Languages of Japan

{{Languages of

| country = Japan

| official = None{{Cite web | url=http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm | title=参議院法制局 }}

| national = Standard Japanese

| main = Standard Japanese

| indigenous = Ainu

| regional = Japanese dialects, Ryukyuan languages

| minority = Bonin English, Matagi, Nivkh, Orok, Sanka, Zainichi Korean

| immigrant= Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Mongolian, Portuguese

| foreign = {{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish, Lao, Malay, Nepali, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese

| sign = Japanese Sign Language
Amami Oshima Sign Language
Miyakubo Sign Language

| keyboard = JIS

| keyboard image = 200px

}}

The most widely-spoken language in Japan is Japanese, which is separated into several dialects with Tokyo dialect considered Standard Japanese.

In addition to the Japanese language, Ryūkyūan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryūkyū Islands. Along with Japanese, these languages are part of the Japonic language family, but they are separate languages,{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} and are not mutually intelligible with Japanese, or with each other. All of the spoken Ryukyuan languages are classified by UNESCO as endangered.

In Hokkaidō, there is the Ainu language, which is spoken by the Ainu people, who are the indigenous people of the island. The Ainu languages, of which Hokkaidō Ainu is the only extant variety, are isolated and do not fall under any language family. Ever since the Meiji period, Japanese has become widely used among the Ainu people and consequently Ainu languages have been classified critically endangered by UNESCO.{{cite book |editor1-last=Ertl |editor1-first=John |title=Multiculturalism in the new Japan : crossing the boundaries within |date=2008 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |isbn=9780857450258 |page=57 }}

In addition, languages such as Orok, Evenki and Nivkh spoken in formerly Japanese controlled southern Sakhalin are becoming more and more endangered. After the Soviet Union took control of the region, speakers of these languages and their descendants migrated to mainland Japan and still exist in small numbers.

History

Not until shortly after the turn of the second century did indications of language appear in Chinese texts. Chinese characters were adopted and records of spoken language were made in Japan. Hiragana and Katakana characters were incorporated as a relatively accurate way to represent the sounds of Chinese characters.

= Ryūkyūan languages =

Chinese characters were first introduced to Ryūkyūan languages shortly into the 13th-century. Details concerning the language before then are not well known. 14th-century records indicate that gifts from Ryūkyū Islands to China used Hiragana, which indicates that these languages were tied to Mainland Japanese at the time.

= Ainu languages =

History records that people in Hokkaidō, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands spoke Ainu languages,{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=This record or claim should have a reliable source, although no source is cited. It is physically impossible to read about this history record without a source.}} but there are also places in and around Tōhoku whose names derive from Ainu languages. According to 16th-century records, Ainu languages had no written form.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=These '16th-century records' do not have a source cited. This claim may also be not true.}} Only from the 19th-century did the Ainu languages begin to use Katakana.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

= Orok language =

Records show that the Orok language was spoken during the latter part of the Edo period in Hokkaidō,{{dubious|date=June 2021}} Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands;{{dubious|date=June 2021}} however, there are only a few speakers still in existence.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

= Nivkh language =

Like Orok, the Nivkh language was spoken in Sakhalin and later in Hokkaidō,{{cn|date=June 2021}} and the Kuril Islands.{{dubious|date=June 2021}} It is unknown whether speakers of Nivkh still remain in Japan.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

= European languages =

Since the Middle Ages, owing to visits from Europeans, Japanese has adopted a number of foreign words.

Post-1543 Portuguese was the initial contact language with Europeans, but this was later replaced by Dutch after the Japanese removed Portuguese people from the country.{{cite web|url=https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/your-country-and-the-netherlands/japan/and-the-netherlands/dutch-japanese-relations|title=Dutch-Japanese relations|work=Netherlands and You| date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Government of the Netherlands|access-date=2019-12-11}} The Japanese government conducted negotiations with Western authorities in Dutch until around 1870.{{cite journal|author=Vos, Fritz|url=http://www.eastasianhistory.org/39/vos-influences|title=Dutch Influences on the Japanese Language: With an Appendix on Dutch Words in Korean|journal=East Asian History|volume=39|year=2014}} ([http://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/39/pdfs/EAH39-Vos-DutchInfluenceJapaneseLanguage.pdf PDF]) - Originally in Lingua 12 (1963): pp. 341–88. Since then English became the primary language of interaction with Western countries.

Language classifications

The oral languages spoken by the native peoples of the insular country of Japan at present and during recorded history belong to either of two primary phyla of human language:

Japonic languages
Japanese language (See also Japanese dialects)
Hachijō Japanese
Eastern Japanese
Western Japanese
Kyūshū Japanese
Ryūkyūan languages
Northern Ryūkyūan languages
Amami
Kunigami
Okinawa
Southern Ryūkyūan languages
Miyako
Yaeyama
Yonaguni
Ainu languages
Hokkaidō Ainu language
Sakhalin Ainu language (extinct)
Kuril Ainu language (extinct)

In addition to these two indigenous language families, there is Japanese Sign Language, as well as significant minorities of ethnic Koreans and Chinese, who make up respectively about 0.5% and 0.4% of the country's population and many of whom continue to speak their ethnic language in private (see Zainichi Korean). There is also a notable history of use of Kanbun (Classical Chinese) as a language of literature and diplomacy in Japan, similar to the status of the Latin language in medieval Europe, which has left an indelible mark on the vocabulary of the Japanese language. Kanbun is a mandatory subject in the curricula of most Japanese secondary schools.