La Jolla Institute for Immunology

La Jolla Institute for Immunology was established in 1988{{cite web|url=https://www.lajollalight.com/sdljl-la-jolla-institute-is-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-2008jul24-story.html|title=La Jolla institute is unlocking the mysteries of the immune system|website=Lajollalight.com|date=24 July 2008 |accessdate=6 March 2019}} by a coalition that included Makoto Nonaka, the institute's founding president, and Kimishige Ishizaka, the institute's first scientific director.{{cite web |title=About Us: History |url=https://www.lji.org/about-us/#history |publisher=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |accessdate=6 March 2019}} 50px This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)] license.

In 1989 the institute began its laboratory operations with the arrival of two immunologists, Kimishige Ishizaka and Teruko Ishizaka, from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. The Ishizakas were co-discoverers in 1966 of the IgE (immunoglobulin E) protein, a molecule that induces allergic reactions in the human body. In 1991, Kimishige Ishizaka was appointed president and scientific director of the institute and served in the role until his retirement in 1995.{{Cite web |url=https://www.aai.org/About/History/Past-Presidents-and-Officers/KimishigeIshizaka |title=The American Association of Immunologists - Kimishige Ishizaka |access-date=2019-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227233527/https://www.aai.org/About/History/Past-Presidents-and-Officers/KimishigeIshizaka |archive-date=2019-02-27 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/obituaries/dr-kimishige-ishizaka-who-found-allergy-link-dies-at-92.html|title=Dr. Kimishige Ishizaka, Who Found Allergy Link, Dies at 92|first=Sam|last=Roberts|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=6 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}

In 1995, Howard Grey joined La Jolla Institute of Immunology as president and scientific director. During the next several years, the institute recruited prominent faculty members and formulated a program to accelerate the commercial development of LJI's research and drug discoveries. In 1996, the institute moved from its initial location on Torrey Pines Road in La Jolla to a new purpose-built facility on Science Center Drive on the Torrey Pines Mesa.

In 2003, Mitchell Kronenberg was appointed president and scientific director. That same year, the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) was established and launched.{{cite journal|title=The immune epitope database: a historical retrospective of the first decade|first1=Nima|last1=Salimi|first2=Ward|last2=Fleri|first3=Bjoern|last3=Peters|first4=Alessandro|last4=Sette|date=1 October 2012|journal=Immunology|volume=137|issue=2|pages=117–123|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03611.x|pmid=22681406|pmc=3461392}} The database was designed and developed by La Jolla Institute under a competitive contract from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the NIH. In 2012, the NIH renewed their contract with the institute for a further seven years.

In 2006 the institute opened a new research facility located in the new UC San Diego Science Research Park. In 2011, the institute opened the RNAi Center for Identifying Genetic Triggers of Disease. The center's goal is to propel scientific efforts to pinpoint the specific genes involved in causing immune diseases, cancer, and other diseases using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. That same year, La Jolla Institute of Immunology became the fifth collaborating organization to join the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.{{cite web|url=https://www.sanfordconsortium.com/about/|title=About|website=Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine|accessdate=6 March 2019}}

In 2013, La Jolla Institute extended its partnership with the Japanese pharmaceutical company Kyowa Hakko Kirin. The six-year agreement continues a research alliance that began in 1988.{{cite web|url=https://xconomy.com/san-diego/2013/07/31/la-jolla-institute-extends-25-year-partnership-with-japanese-pharma/|title=Xconomy: La Jolla Institute Extends 25-Year Partnership with Japanese Pharma|date=31 July 2013|website=Xconomy.com|accessdate=6 March 2019}} In 2015, La Jolla Institute for Immunology announced its affiliation with the UC San Diego Health System.{{cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/biotech/sdut-la-jolla-institute-ucsd-scientists-2015jul27-story.html|title=UCSD scientists praise La Jolla Institute alliance|first=Bradley J.|last=Fikes|website=Sandiegouniontribune.com|date=27 July 2015 |accessdate=6 March 2019}}

In 2018, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology changed its name to La Jolla Institute for Immunology to reflect its current focus.{{cite web|url=https://timesofsandiego.com/tech/2019/02/25/top-ebola-researcher-leaving-scripps-for-la-jolla-institute-for-immunology/|title=Top Ebola Researcher Leaving Scripps for La Jolla Institute for Immunology|first=Chris|last=Jennewein|date=25 February 2019|website=Timesofsandiego.com|accessdate=6 March 2019}}

In 2020, scientists at the institute formed a Coronavirus Task Force{{Cite web|title=» Research Efforts Underway|url=https://www.lji.org/covid-19/research-efforts-underway/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.lji.org}} in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the institute became the home of the Coronavirus Immunotherapy Consortium (CoVIC),{{Cite web|last=Mento|first=Tarryn|title=La Jolla Institute Leading Global Hunt For Antibodies To Coronavirus|url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/apr/11/la-jolla-institute-leading-global-hunt-antibodies-/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=KPBS Public Media|date=11 April 2020 |language=en}} a research collaboration to test antibodies against the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, led by structural virologist Erica Ollmann Saphire.

In 2021, Dr. Mitchell Kronenberg stepped down from his role as president, and Dr. Saphire was named institute president and CEO.{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Gary |title=Renowned virus hunter Erica Ollmann Saphire to lead La Jolla Institute |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/story/2021-03-16/virus-hunter-saphire-la-jolla-institute |website=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=16 March 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2024}}

Scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology study the fundamental workings of the immune system. This includes studying the cells driving allergies and autoimmune diseases, as well as the cells that aim to fight cancers and infectious diseases. The institute is made up of three centers: the Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, the Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research.

Scientists at LJI also lead research into genomic sequencing of [https://www.lji.org/research/database-of-immune-cell-epigenomics/ immune cells] and high-resolution imaging of virus/antibody interactions through cryo-electron microscopy.{{Cite web|title=BioCentury|url=https://www.biocentury.com/coronavirus/webinar/adaptive-response-to-covid-19|access-date=2020-12-09|website=BioCentury|language=en}} The institute is home to the Immune Epitope Database ([https://www.iedb.org IEDB]) and the [https://dice-database.org DICE] (Database of Immune Cell Expression, Expression of quantitative trait loci and Epigenomics).

Scientists at LJI, in collaboration with researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute, were the first to publish an analysis of potential SARS-CoV-2 epitopes vulnerable to the human immune system.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2|url=https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(20)30166-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1931312820301669%3Fshowall%3Dtrue|access-date=|website=}} Since then, COVID-19 research at LJI has shed light on how both CD+8 and CD+4 T cells{{Cite journal|title=Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans|year=2020|doi=10.1126/science.abd3871|last1=Mateus|first1=Jose|last2=Grifoni|first2=Alba|last3=Tarke|first3=Alison|last4=Sidney|first4=John|last5=Ramirez|first5=Sydney I.|last6=Dan|first6=Jennifer M.|last7=Burger|first7=Zoe C.|last8=Rawlings|first8=Stephen A.|last9=Smith|first9=Davey M.|last10=Phillips|first10=Elizabeth|last11=Mallal|first11=Simon|last12=Lammers|first12=Marshall|last13=Rubiro|first13=Paul|last14=Quiambao|first14=Lorenzo|last15=Sutherland|first15=Aaron|last16=Yu|first16=Esther Dawen|last17=Da Silva Antunes|first17=Ricardo|last18=Greenbaum|first18=Jason|last19=Frazier|first19=April|last20=Markmann|first20=Alena J.|last21=Premkumar|first21=Lakshmanane|last22=De Silva|first22=Aravinda|last23=Peters|first23=Bjoern|last24=Crotty|first24=Shane|last25=Sette|first25=Alessandro|last26=Weiskopf|first26=Daniela|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6512|pages=89–94|pmid=32753554|pmc=7574914|bibcode=2020Sci...370...89M }} respond to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings can inform vaccine efforts.{{Cite news|last=Lapid|first=Nancy|date=2020-05-18|title=T cells play a role in fighting coronavirus; COVID-19 affects children differently|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-science-idUSKBN22U2PC|access-date=2020-12-18}} Scientists at the institute have analyzed mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.{{Cite web|title=Newer variant of COVID-19-causing virus dominates global infections: Virus with D614G change in Spike out-competes original strain, but may not make patients sicker|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200702144054.htm|access-date=2020-12-18|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}} Additional COVID-19 projects at the institute include research to understand how the virus affects white blood cells called monocytes{{Cite web|title=» Lynn Hedrick receives more than $500,000 for COVID-19 research|url=https://www.lji.org/news-events/news/post/lynn-hedrick-receives-more-than-500000-for-covid-19-research/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=www.lji.org}} and research into Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Researchers at LJI have established several international research partnerships, including research collaborations in Nepal{{Cite web|last=Community|first=Nature Research Microbiology|date=2019-04-19|title=Building research infrastructure in resource-poor countries benefits all of us|url=https://naturemicrobiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/48189-building-research-infrastructure-in-resource-poor-countries-benefits-all-of-us|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Nature Research Microbiology Community|language=en}} to study flavivirus infection and collaborations in Sierra Leone to study hemorrhagic fever viruses.{{Cite web|title=Partners|url=https://vhfc.org/consortium/partners/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=VHFC|language=en-US}}

In 2023, Clarivate named seven researchers from the institute to their annual list of Highly Cited Researchers;{{Cite web |last=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |author-link=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |date=17 Nov 2023 |title=Seven LJI scientists rank among "Highly Cited Researchers" |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/seven-lji-scientists-rank-among-highly-cited-researchers |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Newswise |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=La Jolla News Nuggets: 'Highly Cited' scientists, 'Season's greetings' sign, Paradisaea chef and GM, more |url=https://www.lajollalight.com/news/story/2023-11-21/la-jolla-news-nuggets-highly-cited-scientists-seasons-greetings-sign-paradisaea-chef-and-gm-more |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=La Jolla Light |language=en-US}} in previous years, six had been named in 2021,{{Cite web |title=Six LJI scientists named "Highly Cited Researchers" |url=https://www.lji.org/news-events/news/post/six-lji-scientists-named-highly-cited-researchers/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |language=en-US}} four in 2019,{{Cite web |title=Global Highly Cited Researchers 2019 list reveals top scientific talent |url=https://www.lji.org/news-events/news/post/global-highly-cited-researchers-2019-list-reveals-top-scientific-talent/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |language=en-US}} and two in 2018,{{Cite web |title=LJI scientists among world's most highly cited researchers |url=https://www.lji.org/news-events/news/post/lji-scientists-among-worlds-most-highly-cited-researchers/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=La Jolla Institute for Immunology |language=en-US}} among other years.

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