Kandalaksha
{{Short description|Town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Kandalaksha
|ru_name=Кандалакша
|image_skyline=Кандалакша.jpg
|image_caption=A view of Kandalaksha
|coordinates = {{coord|67|09|25|N|32|24|42|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=right
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Kandalaksha (Murmansk oblast) (2008).png
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|image_flag=Flag of Kandalaksha (Murmansk oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
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|federal_subject=Murmansk Oblast
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|adm_district_jur=Kandalakshsky District
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|inhabloc_cat=Town
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|mun_district_jur=Kandalakshsky Municipal District
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|urban_settlement_jur=Kandalaksha Urban Settlement
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|pop_2010census=35654
|pop_2010census_ref={{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}
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|established_date=11th century
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|current_cat_date=April 20, 1938
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|postal_codes=184041
|dialing_codes=81533
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Kandalaksha ({{langx|ru|Кандала́кша}}) is a town in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea, north of the Arctic Circle. Population: {{ru-census2010|35,654|;}} 40,564 (2002 Census);{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} {{su-census1989|54,080|.}}
Etymology
According to the most common version, the name of the town comes from its location on the shore of Kandalaksha Bay, where "laksa" means "lip" (in Karelian lakši — «bay»), Kanda — name of the river that traverses the town.{{Cite book |last=Pospelov |first=E. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/433173167 |title=Geograficheskie nazvanii︠a︡ Rossii: toponimicheskiĭ slovarʹ: bolee 4,000 nazvaniĭ geograficheskikh obʺektov Rossii |date=2008 |publisher=AST : Astrelʹ |isbn=978-5-17-054966-5 |location=Moskva |oclc=433173167}} According to other sources, the name of the bay may come from the Sámi names Kantlukht (kannҍt — hill, a dry place among a swamp, лӯххт — bay) or Kandaslukht (ка̄нҍтэсь — pack saddle, лӯххт — bay, which means: “the bay where horse packs were reloaded”), or from Kantaalahti ( Finnish kantaa — to feed, bear fruit and Finnish lahti — bay).{{Cite web |last=Vinogradov |first=Anatoliy |date=2009 |title=Kandalksha-Kola encyclopedia |url=https://ke-culture.gov-murman.ru/slovnik/?ELEMENT_ID=95302 }}
{{Historical populations|3=1926|4=4195|5=1939|6=22172|7=1959|8=38222|9=1970|10=42656|11=1979|12=45430|13=1989|14=54080|15=2002|16=40564|17=2010|18=35654|19=2021|20=29138|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.|source=Censuses{{cite web|title=(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units|url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php}}{{ cite web | url = http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls | title = Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2012-02-03 }}{{ cite web | url = http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx | title = Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2015-12-22 }}{{cite web | url = https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx | title = Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года | accessdate = 2021-10-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2022-09-01 }}}}
History
The settlement was founded the 11th century but may have existed as a temporary stop for fishermen from the 9th century.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} In the 13th century, it became a part of the Novgorod Republic along with the southern part of the Kola Peninsula, and in 1478 was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1915, the construction of a seaport started, and in 1918 a railroad connecting Moscow to Murmansk running through Kandalaksha was opened. On August 29, 1927, Kandalaksha was made the administrative center of the newly established Kandalakshsky District,Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 35 and on June 1, 1932, it was granted work settlement status.Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 52–53 Status of a town of district significance was granted to it on April 20, 1938. On February 9, 1940, Kandalaksha was administratively separated from the district and granted the status of a town of oblast significance.
In July 1941, during World War II, the town was the primary target of an unsuccessful German-Finnish offensive which attempted to cut the strategic Kirov Railway.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 19, 1959, the Councils of Deputies of Kandalaksha and of Kandalakshsky District were merged into one Kandalaksha Town Council of Deputies.Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 55 While the district was nominally retained as a separate administrative division, all its subdivisions were administratively subordinated to the town's Council of Deputies.
Since 1995, Vitino oil port operates near Beloye More a few kilometers south of Kandalaksha.
Kandalaksha Mayor Nina Varlamova was murdered in an attack in December 2008.{{cite news|first=Anna|last=Malpas|title=Mayor Stabbed To Death|url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/373273.htm|work=Moscow Times|date=2008-12-18|access-date=2009-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509212039/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/mayor-stabbed-to-death/373273.html|archive-date=May 9, 2012|url-status=dead}}
International relations
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}
=Twin towns and sister cities=
Geography
The town is located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea, north of the Arctic Circle.
=Climate=
Kandalaksha has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with mild, rainy summers, and cold, snowy winters.{{Weather box
|location=Kandalaksha (Climate ID:22217) 1991-2020
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 7.5
|Feb record high C = 8.0
|Mar record high C =12.2
|Apr record high C =18.9
|May record high C =27.2
|Jun record high C =31.4
|Jul record high C =31.6
|Aug record high C =32.0
|Sep record high C =24.7
|Oct record high C =14.7
|Nov record high C =11.4
|Dec record high C = 8.0
|year record high C=
|Jan high C=−7.7
|Feb high C=−6.9
|Mar high C=−1.6
|Apr high C=3.8
|May high C=9.8
|Jun high C=16.2
|Jul high C=19.5
|Aug high C=16.9
|Sep high C=11.4
|Oct high C =4.0
|Nov high C =−1.9
|Dec high C =−5.0
|year high C=
|Jan mean C= −11.4
|Feb mean C= -10.9
|Mar mean C= −6.2
|Apr mean C= −0.5
|May mean C= 5.3
|Jun mean C= 11.5
|Jul mean C= 14.9
|Aug mean C= 12.6
|Sep mean C= 7.6
|Oct mean C= 1.4
|Nov mean C= −4.4
|Dec mean C= −8.2
|year mean C=
|Jan low C = −15.8
|Feb low C = −15.4
|Mar low C = -11.1
|Apr low C = −5.1
|May low C = 1.1
|Jun low C = 7.0
|Jul low C = 10.5
|Aug low C = 8.4
|Sep low C = 3.8
|Oct low C = −1.4
|Nov low C = −7.5
|Dec low C = −12.0
|year low C=
|Jan record low C = −43.5
|Feb record low C = −41.6
|Mar record low C = −34.6
|Apr record low C = −27.9
|May record low C = −15
|Jun record low C = −4.5
|Jul record low C = 1.8
|Aug record low C = −3.6
|Sep record low C = −9.7
|Oct record low C = −21.8
|Nov record low C = −30.4
|Dec record low C = −39.5
|year record low C=
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 41
|Feb precipitation mm = 34
|Mar precipitation mm = 30
|Apr precipitation mm = 28
|May precipitation mm = 45
|Jun precipitation mm = 56
|Jul precipitation mm = 75
|Aug precipitation mm = 63
|Sep precipitation mm = 56
|Oct precipitation mm = 53
|Nov precipitation mm = 46
|Dec precipitation mm = 44
|year precipitation mm=
|Jan humidity=86
|Feb humidity=84
|Mar humidity=81
|Apr humidity=75
|May humidity=72
|Jun humidity=69
|Jul humidity=74
|Aug humidity=79
|Sep humidity=84
|Oct humidity=86
|Nov humidity=89
|Dec humidity=87
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 9
|May rain days =18
|Jun rain days =18
|Jul rain days =18
|Aug rain days =18
|Sep rain days =19
|Oct rain days =15
|Nov rain days = 6
|Dec rain days = 3
|year rain days=
|Jan snow days = 24
|Feb snow days = 23
|Mar snow days = 22
|Apr snow days = 15
|May snow days = 9
|Jun snow days = 1
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 1
|Oct snow days = 11
|Nov snow days = 21
|Dec snow days = 24
|year snow days=
| Jan sun = 3.2
| Feb sun = 45.0
| Mar sun = 129.2
| Apr sun = 184.6
| May sun = 231.1
| Jun sun = 271.5
| Jul sun = 267.6
| Aug sun = 186.6
| Sep sun = 110.6
| Oct sun = 55.8
| Nov sun = 9.6
| Dec sun = 0.0
| year sun = 1494.8
|source 1 = Roshydromet{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22217.htm
| title = Climate of Kandalaksha
| access-date = 1 November 2019
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}
| source 2 = NOAA (sun){{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/Kandalaksha_22217.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kandalaksha
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = April 9, 2024}}
|date=November 2019}}
See also
References
=Notes=
{{Reflist}}
=Sources=
- {{Cite book|last=Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области.|title=Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник|publisher=Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север"|year=1995|location=Мурманск}}
External links
- {{Commons-inline}}
- [http://amo-kandalaksha.ru/ Official website of Kandalaksha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725133152/https://amo-kandalaksha.ru/ |date=July 25, 2021 }} {{in lang|ru}}
- [http://kandalaksha.jsprav.ru/ Kandalaksha Business Directory ] {{in lang|ru}}
- [http://www.alexandra-goryashko.net/kandalaksha/kandalaksha_english/english.htm Kandalaksha Nature Reserve]
- [http://kandalaksha.su/ Information about Kandalaksha for tourists]
{{Murmansk Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Cities and towns in Murmansk Oblast
Category:Kandalakshsky District
Category:Populated places of Arctic Russia