Lavender oil

Pure lavender essential oil is produced through steam distillation.{{cite book |last1=Health (U.S.) |first1=National Institute of |title=Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922 |year=1919 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfFReCRbKs8C&q=lavender+oil+steam+distillation&pg=PA345 |language=en}} This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss.{{Cite journal|date=2005-06-01|title=Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi= 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039 |issn=0959-6526 |last1=Masango |first1=Phineas | name-list-style = vanc }} Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August.{{cite book |last1=Simmons |first1=Adelma Grenier |title=Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths |year=1989 |publisher=Rodale Press |isbn=978-0-87857-792-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lT_o0nNL1LgC&q=lavender+june+harvest |language=en}} The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure.{{cite book |last1=Lis-Balchin |first1=Maria |title=Lavender: The Genus Lavandula |date=August 2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-21652-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmvkY60iESkC&q=lavender+still+steam&pg=PA106 |language=en}} The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still. The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle. Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.{{cite journal | vauthors = Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ | title = Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 247 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–76 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 16290453 | doi = 10.1006/jcis.2001.8110 | bibcode = 2002JCIS..247..167C }}

Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.{{Cite news|last=Mihala|first=Lorelei|date=2020-07-30|title=Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53493550|access-date=2020-08-03}}{{cite journal |last1=Giray |first1=Handan |title=An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey |journal=Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants |date=November 2018 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1612–1623 |doi=10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612 |s2cid=107300743 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331664982}}

Lavender oil has been used as a perfume, aromatherapy, and skin application,{{cite book | vauthors =Groom N |title=The New Perfume Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6 |edition=2nd}}{{rp|184–186}} but these uses have no clinical benefit. Lavender oil is used in massage therapy as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although allergic reactions may occur. There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating dementia.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J |title=Aromatherapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue= 8|pages=CD003150 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32813272 |pmc=7437395 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 |type=Meta-analysis}}

A 2021 meta-analysis included five studies of people with anxiety disorders. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil capsule used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=von Känel |first1=Roland |last2=Kasper |first2=Siegfried |last3=Bondolfi |first3=Guido |last4=Holsboer-Trachsler |first4=Edith |last5=Hättenschwiler |first5=Josef |last6=Hatzinger |first6=Martin |last7=Imboden |first7=Christian |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Ellen |last9=Seifritz |first9=Erich |date=2021-04-11 |title=Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e01997 |doi=10.1002/brb3.1997 |issn=2162-3279 |pmc=8035468 |pmid=33638614}} and blinding was not clear.{{cite journal | last1=Generoso | first1=Marcelo B. | last2=Soares | first2=Amanda | last3=Taiar | first3=Ivan T. | last4=Cordeiro | first4=Quirino | last5=Shiozawa | first5=Pedro | title=Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1533-712X | pmid=27861196 | doi=10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615 | pages=115–117| s2cid=42697028 }} In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=1 August 2020}}

Oil of spike lavender was used as a solvent in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.{{cite book | veditors = Ward GW |title=The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 | pages = 605–606 }}

Although lavender oil is generally recognized as safe for its intended uses,{{cite web |title=Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20 |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=FDA}} it is a potential endocrine disruptor that may affect breast development in children.{{Cite web |title=Endocrine disruptors |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm|date=2 June 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health |language=en}}

Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed.{{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002711.htm|date=13 November 2021 | title = Lavender oil |publisher = MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health | access-date =9 January 2020 | quote = Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R | title = Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | date = November 2019 | volume = 212 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–133 | pmid = 31709543 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.50403| s2cid = 207940224 |quote=We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL| doi-access = free }} In general, {{convert|5|ml|USfloz}} of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas {{convert|2|-|3|ml|USfloz}} can be toxic in children.{{cite web |url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Essential_Oil_Poisoning/ |publisher=Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia |title=Essential oil poisoning |date=July 2021 |quote=Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults}} Over 2014-18 in New South Wales, there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning {{ndash}} mostly in children {{ndash}} accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases. The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate and linalool.{{cite journal | vauthors = Elshafie HS, Camele I | title = An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2017 | pages = 9268468 | date = 5 November 2017 | pmid = 29230418 | pmc = 5694587 | doi = 10.1155/2017/9268468 | doi-access = free }}

Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash. Topical application of lavender oil may cause contact dermatitis.

Ingestion of lavender oil may cause interactions with prescription drugs, including anticoagulants, statins, and anticonvulsants.

The phytochemical composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of monoterpeneoid and sesquiterpeneoid alcohols.{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lavender.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=22 October 2021}} Linalool (20-35%) and linalyl acetate (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and lavandulol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, limonene, and tannins. Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G | title = Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 970 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 225–34 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12350096 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2 }}

The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by chromatography:{{Cite journal |last1=Marincaş |first1=Olivian |last2=Feher |first2=Ioana |date=2018-12-01 |title=A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018308082 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=125 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 |s2cid=104553013 |issn=0926-6690}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Family ! Composition ! Lavande officinale Lavandula angustifolia ! Lavande aspic Lavandula latifolia
rowspan="8" | Terpenes / Monoterpenols | 150px Linalool	align="right" | 28.92 % | align="right" | 49.47 %
α-Terpineol	align="right" | 0.90% | align="right" | 1.08%
γ-Terpineol	align="right" | | align="right" | 0.09%
Borneol	align="right" |	align="right" | 1.43%
Isoborneol	align="right" |	align="right" | 0.82%
Terpinen-4-ol	align="right" | 4.32% | align="right" |
Nerol	align="right" | 0.20%	align="right" |
Lavandulol	align="right" | 0.78% | align="right" |
rowspan="5" | Terpenes / Terpene esters | 130px Linalyl acetate	align="right" | 32.98 % |
Geranyl acetate	align="right" | 0.60% |
Neryl acetate	align="right" | 0.32% |
Octene-3-yl acetate	align="right" | 0.65% |
Lavandulyl acetate	align="right" | 4.52% |
rowspan="7" | Terpenes / Monoterpenes | Myrcene	align="right" | 0.46%	align="right" | 0.41%
α-Pinene		align="right" | 0.54%
β-Pinene		align="right" | 0.33%
Camphene		align="right" | 0.30%
(E)-β-Ocimene	align="right" | 3.09% |
(Z)-β-Ocimene	align="right" | 4.44% |
β-Phellandrene	align="right" | 0.12% |
Terpenes / Terpenoid oxides | 120px Eucalyptol (1,8-cineol)		align="right" | 25.91 %
rowspan="4" | Terpenes / Sesquiterpenes | β-Caryophyllene	align="right" | 4.62% | align="right" | 2.10%
β-Farnesene	align="right" | 2.73% |
Germacrene	align="right" | 0.27% |
α-Humulene		align="right" | 0.28%
rowspan="3" | Ketones	60px Camphor | align="right" | 0.85%	align="right" | 13.00 %
3-Octanone	align="right" | 0.72% |
120px Cryptone	align="right" | 0.35%

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Category:Essential oils