Kingdom of Etruria#Flags and coats of arms
{{Short description|1801–1807 French client state in Italy}}
{{about|the 1801–1807 kingdom in Tuscany|the pre-Roman league of twelve city-states|Etruria}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{native name|it|Regno di Etruria}}
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Etruria
| common_name = Etruria
| era = Napoleonic Wars
| status = Client state
| empire = France
| status_text = Client state of the French Empire
| event_start = Established
| year_start = 1801
| date_start = March 21,
| year_end = 1807
| date_end = December 10,
| event_end = Disestablished
| p1 = Grand Duchy of Tuscany
| flag_p1 = State flag simple of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.svg
| p2 = State of the Presidi
| flag_p2 = Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg
| s1 = Arno (department){{!}}Arno
| flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
| s2 = Méditerranée
| flag_s2 = Flag of France.svg
| s3 = Ombrone (department){{!}}Ombrone
| flag_s3 = Flag of France.svg
| image_flag = Etrurian Kingdom and War Flag with Great Royal Coat of Arms.svg
| image_coat = Great Royal Coat of Arms of Etruria.svg
| symbol_type = Coats of arms
| flag_type = Flag
| image_map = Map Kingdom of Etruria.jpg
| capital = Florence
| government_type = Monarchy
| religion = Christian (Roman Catholic)
| common_languages = Italian
| title_leader = King
| leader1 = Louis I
| year_leader1 = 1801–1803
| leader2 = Louis II
| year_leader2 = 1803–1807
| title_representative = Regent
| representative1 = Maria Luisa
| year_representative1 = 1803–1807
| currency = Tuscan pound
}}
File:The Family of the King of Etruria.jpg, 1804): Louis I, Maria Luisa (holding Maria Luisa Carlota) and Louis II.]]
The Kingdom of Etruria ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|t|r|ʊər|i|ə}} {{respell|ih|TROOR|ee|ə}}; {{langx|it|Regno di Etruria}}) was an Italian kingdom between 1801 and 1807 that made up a large part of modern Tuscany. It took its name from Etruria, the old Roman name for the land of the Etruscans.Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe, Penguin, 2012, chapter 10, "Etruria: French Snake in the Tuscan Grass
(1801–1814)".
History
The kingdom was created by the Treaty of Aranjuez, signed at Aranjuez, Spain on 21 March 1801. In the context of a larger agreement between Napoleonic France and Spain, the Bourbons of Parma were compensated for the loss of their territory in northern Italy (which had been occupied by French troops since 1796). The King of Spain decided that his cousin Ferdinand, Duke of Parma had to cede his duchy to France, and in return his son Louis I was granted the Kingdom of Etruria (which was created from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany). Shortly after Ferdinand refused to leave, he suddenly died in suspect circumstances. To make way for the Bourbons, the Habsburg Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand III was ousted and compensated with the Electorate of Salzburg by the Treaty of Lunéville.{{cite book|author=Charles Esdaile|title=The Peninsular War: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/peninsularwarnew00esda|url-access=registration|access-date=28 March 2013|date=14 June 2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6231-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsularwarnew00esda/page/7 7]}}
Outside the Treaty of Aranjuez, Spain also secretly agreed to retrocede the Louisiana territory (over 2 million square kilometers) back to France in order to secure the Kingdom of Etruria as a client state for Spain; Louisiana was first ceded by France to Spain in 1763 at the end of the Seven Years' War. Louisiana was duly transferred to France on 15 October 1802, after the signing of the Treaty of Aranjuez. Napoleon subsequently sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803, in order to pay for his French armies during the War of the Third Coalition.
The first king (Louis I) died young in 1803, and his underage son Charles Louis succeeded him. His mother, Maria Luisa of Spain, was appointed regent. However, since Etruria was troubled with smuggling and espionage, Napoleon annexed the territory, thus it was the last non-Bonaparte Italian kingdom on the Peninsula to be absorbed into the French Empire. Since Spain's only hope of compensation lay in Portugal, co-operation with the emperor became more important.
In 1807, Napoleon dissolved the kingdom and integrated it into France, turning it into three French departments: Arno, Méditerranée and Ombrone. The king and his mother were promised the throne of a new Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (in northern Portugal), but this plan was never realized due to the break between Napoleon and the Spanish Bourbons in 1808. After Napoleon's downfall in 1814, Tuscany was restored to its Habsburg grand dukes. In 1815, the Duchy of Lucca was carved out of Tuscany, on the lands of the former Republic of Lucca, as compensation for the Bourbons of Parma until they resumed their rule in 1847.{{Cite book | language=it | title=Atto finale del Congresso di Vienna fra le cinque grandi potenze, Austria, Francia, Inghilterra, Prussia e Russia del 9 giugno 1815 | chapter=Article 101 | publisher=Sanvito | location=Milan | year=1859 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoQMAAAAYAAJ&q=Lunigiana | page=61 | ref={{SfnRef|Atto Finale}}}} As stipulated in the Treaty of Paris of 1817, in execution of the art. 99 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the Duchy of Lucca was then annexed by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.{{Sfn | Atto Finale | 1859 | p= 77 | loc= Article 3 of the Treaty concluded in Paris on 10 June 1817 about the reversion of the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla }}
Flags and coats of arms
File:Etrurian Kingdom and War Flag with Great Royal Coat of Arms.svg|State flag with the greater coat of arms
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Etruria.svg|State flag with the lesser coat of arms
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Etruria (merchant).svg|Merchant flag with the lesser coat of arms
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Etruria (merchant simplified).svg|Merchant flag (used by little tonnage ships)
File:Great Royal Coat of Arms of Etruria.svg|Greater coat of arms
File:Middle Royal Coat of Arms of Etruria.svg|Middle coat of arms
File:Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Etruria.svg|Lesser coat of arms
References
{{reflist}}
=Works cited=
- {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Atto Finale|1859}} |language=it |title=Atto finale del Congresso di Vienna fra le cinque grandi potenze, Austria, Francia, Inghilterra, Prussia e Russia del 9 giugno 1815 |publisher=Sanvito |location=Milan |year=1859 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoQMAAAAYAAJ&q=Lunigiana}}
{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}}
{{Client states of the Great French War}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Etruria, Kingdom}}
Category:1800s in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Category:States and territories established in 1801
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1807
Category:1801 establishments in Italy
Category:1807 disestablishments in Italy
Category:1801 establishments in Europe
Category:1807 disestablishments in Europe