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Kuntilanak

{{Short description|Mythological creature}}

{{for|the films|Kuntilanak (2006 film)|Kuntilanak (2018 film)}}{{About|South East Asian spirits sometimes called Pontianaks|3=Pontianak (disambiguation)}}{{Indonesian mythology and folklore}}

The Kuntilanak (Indonesian name), also called Pontianak (Malay name), is a mythological creature in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is similar to Langsuir in other Southeast Asia regions. The Kuntilanak usually takes the form of a pregnant woman who died during childbirth. Alternatively, it is often described as a vengeful female spirit. Another form of the Kuntilanak refers to the ghost or white lady of Southeast Asian folklore.

The Kuntilanak is often depicted as a long-haired woman dressed in white. She lures in unsuspecting men to incite fear and enact revenge. Signs that a Kuntilanak is nearby include the sound of an infant crying and the smell of a decaying corpse or the plumeria flower.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Etymology

Kuntilanak or Pontianak is often described as an astral female spirit; another version of this figure is a woman spirit with long sharp fangs and fingernails. It is similar to the spirit of a woman unable to give birth while her stillborn child was inside her womb. This figure is mainly known to reside in the Kalimantan region containing the city of Pontianak.

The Pontianak can disguise herself using the appearance of a beautiful woman to lure her prey. In Malaysia, lore depicts them as "vampiric" blood-suckers that dissect through the internal organs of men.{{Cite journal|last=Duile|first=Timo|date=2020|title=Kuntilanak: Ghost Narratives and Malay Modernity in Pontianak, Indonesia|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=176|issue=2/3|pages=279–303|doi=10.1163/22134379-17601001|jstor=26916440|issn=0006-2294|doi-access=free}} They are seen as particularly malevolent hantu who died in childbirth and predate on pregnant women and children during childbirth. There, they are also known as Hantu Langsuyar.{{Harvnb|Galt|2021|pp=1-2}}

The Pontianak is derived from myths and folktales, some of which are particularly popular in Kalimantan (Borneo). Being one of the most famous pieces of Indonesian folklore, it inspired the name of a capital city in the Western Kalimantan region, called Pontianak. The legend of the city of Pontianak holds that the city began as an old trading station, infested with ghosts until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie and his army drove them away with cannon fire. He then constructed a mosque and a palace on the site. These buildings became the city and the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate. Holiday celebrations often include firing bamboo cannons to pay tribute to the Sultan.[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsfeatures.php?id=361412 Amrizan Madian; Matahari Tegak Dua Kali Setahun di Kota Khatulistiwa; Situs Berita Nasional Malaysia] (in Indonesian)

Physical appearance and behavior

{{Original research|date=May 2021}}

The Kuntilanak (Pontianak) is often depicted as a beautiful woman with pale skin, red eyes, and long black hair. She is often dressed in a blood-smeared white dress. The Kuntilanak is also described as changing into a more monstrous form when she captures her prey which is typically men or helpless people. Because she is bloodthirsty and has a carnivorous nature, a Pontianak can also appear as a beast or a ghost, resembling the Dracula vampire.

Pontianak only appears under the full moon and typically announces her presence with the cries of infants or feminine laughter. It is said that if the sounds are quiet, she is nearby, but if they are loud, she is far away. Some sources also state that a dog howling at night indicates that a Pontianak is present, but not too close; if the dog whines, then a Pontianak is near. Its presence is also said to be heralded by a floral fragrance, identifiable as that of the Plumeria flower, followed by a stench similar to that of a decaying corpse.

The Pontianak kills her victims by using her long fingernails to physically remove their internal organs to be eaten. In cases where the Pontianak desires revenge and retribution against a man, it is said to eviscerate the victim with its hands. If a victim has their eyes open when a Pontianak is near, she will suck them out of their head. The Pontianak is said to locate her prey by the scent of their clean laundry; because of this, some Malaysians refuse to leave any piece of clothing outside their house overnight.

The Pontianak is associated with banana trees, and her spirit is said to reside in them during the day. According to folklore, a Pontianak can be fought off by driving a nail into the hole on the nape of her neck, which causes her to turn into a beautiful woman and a good wife until the nail is removed.

The Indonesian Kuntilanak is similar to the Pontianak in Malaysia, but commonly takes the form of a bird and sucks the blood of virgins and young women. The bird, which makes a "Ke-ke-ke" sound as it flies, may be sent through black magic to make a woman fall ill;{{Citation|title=Suara kuntilanak ketawa / Jurig Jurig| date=17 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VWTdzlOMO0|access-date=2023-04-09}} the characteristic symptom being vaginal bleeding. When a man approaches her in her female form, the Kuntilanak suddenly turns and reveals that her back is hollow, much like the Sundel bolong the prostitute ghost with her large gaping hole on her back. A Kuntilanak can be subdued by plunging a sharp nail into the top of her head.

In popular culture

The Kuntilanak has been portrayed in Indonesian and Malaysian horror films and on Indonesian and Malaysian television.{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Thomas |date=2013 |title=The Trauma of Post-1998 Indonesian Horror Films |url=https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jletters/article/view/51103 |journal=Journal of Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=29–60 |issn=2586-9736}} In films, pontianaks often are shown as dark-haired women. They possess supernatural powers and may sometimes play the role of hero. A common plot device is that they may be defeated by a nail inserted into the back of their neck, though this does not kill them. Instead, they turn into normal women.{{Harvnb|Galt|2021|pp=|p=3}}

Pontianak films became popular during the 1950s and 1960s in Malaysia, after Cathay-Keris Films made a series of four films (Pontianak in 1957, Dendam Pontianak in 1957, Sumpah Pontianak in 1958 and Pontianak Gua Musang in 1964), all directed by {{Ill|B.N. Rao|ms}} and with Maria Menado playing the Pontianak. In response, Malay Film Productions made their own series, directed by Ramon A. Estella. Many of these earlier films are now lost.{{Harvnb|Galt|2021|pp=2-4|p=}}

Pontianak films had mostly stopped being produced by the 1970s and, in 1990s, the Malaysian government censored horror films. These laws were relaxed in the 2000s, which brought on another wave of films, including the feminist Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam.

  • Malaysian films:
  • Pontianak (1957)
  • Dendam Pontianak (English: The Pontianak's Vengeance, 1957){{Harvnb|Galt|2021|pp=|p=2}}
  • Sumpah Pontianak (English: Curse of the Pontianak, 1958)
  • Anak Pontianak, (English: The Pontianak Child, 1958)
  • Pontianak Kembali (English: The Return of Pontianak, 1963)
  • Pontianak Gua Musang (English: Pontianak Musang Cave) (1964)
  • Pontianak (1975, directed by Roger Sutton)
  • Return to Pontianak (2001, directed by Djinn){{Harvnb|Galt|2021|pp=|p=4}}
  • Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam (2004)
  • Perempuan, Pontianak dan Dot Dot Dot (2004)
  • Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam 2 (2005)
  • The Scream of Pontianak (2005)
  • Anak Pontianak TV Series (2007)
  • Ponti Anak Remaja (2009)
  • Ponti Anak Remaja Mini Series (2010)
  • Help! My Girlfriend Is A Pontianak (2011)
  • Pontianak vs Oily Man (2012)
  • The Nail of Pontianak (2013)
  • Misteri Bisikan Pontianak (2013)Misteri Bisikan Pontianak (2013)=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3145626/?ref_=fn_al_tt_17
  • Pontianak Sesat Dalam Kampung Telemovie (2016)
  • Dendam Pontianak (2019)
  • Ex Aku Pontianak, also known as My Ex Is A Pontianak (2022)
  • Pulau (2023)
  • Indonesian films:
  • Kuntilanak (1962)
  • Kuntilanak (1974)
  • Lawang Sewu (2007)
  • Casablanca Tunnel (Red Kuntilanak) (2007)
  • Kuntilanak's Nest (2008)
  • Kuntilanak (2006), Kuntilanak 2 (2007), Kuntilanak 3 (2008)
  • Kuntilanak's Morgue (2009)
  • Kuntilanak Beranak (2009){{Citation|last=Nuala|first=Nayato Fio|title=Kuntilanak Beranak|date=2009-02-12|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1369674/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0|type=Horror|others=Garneta Haruni, Monique Henry, Dion Wiyoko, Vikri Rahmat|publisher=Mitra Pictures|access-date=2021-03-02}}
  • Nail Demon (2009){{Citation|last=Purwono|first=Findo|title=Paku Kuntilanak|date=2009-07-23|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1462596/|type=Horror|others=Dewi Perssik, Heather Storm, Keith Foo, Kiwil|publisher=Maxima Pictures|access-date=2021-03-02}}
  • Santet Kuntilanak (2012){{Citation|title=Santet Kuntilanak (2012) - IMDb|date=8 March 2012|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2251780/|access-date=2021-03-02}}
  • Kuntilanak (2018)
  • Indonesian Video Games:
  • DreadOut (2014)
  • Pamali: Indonesian Folklore Horror (2018){{Cite web|title=pamali - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=pamali|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.google.com}}
  • Singaporean films:
  • Return of Pontianak, also known as Voodoo Magic (2001)
  • Dendam Pontianak, also known as Revenge of the Pontianak (2019){{cite news|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9113332/|title=Revenge of the Pontianak|work=IMDb|access-date=17 August 2019}}
  • Hong Kong films:
  • The Demon's Baby (1998)
  • Malaysian fiction:
  • The House of Aunts (2011) by Zen Cho{{cite news

| title = The House of Aunts

| date = 2011-12-01

| url = http://giganotosaurus.org/2011/12/01/the-house-of-aunts/

| access-date = 2015-04-13}}

  • Singaporean fiction:
  • Folklore: "Nobody"
  • American fiction:
  • Supernatural: "Cold Fire"
  • Internet Subculture:
  • The VTuber Mika Melatika of Nijisanji ID is described in her character lore as a kuntilanak.

See also

{{Portal|Mythology|Indonesia|Malaysia}}{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=* Churel

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book |last=Galt |first=Rosalind |title=Alluring Monsters: The Pontianak and Cinemas of Decolonization |title-link=Alluring Monsters |date=2021 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-20132-2 |doi=10.7312/galt20132}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219044550/http://spi.com.sg/spi/spi_files/pontianak/ Article by Singaporean paranormal investigators about pontianaks]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022135117/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltrw/History/Pontianaks%20%26%20Verisimilitude.doc "Pontianaks and the Issue of Verisimilitude in Singaporean Cinema"] (requires a login and password) — an essay by Dr. Timothy White of the National University of Singapore about the important role played by 1950s and 1960s horror films in the evolution of Pontianak mythology

{{Mythology of Indonesia}}

{{Mythology of Malaysia}}

Category:Asian demons

Category:Corporeal undead

Category:Female demons

Category:Female ghosts

Category:Indonesian ghosts

Category:Malaysian ghosts

Category:Stillbirth

Category:Vampires