Khorramabad
{{Short description|Regional capital of Lorestan province, Iran}}
{{for-multi|the administrative division of Lorestan province|Khorramabad County|other places with the same name|Khorramabad (disambiguation){{!}}Khorramabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Khorramabad
|native_name = {{langx|fa|خرمآباد}}
|settlement_type = City
|image_skyline = Khorramabad Mosaic 2.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Montage of Khorramabad, Clockwise:Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, Keeyow lake, Shapuri bridge, View of the Khorramabad city, Brick Minaret, Panorama of Khorramabad
|image_seal =Khorramabad government logo.svg
|pushpin_map = Iran
|mapsize =
|image_map1 = Khorramabad-County.png
|map_caption1 = The territory of the Khorramabad inside the province of Lorestan
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Iran
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_name1 = Lorestan
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_name2 = Khorramabad
|subdivision_type3 = District
|subdivision_name3 = Central
|leader_title = Mayor
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2016
|population_total = 373416
|population_metro =
|population_est =
|population_est_as_of =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = IRST
|utc_offset = +3:30
|coordinates = {{coord|33|29|15|N|48|21|22|E|dim:6km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = {{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.4875&mlon=48.356111&zoom=13#map=13/33.48750/48.35611|website=OpenStreetMap |title=Khorramabad, Khorramabad County|date=2 January 2025|access-date=2 January 2025|lang=fa}}
|elevation_m = 1147
|elevation_ft = 3763
|area_code =
|blank_name = Climate
|blank_info = Csa
|website = [http://www.khoramabad.ir/ www.Khorramabad.ir]
|footnotes =
}}
Khorramabad ({{langx|fa|خرمآباد}}; {{IPA|fa|xoræmɒːˈbɒːd||Khorramabad.ogg}}){{efn|Also romanized as Khoramabad, Khorram Abad, Khorramābād, and Xorramâbâd; also known as Khur Ramābād, Khurramabad, and Xurremabad{{GEOnet3|-3071194}}}} is a city in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country divisions of Lorestan province, centered in the city of Khorramabad|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113030|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119215215/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113030|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board|archive-date=19 January 2024|date=c. 2024|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82816/T121K|access-date=19 January 2024}} Situated in a scenic valley surrounded by mountains, the city lies approximately 100 kilometers (about 62 miles) east of the Iraqi border.https://www.britannica.com/place/Khorramabadhttps://arablit.org/2021/01/28/born-on-the-wrong-side-of-the-border/https://www.meed.com/norways-dno-to-study-irans-changuleh-oilfield/
History
=Hazaraspids=
The founder of the Hazaraspid dynasty was Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, a descendant of the Shabankara chieftain Fadluya. Fadluya was initially a commander of the Salghurids of Fars and was appointed governor of Kuhgiluya,B. Spuller,[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v2f8/v2f8a075.html Atabakan-e Lorestan]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Encyclopædia Iranica. but eventually gained independence in Lorestan and extended his realm as far as Isfahan.
=Safavid era=
During the Safavid era, Khorramabad was the administrative center of Lorestan province.
In the wake of the demise of the Safavids, after the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople (1724) with Imperial Russia, the Ottomans conquered Khorramabad on the 6 September 1725.{{cite book|last1=Somel|first1=Selcuk Aksin|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|date=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810866065|page=xlvi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&q=ottomans+khoy&pg=RA1-PR46}}
{{clear left}}
Demographics
=Language=
The city population is predominantly Lur and the largest Luri-speaking city in the country.Anonby, Erik John [http://anonby.balafon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/jra-172-171-197.pdf "Update on Luri: How many languages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053458/http://anonby.balafon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/jra-172-171-197.pdf|date=2015-05-01}} JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society) Series 3 13(2): pp. 171–197, p.183, {{doi|10.1017/S1356186303003067}}{{cite web |title=Khorramabad is the largest city of Lurs |date=18 April 2018 |url=http://yaftenews.ir/news/other/22438-khademi9701.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |publisher=Yafte news agancy |language=fa}}
See below, the linguistic composition of the city:{{Cite web |title=Language distribution: individual languages and language families |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.single_language#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiJiNjBjOGY3OGMwYjI5MTAwYThhZjliNWVhNGYxNTQzZSIsInMiOjE2OTQ4MTAwMTI0NjB9 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Iran Atlas}}{{bar box|title=Khorramabad linguistic composition (2022)|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Language|right1=percent|float=|bars={{bar percent|Luri|blue|83}}
{{bar percent|Laki|red|7}}
{{bar percent|Persian|orange|4}}
{{bar percent|Silakhori|brown|3}}
{{bar percent|Borujerdi|grey|1}}
{{bar percent|Other|black|2}}}}
=Population=
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 328,544 in 75,945 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Lorestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/15.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/15.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}} The following census in 2011 counted 348,216 people in 94,747 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Lorestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Lorestan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119153510/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Lorestan.xls|archive-date=19 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}} The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 373,416 people in 109,231 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Lorestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_15.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012230336/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_15.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=12 October 2020}}
Geography
=Location=
Khorramabad is in the Zagros Mountains. Khorramabad Airport is 3 km south of the city proper.{{cite web | url=https://shoralr.eadl.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 | title=Lorestan Province | publisher=Lorestan council of dispute resolution | access-date=22 April 2021 | language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
= Climate =
Khorramabad has a mild and semi-humid Mediterranean climate with high amounts of rainfall during spring and winter. It is the sixth cities in Iran having high level of annual rainfall.
Khorramabad has what is classed under the Köppen climate classification as a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) climate. Its elevation is 1147.8 above sea level. Average annual precipitation is 511.06 and its average annual temperature is 17.21 Celsius.
Highest recorded temperature: {{Convert|47.0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 14 August 1960 and 23 July 1961{{cite web |title=Form 7: Temperature records highest in C. Station: Khorramabad(40782) |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/lor/KHORAMAB/7.asp |website=chaharmahalmet |publisher=IRIMO |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910212641/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/lor/KHORAMAB/7.asp |archive-date=10 September 2014 |format=asp |url-status=usurped}}
Lowest recorded temperature: {{Convert|-14.6|C|F|abbr=on}} on 25 January 1990.{{cite web |title=Form 6: Temperature records lowest in C. Station: Khorramabad(40782) |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/lor/KHORAMAB/6.asp |website=chaharmahalmet |publisher=IRIMO |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914055851/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/lor/KHORAMAB/6.asp |archive-date=14 September 2014 |format=asp |url-status=usurped}}
{{Weather box
| location = Khorramabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951-2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 24.0
| Feb record high C = 26.0
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 37.0
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 45.0
| Jul record high C = 47.0
| Aug record high C = 47.0
| Sep record high C = 43.0
| Oct record high C = 37.0
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 25.6
| Jan high C = 11.0
| Feb high C = 13.3
| Mar high C = 17.6
| Apr high C = 22.7
| May high C = 29.2
| Jun high C = 36.3
| Jul high C = 39.8
| Aug high C = 39.6
| Sep high C = 34.9
| Oct high C = 27.7
| Nov high C = 18.5
| Dec high C = 13.0
| Jan mean C = 4.5
| Feb mean C = 6.5
| Mar mean C = 10.4
| Apr mean C = 15.0
| May mean C = 20.7
| Jun mean C = 26.9
| Jul mean C = 30.4
| Aug mean C = 29.8
| Sep mean C = 24.8
| Oct mean C = 18.5
| Nov mean C = 10.8
| Dec mean C = 6.3
| Jan low C = -0.9
| Feb low C = 0.6
| Mar low C = 3.6
| Apr low C = 7.5
| May low C = 11.5
| Jun low C = 15.7
| Jul low C = 19.6
| Aug low C = 18.9
| Sep low C = 14.0
| Oct low C = 9.8
| Nov low C = 4.4
| Dec low C = 0.8
| Jan record low C = -14.6
| Feb record low C = -11.5
| Mar record low C = -11.0
| Apr record low C = -7.0
| May record low C = -1.8
| Jun record low C = 7.0
| Jul record low C = 9.2
| Aug record low C = 8.0
| Sep record low C = 4.6
| Oct record low C = -1.4
| Nov record low C = -7.8
| Dec record low C = -12.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 70.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 67.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 84.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 74.7
| May precipitation mm = 21.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 1.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 1.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 29.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 62.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 79.1
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =7.4
| Feb precipitation days =7
| Mar precipitation days =7.5
| Apr precipitation days =7.4
| May precipitation days =3.4
| Jun precipitation days =0.3
| Jul precipitation days =0.1
| Aug precipitation days =0
| Sep precipitation days =0.2
| Oct precipitation days =3
| Nov precipitation days =6
| Dec precipitation days =7
| year precipitation days =
| Jan rain days = 10.9
| Feb rain days = 9.9
| Mar rain days = 11.9
| Apr rain days = 11.3
| May rain days = 5.2
| Jun rain days = 0.4
| Jul rain days = 0.2
| Aug rain days = 0.1
| Sep rain days = 0.3
| Oct rain days = 4.5
| Nov rain days = 9.5
| Dec rain days = 10.7
| Jan snow days = 2.6
| Feb snow days = 1.5
| Mar snow days = 0.7
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.9
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 56
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 43
| Jun humidity = 24
| Jul humidity = 21
| Aug humidity = 20
| Sep humidity = 23
| Oct humidity = 37
| Nov humidity = 60
| Dec humidity = 68
|year humidity = 44.8
| Jan dew point C =-1.5
| Feb dew point C =-1.3
| Mar dew point C =0.5
| Apr dew point C =4.8
| May dew point C =5.1
| Jun dew point C =2.2
| Jul dew point C =3.4
| Aug dew point C =2.8
| Sep dew point C =0.3
| Oct dew point C =1.2
| Nov dew point C =2.0
| Dec dew point C =0.0
| Jan sun = 174
| Feb sun = 181
| Mar sun = 213
| Apr sun = 230
| May sun = 286
| Jun sun = 346
| Jul sun = 344
| Aug sun = 343
| Sep sun = 309
| Oct sun = 260
| Nov sun = 197
| Dec sun = 170
| source 2 = [http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/lor/KHORAMAB] (records, snow/sleet days 1955-2010)
| source 1 = NCEI{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Khorramabad |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Khorramabad_40782.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA |access-date=25 March 2024 |format=CSV |quote=Parameter 71: No. of days with rain/drizzle, Parameter 46:No. of days with rain showers}}
}}
Historical monuments
File:Brick Minaret KhorramAbad .jpg of Khorramabad]]
= Brick minaret =
Brick Minaret is a cylindrical brick tower from Seljuk and Buyid eras located inside the ancient city of Shapur khast, south of Khorramabad.
This Iranian minaret is a combination of the Indian Stupa, commemorative columns, and the central Asia tradition of tower building for defensive and communication purposes.{{Cite book|title=The development of the Minaret in Iran under the Saljügs. A thesis presented for the degree of M. Phil. at London University.|last=Hutt, Anthony Max.|date=1974|oclc=46455166}}
= [[Shapuri Bridge|Sahpuri Bridge]] =
Shapoori Bridge dates back to the Sasanian era and is registered on the list of National Monuments.
Attractions
Khorramabad is a major tourist destination, it is quite scenic and possesses several attractions, such as five Paleolithic cave-dwelling sites.Baumler, Mark F. and Speth, John D. (1993) "A Middle Paleolithic Assemblage from Kunji Cave, Iran" pp. 1–74 In Olszewski, Deborah and Dibble, Harold Lewis (editors) (1993) The Paleolithic prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, {{ISBN|978-0-924171-24-6}}
Colleges and universities
File:Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad 01.jpg
- Islamic Azad University of Khorram Abad
- Lorestan University[http://www.lu.ac.ir/English/English.htm Lorestan University" homepage, in English] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920214046/http://www.lu.ac.ir/English/English.htm |date=September 20, 2010 }}
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences{{cite web|url=http://www.lums.ac.ir/ |title=Lorestan University of Medical Sciences homepage |publisher=Lums.ac.ir |access-date=2012-09-12}}
- Madanni Technical College{{cite web|url=http://www.afpkh.ir/ |title=afpkh.ir |publisher=afpkh.ir |access-date=2012-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911083121/http://www.afpkh.ir/ |archive-date=2012-09-11 }}
Sister cities and twin towns
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan=2 | Country
! colspan=2 | City ! colspan=2 | State / Province / Region / Governorate !Date |
|---|
| {{flagicon|TUR}}
|Turkey | | |
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
|Japan | | |December 2020{{cite web|url=https://shahin-soori.ir/|title=Shahin Souri |website=www.shahin-soori.ir}} |
Photo gallery
File:منطقه نوژیان.jpg|Nojian oak forest, Khorramabad County
File:Makhmalkuh.jpg|Makhmalkuh Khorramabad County
File:Falak ol aflak panorama.jpg|Shapur Khast castle
File:Kiau Lake 7829.jpg|Keeyow Lake, Khorramabad
File:Khoramabad sarbazkhane.jpg|Sarbaz khaneh building
File:Pahlavi Building in Khorramabad 2014.jpg|Building in Khorramabad
File:Bisheh waterfall.jpg|Bisheh waterfall, Khorramabad County
File:Khorramabad2014.jpg|Khorramabad
See also
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.khoramabad.ir/ Khorramabad municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314050115/http://www.khoramabad.ir/ |date=2015-03-14 }}
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Khorremabad|volume=15|page=780}}
{{Lorestan Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Khorramabad County|state=collapsed}}
{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}
{{Iranian architecture}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Populated places in Khorramabad County
Category:Cities in Lorestan province
Category:Iranian provincial capitals
Category:Archaeological sites in Iran