Leafhopper

File:Eurymela distincta.jpg]]

The Cicadellidae combine the following features:

• The thickened part of the antennae is very short and ends with a bristle (arista).
• Two ocelli (simple eyes) are present on the top or front of the head.
• The tarsi are made of three segments.
• The femora are at front with, at most, weak spines.
• The hind tibiae have one or more distinct keels, with a row of movable spines on each, sometimes on enlarged bases.
• The base of the middle legs is close together where they originate under the thorax.
• The front wings not particularly thickened.

An additional and unique character of leafhoppers is the production of brochosomes, which are thought to protect the animals, and particularly their egg clutches, from predation as well as pathogens.

File:Cicada0001.jpg of an unidentified Typhlocybinae species]]

Like other Exopterygota, the leafhoppers undergo direct development from nymph to adult without a pupal stage. While many leafhoppers are drab little insects as is typical for the Membracoidea, the adults and nymphs of some species are quite colorful. Some – in particular Stegelytrinae – have largely translucent wings and resemble flies at a casual glance.

Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap. A leafhoppers' diet commonly consists of sap from a wide and diverse range of plants, but some are more host-specific. Leafhoppers mainly are herbivores, but some are known to eat smaller insects, such as aphids, on occasion. A few species are known to be mud-puddling, but as it seems, females rarely engage in such behavior. Many species are also known to opportunistically pierce the human skin and draw blood but the function of such behaviour is unclear.{{Cite journal|last1=Núñez|first1=Edwin Domínguez|last2=Aiello|first2=Annette|author-link2=Annette Aiello|date=2013-01-01|title=Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) that probe human skin: A review of the world literature and nineteen new records, from Panama|journal=Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=201–225|doi=10.1163/18749836-06001064|s2cid=36637453|issn=1874-9836}}

Leafhoppers are micropredators that can act as vectors transmitting plant pathogens, such as viruses, phytoplasmas and bacteria.{{cite journal |last1=Poulin |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Poulin (zoologist) |last2=Randhawa |first2=Haseeb S. |title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics |journal=Parasitology |date=February 2015 |volume=142 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S6–S15 |doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674 |pmc=4413784 |pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}{{cite journal |last1=Weintraub |first1=PG |last2=Beanland |first2=L |title=Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2006 |volume=51 |pages=91–111 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039 |pmid=16332205}} Cicadellidae species that are significant agricultural pests include the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), the maize leafhopper (Cicadulina mbila), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), two-spotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia), blue-green sharpshooter (Graphocephala atropunctata), glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), the common brown leafhopper (Orosius orientalis), rice green leafhoppers (Nephotettix spp.), and the white apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria). The beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) can transmit the beet curly top virus to various members of the nightshade family, including tobacco, tomato, or eggplant, and is a serious vector of the disease in chili pepper in the Southwestern United States.

In some cases, the plant pathogens distributed by leafhoppers are also pathogens of the insects themselves, and can replicate within the leafhoppers' salivary glands. Leafhoppers are also susceptible to various insect pathogens, including Dicistroviridae viruses, bacteria and fungi; numerous parasitoids attack the eggs and the adults provide food for small insectivores.

Some species such as the Australian Kahaono montana even build silk nests under the leaves of trees they live in, to protect them from predators.{{cite journal|title=Silk production by the Australian endemic leafhopper Kahaono montana Evans (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Dikraneurini) provides protection from predators |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00813.x |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|pages=no |year = 2011|last1 = Gurr|first1 = Geoff M.|last2=Fletcher |first2=Murray J. }}File:Leaf hopper nymph coelidia spp..jpg]]

File:Bothrogonia ferruginea Yokohama 20060326.JPG (Cicadellinae), known as {{Transliteration|ja|tsumaguro-ōyokobai}} in Japan]]

In the now-obsolete classification that was used throughout much of the 20th century, the leafhoppers were part of the Homoptera, a paraphyletic assemblage uniting the basal lineages of Hemiptera and ranked as suborder. The splitting of the Homoptera is likely to be repeated for the Auchenorrhyncha for similar reasons, as the Auchenorrhyncha simply seem to group the moderately advanced Hemiptera, regardless of the fact the highly apomorphic Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera (typical bugs) evolved from auchenorrhynchans. Hence, a recent trend treats the most advanced hemipterans as three or four lineages, namely Archaeorrhyncha (Fulgoromorpha if included in Auchenorrhyncha), Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera (sometimes united as Prosorrhyncha) and Clypeorrhyncha.{{cite web |author=David R. Maddison |title=Hemiptera. True bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids, etc. |date=January 1, 1995 |url=http://tolweb.org/Hemiptera/8239/1995.01.01 |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=August 24, 2010}}{{cite web |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |url=http://www.tolweb.org/Auchenorrhyncha/10802 |title=Auchenorrhyncha |date=January 1, 1995 |access-date=August 24, 2010}}{{cite web |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |url=http://www.tolweb.org/Membracoidea/10830 |title=Membracoidea |date=January 1, 1995 |access-date=August 24, 2010}}

Within the latter, the three traditional superfamilies – Cercopoidea (froghoppers and spittlebugs), Cicadoidea (cicadas) and Membracoidea – appear to be monophyletic. The leafhoppers are the most basal living lineage of Membracoidea, which otherwise include the families Aetalionidae (aetalionid treehoppers), Membracidae (typical treehoppers and thorn bugs), Melizoderidae, and Myerslopiidae.

File:Eupteryx.aurata.jpg (Typhlocybinae)|240x240px]]The leafhoppers are divided into 25 subfamilies,{{Cite web|url=http://dmitriev.speciesfile.org/taxahelp.asp?hc=1&key=Erythroneura&lng=En|title=Cicadellidae|date=April 28, 2020|website=3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases}} which are listed here alphabetically, as too little is known about the family's internal phylogeny.

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• Aphrodinae
• Bathysmatophorinae
• Cicadellinae
• Coelidiinae
• Deltocephalinae
• Errhomeninae
• Euacanthellinae
• Eurymelinae
• Evacanthinae
• Hylicinae
• Iassinae
• Jascopinae
• Ledrinae
• Megophthalminae
• Mileewinae
• Nastlopiinae
• Neobalinae
• Neocoelidiinae
• Nioniinae
• Phereurhininae
• Portaninae
• Signoretiinae
• Tartessinae
• Typhlocybinae
• Ulopinae

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• Further information: Agalliopsis, Utecha trivia

File:Aphrodes makarovi in copula.ogv|Aphrodes makarovi in copula (Aphrodinae)

File:Leaf Hopper - Phoenix Arizona - Unknown Species.jpg|Gyponana from Arizona

File:Coppery Leafhopper (Jikradia olitoria) - Guelph, Ontario 2016-08-01.jpg|Jikradia olitoria (subfamily Coelidiinae)

File:Evacanthus nigramericanus male.jpg|Evacanthus nigramericanus (subfamily Evacanthinae)

File:Stirellus bicolor Kaldari 01.jpg|Stirellus bicolor (subfamily Deltocephalinae)

File:Fieberiella florii private leafhooper.webm|Fieberiella florii nymph leafhopper

• List of animals that produce silk
• Planthopper

{{Reflist}}

• Carver, M, FG. Gross, and TE. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects, etc.) In: The Insects of Australia – a Textbook for Students and Research Workers Volume 1. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia".

• {{Wikispecies-inline|Cicadellidae}}
• {{Commons category-inline|Cicadellidae}}
• [https://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_leafhopper_Graphocephala_coccinea/ Red-banded leafhopper Graphocephala coccinea – diagnostic photographs and information]
• [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/Leafhome.html Illinois Natural History Survey:leafhoppers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417194154/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/Leafhome.html |date=2015-04-17 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306121223/http://www.americaninsects.net/h/cicadellidae.html Leafhoppers of North and South America]
• [https://naturalhistory.museumwales.ac.uk/sharpshooters/ Sharpshooter Leafhoppers of the World (Hemiptera: Cicadellinae) – Online Database with color photos of nearly all described species.]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922230123/http://seabrent.tripod.com/ahop.htm Leafhoppers Pinellas County Florida]
• {{cite web| url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/arthropods/| title=New Mexico State University Carol Sutherland leafhopper collection| author1=NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology| author2=Weed Science| access-date=2013-07-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501211331/http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/arthropods/| archive-date=2013-05-01}}
• [http://www1.dpi.nsw.gov.au/keys/auch/index.html Auchenorrhyncha keys, Australia and neighbouring areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718123007/http://www1.dpi.nsw.gov.au/keys/auch/index.html |date=2016-07-18 }}
• [https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/digital/metcalf/index.html DrMetcalf: a resource on cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs, and treehoppers]

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Category:Membracoidea

Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens

Category:Articles containing video clips