dartford

• Major Joseph Duckworth and his navigator, Lieutenant Ralph O'Hair, both of the United States Army, became the first persons to deliberately fly an airplane into the eye of a hurricane. Duckworth piloted an AT-6 airplane to gather data on the storm near Houston, although according to a 1955 book by Ivan Tannehill, The Hurricane Hunters, "several of Duckworth's instructors had flown in into the same storm in B-25s, but were afraid of their boss." Storm warnings were not given for what would be called the "Surprise Hurricane", because of censorship during World War II. Although its winds had declined to what is now called a tropical storm, 19 people were killed and there was 17 million dollars of damage (equivalent to $225,000,000 in 2013). "After the loss of life in this storm", meteorologist Bryan Norcross would write later, weather information has never been censored again."Bryan Norcross, Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present, and Future (Macmillan, 2007) pp 52–54
• Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, a member of the royal family of Italy who had been named by Benito Mussolini as King Tomislav II of the "Independent State of Croatia", renounced his rights to the throne without ever having set foot in his kingdom. When he was the Duke of Spoleto, Aimone was selected as the figurehead monarch of the puppet state, which had been set up in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. Ante Pavelić, who ruled Croatia as its Prime Minister, accepted the King's abdication and then turned the state into a republic."Duke of Aosta Quits Throne of Croatia", Pittsburgh Press, August 1, 1943, p2
• Government broadcasts from Rome announced that Marshal Badoglio and his new cabinet had ordered the dissolution of the Fascist Council, and that the Fascist Party would be abolished."Fascist Party Ordered Dissolved by New Cabinet, Rome Says", Milwaukee Journal, July 28, 1943, p2
• The Japanese submarine I-168 was torpedoed and sunk in the Steffen Strait by the American submarine Scamp.

• In the greatest single-day loss of life in wartime, up to then, more than 30,000 residents of the German port city of Hamburg were killed when British bombers carried out Operation Gomorrha during the night of July 27 and 28th. Because of unusually dry conditions, the high combustibility of buildings in the working class neighborhoods of Billwärder-Ausschlag, Borgfelde and Hamm, and the use of more than 1,000 tons of incendiary bombs, a firestorm was created, bringing powerful winds to spread the destruction. Most of the victims died from carbon monoxide poisoning inside basement shelters, and it took two days for the streets to cool down enough for rescue teams to look for survivors. "At the heart of the apocalyptic fire", author Frederick Taylor would write later, "there were no survivors found, none at all."Frederick Taylor, Dresden: Tuesday, February 13, 1945 (HarperCollins, 2009) p132
• American Airlines Flight 63, from Louisville to Nashville, crashed near the town of Trammell, Kentucky, killing the twenty people on board."20 Are Killed in Plane Crash", Milwaukee Journal, July 29, 1943, p1
• U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, made a radio broadcast to Italy, urging the Italian people to follow up the overthrow of Mussolini by withdrawing from the Axis powers. "You can have peace immediately, and peace under the honorable conditions which our governments have already offered you," said Eisenhower. "We are coming to you as liberators ... As you have already seen in Sicily, our occupation will be mild and beneficient ... The ancient liberties and traditions of your country will be restored.""Eisenhower Offers 'Honorable Peace' if Italy Ceases Aid to Nazis in Land", Milwaukee Journal, July 29, 1943, p1
• President Roosevelt gave a fireside chat on the fall of Mussolini. Roosevelt vowed that the fallen dictator "and his Fascist gang will be brought to book, and punished for their crimes against humanity. No criminal will be allowed to escape by the expedient of 'resignation.' So our terms to Italy are still the same as our terms to Germany and Japan --'unconditional surrender.'"{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3331 |title=Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini |website=Miller Center of Public Affairs |access-date=February 21, 2016 |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301230244/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3331 |url-status=dead }}
• At the Old Bailey in London, Communist Party member Douglas Springhall was sentenced to seven years in prison for obtaining information about munitions "calculated to be useful to the enemy." Justice Oliver told Springhall, "I do not think, on your record, it is likely that your purpose was to communicate these things to Germany, but to communicate them to someone I have no doubt whatever."{{cite book |date=1989 |editor-last=Mercer |editor-first=Derrik |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=585 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 }}
• The Japanese destroyers Ariake and Mikazuki were bombed and sunk off Cape Gloucester, New Guinea by American B-25 Mitchell aircraft.
• The German submarines U-159 and U-404 were lost to enemy action.
• IKEA, now the world's largest retailer of furniture, was founded in Sweden by a 17-year old carpenter, Ingvar Kamprad, with the concept of selling items at a lower price, for the purchaser to assemble.[https://newsroom.inter.ikea.com/news/ikea--thanks-for-the-first-75-wonderful-years-/s/9952b3f1-1f07-4366-b9ae-a82d24a4f4a8 "IKEA: Thanks for the first 75 wonderful years!"], IKEA website, July 28, 2018 Kamprad coined the name from his initials, and his address of the Eimtaryd farm near the village of Älmtaryd.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/the-story-behind-ikeas-quirky-product-names/articleshow/65349884.cms "The story behind Ikea's 'quirky' product names"], by Abhik Deb, The Times of India (Mumbai), August 10, 2018
• Born:
• Bill Bradley, Hall of Fame basketball player and politician, in Crystal City, Missouri
• Richard Wright, British musician (Pink Floyd), in Harrow, London (d. 2008)
• Mike Bloomfield, American composer and guitarist, in Chicago (d. 1981)

• The Alaskan island of Kiska was evacuated by the remaining 5,183 Japanese officers, enlisted men and civilians who had occupied the American territory. U.S. ships had been diverted away from the island between July 23rd and 26th, when American radar detected what appeared to be a convoy of seven reinforcement ships. With the U.S. warships away from Kiska, the Japanese escaped to their own rescue ships within 55 minutes. When Allied troops arrived on August 15, they were surprised to find that the island was deserted.Claus M. Naske, Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (University of Oklahoma Press, 1994) p130; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080210140412/http://www.nps.gov/aleu/historyculture/upload/Invasion%20of%20Kiska%20Brochure%208.5%20x%2011.pdf "The Invasion of Kiska: The Aleutian Campaign"], U.S. National Park Service; Traveler Terpening, Alaska (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010) p393
• The British government announced that women under the age of 50 must register for war work.
• The Italian submarine Pietro Micca was sunk at the entrance to the Adriatic Sea by the British submarine Trooper.
• The German submarine U-614 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Finisterre by a Vickers Wellington of No. 172 Squadron RAF.

• The world's first jet-powered bomber airplane, the German Arado Ar 234, made its first flight.Antony L. Kay and John Richard Smith, German Aircraft of the Second World War: Including Helicopters and Missiles (Naval Institute Press, 2002) p31
• France renounced the concession that it had held to Chinese territory in Shanghai since 1849.Christian Henriot and Wen-hsin Yeh, In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p257
• Igor Kurchatov, the Soviet physicist assigned to developing the first nuclear bomb for the U.S.S.R., reported to Deputy Premier Vyacheslav Molotov that the program had advanced significantly from secrets gathered in espionage against the United States.Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (Yale University Press, 2008) p56
• Six German submarines (U-43, U-375, U-461, U-462, U-504 and U-591) were all lost to enemy action on the same day.
• Died: Marie-Louise Giraud, 39, a French housewife who had been convicted of carrying out 27 abortions, became the last woman in France to be executed by guillotine, with her sentence carried out by the Nazi occupation government.Steven Ungar, Identity Papers: Scenes of Contested Nationhood in Twentieth-Century France (University of Minnesota Press, 1996) p177

• The Battle of Troina began on the island of Sicily.
• The Brazilian passenger ship and freighter Bage, largest commercial ship in Brazil's fleet, was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of the Sergipe state. The Bage was carrying 129 passengers and 102 crew, and was en route from Belém to Rio de Janeiro when it was struck by a German U-boat. Seventy-eight people (41 passengers and 37 crew) did not survive the voyage."Big Brazilian Ship Sunk; 78 Are Missing", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 8, 1943, p1
• The five-month Allied strategic bombing campaign known as the Battle of the Ruhr ended in Allied victory.
• General Henri Giraud was designated as commander-in-chief of the French Resistance forces, as the new National Committee of Liberation held its first meeting, establishing a government in French Algeria. General Charles de Gaulle was named as President of the Committee."French Armed Forces Unified; Giraud Is Chief", Milwaukee Journal, July 31, 1943, p2
• The German submarine U-199 was depth charged and sunk in the South Atlantic by American aircraft.
• "You'll Never Know" by Dick Haymes hit #1 on the Billboard singles chart.
• Born: William Bennett, American politician, conservative pundit and political theorist; in Brooklyn, New York City

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1943

*1943-07