Karl Ferdinand Braun#Radio Transmitter

Braun was born in Fulda on 6 June 1850. In 1868, he started studying physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Marburg. A year later he transferred to the University of Berlin and became an assistant to Heinrich Gustav Magnus until Magnus' death in 1870. Braun continued his training with Georg Hermann Quincke, with whom he did his Ph.D. in 1872 with a thesis on vibrating strings. After receiving his degree, he followed Quincke as an assistant to the University of Würzburg.{{Cite web|title=Karl Ferdinand Braun (1909)|url=https://www.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/about-us/history-of-the-faculty/nobel-prize-winners/karl-ferdinand-braun-1909/|website=physik.uni-wuerzburg.de|publisher=University of Würzburg}} While working at Würzburg, in 1874, Braun discovered that a point-contact metal–semiconductor junction rectifies alternating current.{{citation|last=Braun|first=F.|year=1874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBJbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA556|title=Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle|trans-title=On current conduction through metal sulfides|language=de|journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie|volume=153|issue=4|pages=556–563|doi=10.1002/andp.18752291207|bibcode=1875AnP...229..556B}} In the same year, he accepted a teaching appointment at the Thomasschule. In 1876, he returned to Marburg as Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics, and in 1880 he was invited to fill a similar post at the University of Straßburg. Braun was made Professor of Physics at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1883 and was invited by the University of Tübingen in 1885. In 1895, he returned to Straßburg as Principal of the Physics Institute.{{Cite web|title=Ferdinand Braun – Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/braun/biographical/|website=NobelPrize.org}}

In 1897, he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode-ray tube oscilloscope.Ferdinand Braun (1897) [https://archive.today/20141217172841/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352892;view=1up;seq=568 "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme"] (On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 3rd series, 60 : 552–559. The CRT became the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television, being a part of every TV, computer and any other screen set up till the introduction of the LCD screen at the end of the 20th century.{{cite web | url=https://www.thoughtco.com/television-history-cathode-ray-tube-1991459 | title=The Simple Invention That Made Television Possible }} It is still occasionally called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries ({{wikt-lang|de|Braunsche Röhre}}) and other countries such as Korea (브라운관: Buraun-kwan) and Japan ({{wikt-lang|ja|ブラウン管}}: Buraun-kan).

During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. In 1897, Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers.In Germany he was called the "wireless wizard" and was credited there with having done more than any one else to perfect control of the new system of communication.Patent DRP 111788. 1989. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Around 1898, he invented a crystal detector {{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals.The Wireless Age, Volume 5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DEfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA709 Page 709 – 713]. In 1899, he applied for the patent Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces.The Electrical engineer, Volume 23. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LPmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA159 Page 159] Also in 1899, he is said to have applied for a patent on Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance.

Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal.[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/braun-lecture.html "Karl Ferdinand Braun – Nobel Lecture: Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy"] p. 239. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 28 September 2013. This invention led to the development of radar, smart antennas, and MIMO.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents. Guglielmo Marconi used Braun's patents (among others). Marconi would later admit to Braun himself that he had "borrowed" portions of Braun's work.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} In 1909, Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899, Braun, accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea. On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with the island of Heligoland over a distance of 62 km. Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service.

Braun went to the United States at the beginning of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war) to be a witness for the defense in a lawsuit regarding a

patent claim by the Marconi Corporation against the wireless station of Telefunken at Sayville, New York. After the US entered the war, Braun was detained, but could move freely within Brooklyn, New York. Braun died in his house in Brooklyn, before the war ended, on 20 April 1918.{{cite web|url=https://www.emeriti-of-excellence.tum.de/fileadmin/w00bpl/www/Veranstaltungsarchiv/Vortraege_Highlights-der-Forschung/2012-05-08_Russer_Nanoelektronik_Quelle2.pdf|title=Ferdinand Braun – A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics|author=Peter Russer|website=Emeriti-of-excellence.tum.de|access-date=9 June 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Braun|title = Ferdinand Braun | German physicist|website=Encyclopædia Britannica| date=2 June 2023 }}

In 1874, Braun discovered the asymmetric conduction properties of certain materials, which became the foundation for the point-contact rectifier. This discovery showed that certain metal-semiconductor junctions could conduct electricity more easily in one direction than the other, a crucial property for diodes.

His work with semiconductors led to the development of the first point-contact diode, often credited as a basic semiconductor device that allowed the rectification of alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). This is important because it was one of the first real-world applications of semiconducting materials, paving the way for future semiconductor devices that would later evolve into modern diodes, transistors, and other semiconductor technology.

Braun's discoveries were instrumental in the early development of electronics and helped lay the groundwork for the semiconductor industry we know today.

File:Braun cathode ray tube.jpg

The enduring fame of Ferdinand Braun is largely due to his invention of the cathode-ray tube, which is still commonly referred to as the "Braun tube." Today, the term typically refers to a high-vacuum tube in which an electron beam can be deflected in both horizontal and vertical directions. The first version, developed in Strasbourg in 1897, was far from perfect. It featured a cold cathode and a moderate vacuum, which required a 100,000 V acceleration voltage to produce a visible trace of the magnetically deflected beam. Furthermore, magnetic deflection affected only one direction, while the other was controlled by a rotating mirror placed in front of the phosphorescent screen. However, industry immediately recognized the potential of the invention, leading to its further development. By 1899, Braun's assistant Jonathan Zenneck introduced oscillations to magnetically control the Y deflection, and later improvements included the addition of a heated cathode, a Wehnelt cylinder, and high-vacuum technology. This tube was not only used for oscilloscopes but also, for the first time in 1930 by Manfred von Ardenne, became a fundamental component in the first fully electronic television transmission, as a picture tube for television sets, although Braun himself had considered it unsuitable for television.

File:Braun wireless receiving transformer 1905.jpg

Following the invention of his tube, Braun also began researching in the field of wireless telegraphy. A key issue in early radio technology was the development of a reliable receiver. Braun, as a physicist, was accustomed to working under reproducible experimental conditions, which the commonly used coherer receivers at the time failed to meet. He replaced the coherer with a crystal detector,{{Citation |last=Braun |first=F. |author-link=Ferdinand Braun |year=1874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBJbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA556 |title=Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle |trans-title=On current conduction through metal sulfides |language=de |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=556–563 |doi=10.1002/andp.18752291207|bibcode=1875AnP...229..556B }} which greatly improved the sensitivity of the receiver, although the crystal detector required frequent re-adjustment. It was only later that the electron tube replaced the crystal detector, although devices like germanium diodes continued to be used in simpler receivers for some time. The first FM radar systems still employed a crystal detector.{{cite web | url=https://mwsherman.com/fmonly/fm_only_lowtech.html | title=FM only: Low Tech FM Radios }}

In late 1898, the technology was commercialized when the chocolate manufacturer from Cologne, Ludwig Stollwerck, founded a consortium to exploit Braun's patents, contributing 560,000 marks in capital. After the successful transmission of signals over longer distances, the consortium was transformed into the "Professor Braun’s Telegraphy Company," which eventually became Telefunken AG, set up the first world-wide network of communications{{Cite web |date=2014-03-02 |title=The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history |url=http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2014/3/2/the-scientist-who-world-war-i-wrote-out-of-history |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}} and was the first in the world to sell electronic televisions with cathode-ray tubes, in Germany in 1934.[http://www.tvhistory.tv/1934-35-Telefunken-FEIII.JPG 1934–35 Telefunken], Television History: The First 75 Years. In 1900, Stollwerck facilitated contact with Professor August Raps, head of the Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company, which later took over the development of the apparatus.

See more: Crystal detector

File:Braunsche Telegraphiesystem 1898.jpg

Image:KF Braun.png]]

Braun also made significant contributions to radio transmission technology. While Guglielmo Marconi had developed his transmitter primarily through empirical methods, Braun was able to improve it by focusing on the underlying physics. Originally, the resonant and antenna circuits were combined, but Braun separated them into two parts: a primary circuit consisting of a capacitor and spark gap, and an antenna circuit inductively coupled to it.{{cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-17685-3_3 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17685-3_3 | chapter=The Strasbourg Period: Radio-engineering | title=L.I. Mandelstam and His School in Physics | date=2019 | last1=Pechenkin | first1=Alexander | pages=31–53 | isbn=978-3-030-17684-6 }} This innovation allowed for greater energy transmission in the system.

By 1898, the resulting powerful systems made the term "long-distance telegraphy" more appropriate, as the maximum range, previously limited to 20 km, steadily increased. On 24 September 1900, a radio link was successfully established between Cuxhaven and Helgoland over a distance of 62 km.Ferdinand Braun: Drahtlose Telegraphie durch Wasser und Luft. Veit & Comp., Leipzig 1901. Reprint: Severus-Verlag, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-942382-02-1. On 12 December 1901, Marconi received radio signals at his station in Poldhu, Cornwall, at Signal Hill in St. Johns, Newfoundland, using a transmitter designed in Braun's circuit. Whether this reception actually occurred remains debated in the literature.

Meanwhile, Braun attempted to replace the spark-gap transmitter, which produced damped oscillations, with AC generators that generated undamped oscillations, though he was unable to implement a feedback loop using electron tubes at the time.

File:FerdinandBraun drahtlose Station Telegraphie crop.jpg

Together with Georg Graf von Arco and Adolf Slaby, Braun was part of the team that developed the concept for "mobile stations for wireless telegraphy for military purposes," which in 1903 led to a practical implementation by AEG and Siemens & Halske. The system consisted of two horse-drawn wagons: one with all the transmitting and receiving equipment, including a battery, and the other with auxiliary and reserve supplies. This allowed the wagons to be separated in difficult terrain, as the station could still operate with just the front wagon.{{ANNO|zfe|||1903|296|Die drahtlose Telegraphie im Armeedienste|NAME=Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau|anno-plus=ja}}

See more:Wireless telegraphy

Braun also focused on early problems in directional radio—the alignment of transmitting and receiving antennas. He was among the first to achieve directed radiation and optimized antenna performance through calculations.{{ANNO|emb|||1914|781|Funkentelegraphie und -telephonie. Über den Ersatz offener Strombahnen durch geschlossene in der drahtlosen Telegraphie|NAME=Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau|anno-plus=ja}}{{ANNO|emb|04|00|1915|149|Funkentelegraphie und -telephonie. Zur Berechnung von Antennen|NAME=Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau|anno-plus=ja}}

Braun's Electroscope

Braun is also credited with the invention of the pointer electroscope, which was named after him.Sven H. Pfleger: Aus dem Physiksaal: Grundlagen und Experimente der klassischen Schulphysik, p. 172. Partially available online at Google Books

In 1987 the Society for Information Display created the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize, awarded for an outstanding technical achievement in display technology.{{cite web|url=https://www.sid.org/Awards/Individual-Honors-and-Awards/KARL-FERDINAND-BRAUN-AWARD|title=Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize|publisher=Society for Information Display|year=2012|access-date=9 June 2022}}

• {{US patent|0750429|U.S. Patent 0,750,429, Wireless Electric Transmission of Signals Over Surfaces}}
• {{US patent|0763345|U.S. Patent 0,763,345, Means for Tuning and Adjusting Electric Circuits}}

• History of radio
• Invention of radio
• Edouard Branly

;Footnotes

{{Reflist}}

;General

• K.F. Braun: "On the current conduction in metal sulphides (title translated from German into English)", Ann. Phys. Chem., 153 (1874), 556. (In German) An English translation can be found in Semiconductor Devices: Pioneering Papers, edited by S.M. Sze, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991, pp. 377–380.
• Keller, Peter A.: The Cathode-Ray Tube: Technology, History, and Applications. New York: Palisades Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-9631559-0-3}}.
• Keller, Peter A.: "The 100th Anniversary of the Cathode-Ray Tube," Information Display, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1997, pp. 28–32.
• F. Kurylo, Ferdinand Braun Leben und Wirken des Erfinders der Braunschen Röhre Nobelpreis 1909, Munich: Moos Verlag, 1965. (In German)

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{MathGenealogy}}
• {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909 Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy
• Naughton, Russell, "[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BRAUN_BIO.html Karl Ferdinand Braun, Dr : 1850 – 1918]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}".
• "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211010305/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/braun.htm Karl Ferdinand Braun ]". Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.
• "[http://www.hars.de/braun/ Karl Ferdinand Braun, 1850–1918]". (German) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20040805091315/http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/urltrurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hars.de%2Fbraun%2F&lp=de_en&tt=url English] translation)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20191107145707/https://www.fbh-berlin.com/ The Ferdinand-Braun-Institut fuer Hoechstfrequenztechnik Berlin, Germany]
• Alfred Thomas Story [https://books.google.com/books?id=qFMbsXGH8pYC A Story of Wireless Telegraphy]. D. Appleton and company 1904

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901–1925}}

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