La Palma#Volcano

The full name of the island is "San Miguel de La Palma" ("Saint Michael of La Palma"), usually abbreviated simply to "La Palma". La Palma is nicknamed "La Isla Bonita" ("beautiful island").{{cite book |author1=Holly Hughes |author2=Sylvie Murphy |author3=Alexis Lipsitz Flippin |author4=Julie Duchaine |title=Frommer's 500 Extraordinary Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajhU1AAacUsC&pg=PA91 |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-50070-5 |page=91 }}

La Palma, like the other islands of the Canary Islands archipelago, is a volcanic ocean island. The volcano rises almost {{cvt|7|km|0}} above the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.{{Cite book |title=The Geology of the Canary Islands - 1st Edition |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-geology-of-the-canary-islands/troll/978-0-12-809663-5 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=www.elsevier.com |date=26 May 2016 |isbn=978-0-12-809663-5 |last1=Troll |first1=Valentin R. |last2=Carracedo |first2=Juan Carlos |publisher=Elsevier Science |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015012533/https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-geology-of-the-canary-islands/troll/978-0-12-809663-5 |url-status=live }} There is road access from sea level to the summit at {{cvt|2426|m|0}},[http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas.html ISTAC] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114080725/http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas.html |date=14 November 2010 }} "Instituto Canario de Estadistica" (In Spanish). Retrieved 24 April 2009 which is marked by an outcrop of rocks called Roque de Los Muchachos ("Rock of the Young Men"). This is the site of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, one of the world's premier astronomical observatories.{{cite web |url=https://www.iac.es/es/observatorios-de-canarias/observatorio-del-roque-de-los-muchachos |title=Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212125605/https://www.iac.es/es/observatorios-de-canarias/observatorio-del-roque-de-los-muchachos |url-status=live }}

La Palma's geography is a result of the volcanic formation of the island. The highest peaks reach over {{cvt|2400|m|0}} above sea level, and the base of the island is located almost {{cvt|4000|m|0}} below sea level. The northern part of La Palma is dominated by the Caldera de Taburiente, with a width of {{cvt|9|km|0}} and a depth of {{cvt|1500|m|0}}. It is surrounded by a ring of mountains ranging from {{cvt|1600|m|0}} to {{cvt|2400|m|0}} in height. On its northern side is the exposed remains of the original seamount. Only the deep Barranco de las Angustias ("Ravine of Anxiety") ravine leads into the inner area of the caldera, which is a national park. It can be reached only by hiking. The outer slopes are cut by numerous gorges which run from {{cvt|2000|m|0}} down to the sea. Today, only a few of these carry water due to the many water tunnels that have been cut into the island's structure.

From the Caldera de Taburiente to the south runs the ridge Cumbre Nueva ('New Ridge', which despite its name is older than the Cumbre Vieja, 'Old Ridge.') The southern part of La Palma consists of the Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge formed by numerous volcanic cones built of lava and scoria. The Cumbre Vieja ridge is active, last erupting in the 2021 La Palma eruption, which destroyed more than 2600 buildings and caused one death. Beyond Punta de Fuencaliente at the southern tip of the island, the Cumbre Vieja continues in a southerly direction as a submarine volcano.

File:La Palma in Canary Islands - ISS satellite image ISS006-E-29660 - cropped.jpg

File:San Antonio volcano D81 6894 (32531733561).jpg

File:Caldera de Taburiente La Palma.jpg

File:Llano del Jable - Pico Birigoyo - La Palma 01.jpg]]

File:Looking down into the Caldera de Taburiente (5492836562).jpg]]

Like all of the Canary Islands, La Palma originally formed as a seamount through submarine volcanic activity. Along with Tenerife, La Palma is the most volcanically active of the Canary Islands. Its base lies almost {{cvt|4000|m|0}} below sea level and reaches a height of {{cvt|2426|m|0}} above sea level.{{Cite book |date=1 January 2021 |chapter=North-East Atlantic Islands: Ts |last1=Troll |first1=Valentin R. |title=Encyclopedia of Geology |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8 |isbn=9780081029091 |s2cid=226588940 }} About a half a million years ago, the Taburiente volcano collapsed with a giant landslide, forming the Caldera de Taburiente. Erosion has since exposed part of the old seamount in the northern part of the caldera. Since the Spanish have kept records, there have been eight eruptions – all of which have occurred on the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge:{{Cite journal |last1=Carracedo |first1=Juan C. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Day |first3=James M. D. |last4=Geiger |first4=Harri |last5=Aulinas |first5=Meritxell |last6=Soler |first6=Vicente |last7=Deegan |first7=Frances M. |last8=Perez-Torrado |first8=Francisco J. |last9=Gisbert |first9=Guillem |last10=Gazel |first10=Esteban |last11=Rodriguez-Gonzalez |first11=Alejandro |last12=Albert |first12=Helena |date=May 2022 |title=The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12388 |journal=Geology Today |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=94–107 |doi=10.1111/gto.12388 |bibcode=2022GeolT..38...94C |s2cid=246950800 |issn=0266-6979 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203070622/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12388 |url-status=live }}

• 1470–1492 Montaña Quemada
• 1585 Tajuya
• 1646 Volcán Martín
• 1677 Volcán San Antonio
• 1712 El Charco
• 1949 Volcán San Juan: Duraznero, Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents
• 1971 Volcán Teneguía
• 2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption

At Cumbre Vieja ridge a new monogenetic volcano burst on 19 September 2021 after several seismic crises that rocked the island, among other anomalies regarding volcanic surveillance.{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Lava shoots up from volcano on La Palma in Spanish Canary Islands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/people-evacuated-spanish-island-la-palma-after-volcano-eruption-warning-2021-09-19/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113040/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/people-evacuated-spanish-island-la-palma-after-volcano-eruption-warning-2021-09-19/ |url-status=live }} At 85 days, it is the longest known and the most damaging volcanic eruption on La Palma since records began.{{cite news |title=The new volcano is the most damaging among the historical eruptions on La Palma |url=https://www.canarianweekly.com/posts/new-volcano-most-damaging |work=Canarian Weekly |date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203051420/https://www.canarianweekly.com/posts/new-volcano-most-damaging |url-status=live }} The total damage caused by the volcano amounts up to 843 million euros.{{cite news |title=Canarias remite al Gobierno una evaluación de daños del volcán de La Palma por 842,33 millones |url=https://www.europapress.es/islas-canarias/noticia-canarias-remite-gobierno-evaluacion-danos-volcan-palma-84233-millones-20211204160648.html |work=Europa Press |date=4 December 2021 |language=es |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203071317/https://www.europapress.es/islas-canarias/noticia-canarias-remite-gobierno-evaluacion-danos-volcan-palma-84233-millones-20211204160648.html |url-status=live }}

A Special Commissioner for the Reconstruction of the island of La Palma was created in 2022, tasked with coordinating and promoting the actions adopted by the General State Administration to repair the damage caused by volcanic eruptions and for the reconstruction of the island.{{Cite web |title=Real Decreto 426/2022, de 7 de junio, por el que se modifican el Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales, y el Real Decreto 373/2020, de 18 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-9376 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=boe.es |pages=77920–77924 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608084022/https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-9376 |url-status=live }} Hector Izquierdo Triana, born in La Palma and secretary of state for finance at that time, was appointed to this responsibility.{{cite web |access-date=6 August 2022 |date=6 June 2022 |first=El País |language=es |last=Agencias |title=El Gobierno crea un comisionado para reconstruir la isla de La Palma de los efectos de la erupción del volcán |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2022-06-06/el-gobierno-crea-un-comisionado-para-reconstruir-la-isla-de-la-palma-de-los-efectos-de-la-erupcion-del-volcan.html |website=El País |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715002828/https://elpais.com/economia/2022-06-06/el-gobierno-crea-un-comisionado-para-reconstruir-la-isla-de-la-palma-de-los-efectos-de-la-erupcion-del-volcan.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |access-date=6 August 2022 |date=7 June 2022 |first=Efe, A. |language=es |last=R |title=Un "ministro" velará por la recuperación de La Palma, aún con muchas necesidades |url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad/2022/06/07/ministro-velara-recuperacion-palma-necesidades-66986476.html |website=La Nueva España |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609230409/https://www.lne.es/sociedad/2022/06/07/ministro-velara-recuperacion-palma-necesidades-66986476.html |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard}}

{{Further|Cumbre Vieja#Potential megatsunami}}

{{Undue weight section|date=September 2021}}

In an episode of the BBC Horizon series broadcast on 12 October 2000, two geologists hypothesised that during a future eruption, the western flank of Cumbre Vieja, with a mass of approximately 1.5 x10¹⁵ kg, could slide into the ocean. This could then generate a giant wave, known as a "megatsunami" around {{cvt|650-900|m|}} high. The wave could radiate out across the Atlantic and inundate much of the eastern seaboard of North America, and many of the islands in the Caribbean and northern coasts of South America between six and eight hours later. They estimate that such a tsunami could have waves possibly {{cvt|50|m|0}} or higher causing massive devastation along the coastlines. Modelling suggests that the tsunami could inundate up to {{cvt|25|km|0}} inland.Day, S. J; Carracedo, J. C; Guillou, H. & Gravestock, P; 1999. Recent structural evolution of the Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands: volcanic rift zone re-configuration as a precursor to flank instability. J. Volcanol. Geotherm Res. 94, 135–167.,Ward, S. N. & Day, S. J; 2001. Cumbre Vieja Volcano; potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28-17, 3397–3400. http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~ward/papers/La_Palma_grl.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912132238/http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~ward/papers/La_Palma_grl.pdf |date=12 September 2008 }} The claim was also explored in a BBC docu-drama called End Day which went through several hypothetical scenarios of disastrous proportions. However, nowhere in their papers do the authors make any claim about the imminent collapse of the flank. Rather, they state that they have modelled the worst-case scenario.

In 2002 the Tsunami Society published a statement stating "... We would like to halt the scaremongering from these unfounded reports..." The major points raised in this report include:

• The claim that half of Cumbre Vieja dropped {{cvt|4|m|0}} during the 1949 eruption is erroneous, and contradicted by physical evidence.
• No evidence was sought or shown that there is a fault line dividing the island of La Palma.
• Physical evidence shows a {{cvt|4|km|0}} long line in the rock, but the models assumed a {{cvt|25|km|0}} line, for which no physical evidence was given. Further, there is no evidence shown that the {{cvt|4|km|0}} long line extends to beneath the surface.
• There has never been a megatsunami in the Atlantic Ocean in recorded history.Pararas-Carayannis, G; 2002. Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failures of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on The Island of Hawaii, Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol 20, No.5, pp 251–277.

A geological survey published in 1999 concluded that the western flank is stable with no evidence of aseismic creep.Moss, J.L., McGuire, W.J., Page, D., 1999. Ground deformation monitoring of a potential landslide at La Palma, Canary Islands. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 94, 251–265. Other experts agree that the fracture resulting from the 1949 eruption is a shallow and inactive surface expression that should be monitored, but consider the possibility that it is unstable as being almost nonexistent.Carracedo, J. C; Badiola, E. R; Guillou, H; de la Nuez, J; and Pérez Torrado, F. J; 2001. Geology and Volcanology of La Palma and El Hierro, Western Canaries. Estudios Geol. 57, (5–6) 175–273. Also, it is likely that the morphology of the floor of the Atlantic Ocean would hinder the propagation of a transoceanic tsunami.Murty, T. S; Nirupama, N; Nistor, I; and Rao, A. D. 2005. Why the Atlantic Generally cannot generate trans-oceanic tsunamis? ISET J. of Earthquake Tech. Tech. Note., 42, No. 4, pp 227–236. In 2006 Jan Nieuwenhuis of Delft University of Technology simulated several volcanic eruptions and calculated it would take another 10,000 years for the flanks to become sufficiently high and unstable to cause a massive collapse.[http://www.physorg.com/news77977989.html New research puts 'killer La Palma tsunami' at distant future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214192242/http://www.physorg.com/news77977989.html |date=14 February 2009 }}, PhysOrg.com, 20 September 2006.

A 2008 paper looked into the worst-case scenario of a massive landslide and subsequent megatsunami. The authors concluded that waves could reach heights in the range 10 to 188 meters in the Canary Islands, but that the waves would dissipate as they radiated out into the Atlantic Ocean. They predict 40 meters height for some nearby island systems. For continents, the worst effects would be expected in Northern Brazil (13.6 m), French Guiana (12.7 m), mid-US (9.6 m), Western Sahara (largest prediction at 37 meters) and Mauritania (9.7 m). While still large, this would not qualify as a megatsunami (apart from locally in Macaronesia), with the highest prediction for Western Sahara comparable to the 2011 Japanese tsunami.Løvholt, F., G. Pedersen, and G. Gisler. "Oceanic propagation of a potential tsunami from the La Palma Island." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 113.C9 (2008).

La Palma is characterized by two main climate types: the warm/hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb/Csa), characterized by dry summers and humid winters, is prevalent in the northern coast and in the mid to high altitudes of the island. At lower altitudes, particularly at the south and southwest coasts, the climate becomes semi-arid (Köppen: BSh).{{cite web |title=Atlas Climático de los archipiélagos de Canarias, Madeira y Azores |url=https://www.ipma.pt/export/sites/ipma/bin/docs/publicacoes/atlas.clima.ilhas.iberico.2011.pdf |publisher=AEMET |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203143205/https://www.ipma.pt/export/sites/ipma/bin/docs/publicacoes/atlas.clima.ilhas.iberico.2011.pdf |url-status=live }} Average temperatures at the coast vary from {{cvt|18|C}} in January and February to {{cvt|24|C}} in August and September. For a Canary island, the weather is quite cloudy, as La Palma is far more exposed to marine air systems than easterly islands, caused by the Canary Current. As altitude increases moving inland, the climate becomes cooler and more humid, which provides conditions for laurisilva cloud forests to occur, such as the one in the Natural Park of Bosque de los Tiles.{{Cite web |title=Bosque de Los Tiles. Canarias Wiki. |url=https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/medusa/wiki/index.php?title=Bosque_de_Los_Tiles |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Gobierno de Canarias (Canary Islands Government) |language=es |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409170606/https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/medusa/wiki/index.php?title=Bosque_de_Los_Tiles |url-status=live }}

{{Weather box

|location = La Palma Airport
WMO ID: 60005; Climate ID: C139E; coordinates {{coordinates|28|37|59|N|17|45|18|W}}; elevation: {{cvt|33|m}}; 1991–2020 provisional normals, extremes 1970–present{{cite web |url=https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b |title=Weather station data |website=opendata.aemet.es |publisher=AEMET OpenData |language=es |access-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113115453/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b |archive-date=13 November 2024 }}

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|Jan record high C = 27.6

|Feb record high C = 31.0

|Mar record high C = 34.2

|Apr record high C = 36.6

|May record high C = 32.4

|Jun record high C = 29.4

|Jul record high C = 38.4

|Aug record high C = 38.0

|Sep record high C = 36.8

|Oct record high C = 34.4

|Nov record high C = 31.6

|Dec record high C = 29.0

|year record high C = 38.4

|Jan avg record high C = 24.0

|Feb avg record high C = 24.7

|Mar avg record high C = 25.7

|Apr avg record high C = 25.2

|May avg record high C = 25.8

|Jun avg record high C = 26.5

|Jul avg record high C = 28.8

|Aug avg record high C = 29.1

|Sep avg record high C = 29.0

|Oct avg record high C = 29.2

|Nov avg record high C = 27.8

|Dec avg record high C = 25.5

|year avg record high C = 32.3

|Jan high C = 20.9

|Feb high C = 20.9

|Mar high C = 21.4

|Apr high C = 21.9

|May high C = 22.9

|Jun high C = 24.3

|Jul high C = 25.6

|Aug high C = 26.6

|Sep high C = 26.7

|Oct high C = 25.8

|Nov high C = 23.7

|Dec high C = 22.2

|year high C = 23.6

|Jan mean C = 18.3

|Feb mean C = 18.2

|Mar mean C = 18.6

|Apr mean C = 19.2

|May mean C = 20.3

|Jun mean C = 21.9

|Jul mean C = 23.2

|Aug mean C = 24.1

|Sep mean C = 24.1

|Oct mean C = 23.1

|Nov mean C = 21.1

|Dec mean C = 19.6

|year mean C = 21.0

|Jan low C = 15.6

|Feb low C = 15.4

|Mar low C = 15.8

|Apr low C = 16.4

|May low C = 17.6

|Jun low C = 19.3

|Jul low C = 20.8

|Aug low C = 21.7

|Sep low C = 21.5

|Oct low C = 20.3

|Nov low C = 18.5

|Dec low C = 16.9

|year low C = 18.3

|Jan avg record low C = 13.2

|Feb avg record low C = 12.9

|Mar avg record low C = 13.4

|Apr avg record low C = 14.2

|May avg record low C = 15.4

|Jun avg record low C = 17.4

|Jul avg record low C = 19.1

|Aug avg record low C = 19.9

|Sep avg record low C = 19.4

|Oct avg record low C = 17.9

|Nov avg record low C = 15.7

|Dec avg record low C = 14.6

|year avg record low C = 12.3

|Jan record low C = 9.4

|Feb record low C = 10.9

|Mar record low C = 10.2

|Apr record low C = 10.0

|May record low C = 11.0

|Jun record low C = 15.2

|Jul record low C = 14.9

|Aug record low C = 16.7

|Sep record low C = 16.4

|Oct record low C = 15.3

|Nov record low C = 10.0

|Dec record low C = 10.0

|year record low C = 9.4

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 38.8

|Feb precipitation mm = 51.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 24.6

|Apr precipitation mm = 17.3

|May precipitation mm = 4.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 2.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 1.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 1.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 11.9

|Oct precipitation mm = 42.8

|Nov precipitation mm = 56.5

|Dec precipitation mm = 74.9

|year precipitation mm = 328.1

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 9.13

|Feb precipitation days = 8.17

|Mar precipitation days = 6.87

|Apr precipitation days = 5.20

|May precipitation days = 3.53

|Jun precipitation days = 2.17

|Jul precipitation days = 0.90

|Aug precipitation days = 1.37

|Sep precipitation days = 4.24

|Oct precipitation days = 8.76

|Nov precipitation days = 10.90

|Dec precipitation days = 11.40

|year precipitation days = 72.63

|humidity colour = green

|Jan humidity = 68.3

|Feb humidity = 68.9

|Mar humidity = 70.0

|Apr humidity = 69.9

|May humidity = 69.7

|Jun humidity = 71.6

|Jul humidity = 72.8

|Aug humidity = 73.1

|Sep humidity = 72.8

|Oct humidity = 71.5

|Nov humidity = 69.6

|Dec humidity = 68.7

|year humidity = 70.6

|Jan sun = 145.3

|Feb sun = 146.0

|Mar sun = 183.7

|Apr sun = 181.1

|May sun = 196.5

|Jun sun = 203.1

|Jul sun = 235.8

|Aug sun = 223.4

|Sep sun = 185.8

|Oct sun = 173.2

|Nov sun = 138.0

|Dec sun = 139.8

|year sun = 2151.7

|Jan percentsun = 44.5

|Feb percentsun = 46.3

|Mar percentsun = 49.4

|Apr percentsun = 47.0

|May percentsun = 46.6

|Jun percentsun = 48.6

|Jul percentsun = 55.2

|Aug percentsun = 54.7

|Sep percentsun = 50.6

|Oct percentsun = 48.8

|Nov percentsun = 43.1

|Dec percentsun = 43.8

|year percentsun = 48.2

|source 1 = State Meteorological Agency/AEMET OpenData{{cite web |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=coo&l=C139E&datos=det |title=Valores Extremos - La Palma Aeropuerto |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325192813/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=coo&l=C139E&datos=det |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/d5a94ec4 |title=Extremes |website=opendata.aemet.es |publisher=AEMET OpenData |language=es |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208044854/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/d5a94ec4 |archive-date=8 December 2024 }}{{cite web |url=https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/d2957f20 |title=Normal |website=opendata.aemet.es |publisher=AEMET OpenData |language=es |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210062940/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/d2957f20 |archive-date=10 December 2024 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |title=AEMET OpeenData |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |access-date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516100540/https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |url-status=live }}

|source 2 = NCEI (Sunshine hours){{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/LAPALMAAEROPUERTO_60005.csv |title=La Palma Aeropuerto Climate Normals 1991-2020 |publisher=NOAA |access-date=10 December 2024 |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322072119/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/LAPALMAAEROPUERTO_60005.csv |archive-date=22 March 2024 }}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = La Palma Airport, 1981-2010 normals

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 20.6

|Feb high C = 20.7

|Mar high C = 21.2

|Apr high C = 21.6

|May high C = 22.6

|Jun high C = 24.1

|Jul high C = 25.5

|Aug high C = 26.3

|Sep high C = 26.6

|Oct high C = 25.5

|Nov high C = 23.5

|Dec high C = 21.8

|year high C = 23.3

|Jan mean C = 18.1

|Feb mean C = 18.0

|Mar mean C = 18.5

|Apr mean C = 18.9

|May mean C = 20.0

|Jun mean C = 21.7

|Jul mean C = 23.1

|Aug mean C = 23.9

|Sep mean C = 24.0

|Oct mean C = 22.8

|Nov mean C = 20.9

|Dec mean C = 19.3

|year mean C = 20.7

|Jan low C = 15.5

|Feb low C = 15.3

|Mar low C = 15.7

|Apr low C = 16.2

|May low C = 17.4

|Jun low C = 19.2

|Jul low C = 20.7

|Aug low C = 21.4

|Sep low C = 21.3

|Oct low C = 20.2

|Nov low C = 18.3

|Dec low C = 16.7

|year low C = 18.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 49

|Feb precipitation mm = 57

|Mar precipitation mm = 33

|Apr precipitation mm = 18

|May precipitation mm = 7

|Jun precipitation mm = 2

|Jul precipitation mm = 1

|Aug precipitation mm = 1

|Sep precipitation mm = 12

|Oct precipitation mm = 41

|Nov precipitation mm = 70

|Dec precipitation mm = 80

|year precipitation mm = 369

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 5.3

|Feb precipitation days = 4.3

|Mar precipitation days = 3.9

|Apr precipitation days = 2.7

|May precipitation days = 1.3

|Jun precipitation days = 0.4

|Jul precipitation days = 0.3

|Aug precipitation days = 0.4

|Sep precipitation days = 1.8

|Oct precipitation days = 5.2

|Nov precipitation days = 6.8

|Dec precipitation days = 7.9

|year precipitation days = 40.3

|humidity colour = green

|Jan humidity = 70

|Feb humidity = 71

|Mar humidity = 71

|Apr humidity = 70

|May humidity = 70

|Jun humidity = 72

|Jul humidity = 73

|Aug humidity = 73

|Sep humidity = 73

|Oct humidity = 73

|Nov humidity = 71

|Dec humidity = 70

|year humidity = 72

|Jan sun = 141

|Feb sun = 146

|Mar sun = 177

|Apr sun = 174

|May sun = 192

|Jun sun = 188

|Jul sun = 222

|Aug sun = 209

|Sep sun = 187

|Oct sun = 175

|Nov sun = 140

|Dec sun = 138

|year sun = 2106

|source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=C139E&k=coo |title=Valores climatológicos normales. La Palma Aeropuerto |language=es |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210065620/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=C139E&k=coo |archive-date=10 December 2024 }}}}

The island is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

File:RK 1403 0034 Los Volcanes de Aridane.jpg]]

The island is divided into 14 municipalities:

La Palma has a "sister city" relationship with El Dorado Hills, California.

File:Strand in Puerto Naos Los Llanos de Aridane La Palma-4.jpg beach in Puerto Naos]]

File:View from Lovers Leap (5494740604).jpg

The local economy is primarily based on agriculture and tourism. Bananas are grown throughout the island with many banana farms on the western side of the island in Los Llanos de Aridane. Other crops include bird of paradise flowers, oranges, avocados and grapes. Local ranchers raise cattle, sheep and goats. Fishermen operating from Santa Cruz de La Palma, Tazacorte, and Puerto Naos catch fish for the local markets.

File:Forest Los Tilos.jpg cloud forest in La Palma]]

File:La Palma - Villa de Mazo - Lugar Playa La Salemera-Lomo Oscuro - Euphorbia canariensis + Montaña del Azufre 01 ies.jpg is a succulent endemic to the Canary Islands]]

La Palma has abundant plant life, including several endemic species.

Although large areas have been deforested, the upland areas of La Palma retain much of the evergreen laurel forest, where species of Lauraceae, such as Laurus azorica, Persea indica, and Ocotea foetens are a characteristic component. This is a relictual population of the Pliocene subtropical forests which used to cover the island.

The Canary Island pine is found on all of the western Canary Islands, but it is particularly abundant on La Palma. The pine forests are also home to two recently discovered and extremely rare La Palma endemics: Lotus eremiticus and L. pyranthus.

Cytisus supranubius, a white-flowered broom known locally as Retama del Teide, is native to La Palma and Tenerife, being restricted to the alpine/subalpine habitats present only in these two islands. Like Tenerife, La Palma also has its own alpine violet, Viola palmensis.

Echium pininana is endemic to La Palma and the tallest species in the genus, reaching over 4 m. It is related to Echium wildpretii which occurs, with separate subspecies, in the subalpine zone of both Tenerife and La Palma. Both species are monocarpic, producing a massive terminal inflorescence. Echium webbii, a branched shrub with several smaller, dark blue flower spikes, is another island endemic with close relatives on Tenerife.

Other La Palma endemics include members of the daisy family, such as Sonchus palmensis, Argyranthemum haouarytheum Pericallis papyracea and Cheirolophus sventenii.

Several animals are native or endemic to La Palma, including the:

• La Palma giant lizard, believed extinct until rediscovered in 2007
• Western Canaries lizard (Gallotia galloti subspecies palmae)
• Graja (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbarus), subspecies of the red-billed chough
• Canary Islands chiffchaff (Phylloscopus canariensis)
• La Palma chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs palmae)
• Western Canary Islands goldcrest (Regulus regulus ellenthalerae)
• Garafian Sheepdog Breed (Canis familiaris)
• Canary Islands quail (Coturnix gomerae), now extinct.
• Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi), now extinct.

In addition, many other animals have been introduced, including rabbits and Barbary sheep, or aoudads, which have become a serious threat to endemic flora

A biosphere reserve was established in 1983, and extended and renamed in 1997 and 2002.{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/la-palma |title=La Palma Biosphere Reserve, Spain |date=25 January 2019 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306184951/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/la-palma |url-status=live }}

{{Main|List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands}}

The official natural symbols associated with La Palma are the red-billed chough (graja) and Pinus canariensis (Canary Island pine).{{Cite web |url=http://www.gobcan.es/boc/1991/061/001.html |title=Ley 7/1991, de 30 de abril, de símbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808141931/http://www.gobcan.es/boc/1991/061/001.html |archive-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}

File:Alpenkrähe-Pyrrhocorax.jpg|Red-billed chough

File:Pinus canariensis (Garafía) 07 ies.jpg|Pinus canariensis

File:Alfred Diston - Natives of La Palma - B1975.4.277 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg, 1825]]

At the time of European colonization, the Canary Islands were inhabited by native Canarians, referred to collectively as Guanches, although the natives of La Palma are more correctly known as Auaritas (See Canary Islands in pre-colonial times). The origin of these natives is unclear but they are believed to share common ancestry with the Berbers of North Africa. The Guanches had a Neolithic culture divided into several clans led by chiefs. Their name for La Palma was Benahoare. The main remnants of this culture are their cave dwellings, enigmatic petroglyphs and paved stone paths through the mountains. After the Spanish occupation of La Palma, the native Canarians vanished by either being killed, sold into slavery or by assimilating into the Spanish population.

It is believed that the Canary Islands were known to the Phoenicians and Greeks, but the earliest written evidence is by the Roman writer Pliny The Elder, who quoted Juba II of Numidia, but Juba's writings were subsequently lost. The Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello reached the archipelago in 1312 and remained for two decades until expelled by a native uprising. In 1404 the Spaniards began the conquest of the islands. Though the first landing on La Palma was in 1405, it took until 1493 and several bloody battles until the last resistance of the natives was broken. The conqueror of La Palma was Alonso Fernández de Lugo, who defeated Tanausu, the last king on the island. He ruled the area known as Acero (Caldera de Taburiente). Tanausu was ambushed after agreeing to a truce arranged by Fernández de Lugo and Juan de Palma, a Guanche who had converted to Christianity and who was a relative of Tanausu.

For the next two centuries, settlements on La Palma became rich as the island served as a trading post on the way to the New World. La Palma received immigrants from Castile, Majorca, Andalusia, Portugal and Catalonia.

File:Church La Palma.jpg

The island is predominately Roman Catholic and since 1676, has been known for the festival of Fiestas Lustrales de la Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves (the bringing down of the Virgin of the Snow, Virgen de las Nieves), which has a rich history, from the time of the Bishop of the Canaries, Bartolomé García Ximénez. The festival features the dancing of "enanos" or midgets. The costumes that people wear have a hole at the top of the hat to allow them to see out, while giving the appearance of dancing midgets. People come from all over the world for the celebration which happens every five years. The image of the Virgin is taken down from her sanctuary (located in a hilly area on the outskirts of Santa Cruz de La Palma) and paraded around the city of Santa Cruz with the festival lasting nearly two weeks before she is returned. The last time this event was performed in 2015 and the next will be in 2025, as in 2020 had to be cancelled due to the global pandemic of COVID-19.

The Virgin of the Snow is the patron saint of La Palma. Many women on the island have the name "Nieves" in her honor. Every 5 August the annual festival of the Virgin is celebrated.

File:La Palma - Santa Cruz de La Palma + Port (LP-3 in Breña Alta) 03 ies.jpg has the only major port in the island]]

La Palma has a road network of some {{cvt|1200|km|0}}. All the main roads are asphalted and in a good state, although there are many sharp bends, some very narrow. In order to reach some small hamlets in the north of the island it is necessary to travel on unpaved roads. A good paved road approximately {{cvt|180|km|0}}, circumscribes the island. Several bus routes exist that unite the main settlements on the island.

A road crosses the island from Tazacorte on the west coast to the capital city on the east coast of the island. This road is a two-lane highway that includes a pair of two-lane tunnels. The older tunnel is shorter ({{cvt|1100|m|0}}) and higher than the newer tunnel ({{cvt|2880|m|0}}). When traveling from one side of the mountain to the other it is common to enter one side in complete clouds (the east side) and come out to the sunny side (western side). This is due to the clouds not being able to cross the mountains, an effect caused by the counter trade wind.

La Palma Airport is served mainly by Binter Canarias and CanaryFly, and Iberia, with flights to and from Tenerife and Gran Canaria, and also to and from mainland Spain, Germany, United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands.

There is also ferry service between the city of Santa Cruz de La Palma and the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

The minas galerias (water tunnels) carry water from sources in the highlands to towns, villages and farms. La Palma receives almost all of its water from the mar de nubes (sea of clouds) of the northeast trade winds. The water condenses on the vegetation, from where it runs into the ground. Eventually it collects inside the rock strata, and is then drained via the galerias into aqueducts and pipes for distribution. The galerias have been cut into the rocks over centuries. It is possible to walk alongside many of the aqueducts, a popular activity for tourists (similar to the levadas of Madeira). The tour to the Marcos y Corderos waterfall and springs is also popular.

There is an extensive network of irrigation canals in the valley of Los Llanos de Aridane. These canals carry water from the mountains throughout the valley and allow for the cultivation of bananas, avocados, flowers, and other plants.

{{Main|Roque de los Muchachos Observatory}}

File:Sea of clouds around La Palma.jpg]]

Due to the location of the island and the height of its mountains, some {{cvt|2400|m|0}} above sea level, a number of international astronomical observatories have been built on the Roque de los Muchachos. The particular geographical position and climate cause clouds to form between {{cvt|1000|m|0}} and {{cvt|2000|m|0}}, usually leaving the observatories with a clear sky. Often, the view from the top of the volcano is a sea of clouds covering the eastern part of the island. Telescopes at the observatory include:

• The Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) operates three telescopes: the {{cvt|4.2|m|0}} William Herschel Telescope, the {{cvt|2.5|m|0}} Isaac Newton Telescope and the {{cvt|1|m|0}} Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope.
• The {{cvt|2.5|m|0}} Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT).
• The {{cvt|1|m|0}} Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) operated by the Institute for Solar Physics.
• The {{cvt|0.45|m|0}} Dutch Open Telescope (DOT), also a solar telescope.
• A {{cvt|0.6|m|0}} optical telescope.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
• The Carlsberg Meridian Telescope (CMT).
• The {{cvt|1.2|m|0}} Mercator Telescope.
• The {{cvt|2|m|0}} Liverpool Telescope.
• The {{cvt|10.4|m|0}} Gran Telescopio Canarias (Great Canary Telescope, dedicated 24 July 2009).
• The {{cvt|3.6|m|0}} Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG).
• The {{cvt|17|m|0}} MAGIC Telescope, an air shower Cherenkov telescope for observing high energy gamma rays
• The SuperWASP-North telescope, used to detect extrasolar planets.{{cite web |url=https://www.iac.es/es/divulgacion/noticias/superwasp-detectara-miles-de-planetas-extrasolares |title=SuperWASP detectará miles de planetas extrasolares |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=16 April 2004 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213184521/https://www.iac.es/es/divulgacion/noticias/superwasp-detectara-miles-de-planetas-extrasolares |url-status=live }}
• The northern node of the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO).{{Cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Neutron stars: New telescope detects dead suns colliding |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61911047 |access-date=31 March 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193414/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61911047 |url-status=live }}

In addition, the Cherenkov Telescope Array is planned for construction starting in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.cta-observatory.org/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Cherenkov Telescope Array |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708195328/https://www.cta-observatory.org/ |url-status=live }}

In December 2021 the Roque de Los Muchachos Visitor Centre was inaugurated.{{Cite web |last=RTVC |date=19 December 2021 |title=El Centro de Visitantes del Roque de Los Muchachos abre sus puertas |url=https://rtvc.es/el-centro-de-visitantes-del-roque-de-los-muchachos-abre-sus-puertas/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=Radio Televisión Canaria |language=es }}

The 2024 Netflix original Norwegian series La Palma is inspired by the disproved theory about possible catastrophic events that could happen on the island.{{Cite web |last=Ostby |first=Ingrid |date=13 December 2024 |title=La Palma: Everything You Need to Know About the Disaster Series |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/la-palma-release-date-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214224243/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/la-palma-release-date-news |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Tudum by Netflix }}

{{portal|Spain|Islands}}

• Geology of the Canary Islands
• List of volcanoes in Spain

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|La Palma}}

{{wikivoyage|La Palma}}

• [https://visitlapalma.es/en/ Official Tourism Website] {{in lang|es|en|de|zh|nl|it|fr}}
• [http://www.cabildodelapalma.es Official La Palma Website] {{in lang|es}}
• [https://www.hellocanaryislands.com/ The official website of the Canary Islands]
• [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149231/a-changed-landscape-on-la-palma Comparison images before and after the 2021 eruptions] at NASA Earth Observatory
• [http://www.starsislandlapalma.es Stargazing site on La Palma] {{in lang|es|en|de}}
• [http://www.senderosdelapalma.es Hiking Network of La Palma official website] {{in lang|es|en|fr|de}}
• [https://lapalmacentrosturisticos.com/centros/parque-arqueologico-el-tendal/ El Tendal archaeological park] {{in lang|es|en|de}}
• {{cite gvp |name=La Palma |vn=383010 |access-date=26 June 2021}}

{{La Palma}}

{{Islands and provinces of the Canary Islands}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palma, La}}

Category:Active volcanoes

Category:Biosphere reserves of Spain

Category:Islands of the Canary Islands

Category:Pleistocene volcanism

Category:Pliocene volcanism

Category:Volcanoes of the Canary Islands