Lemnian language

File:Common Tyrrhenic model.svg

A relationship between Lemnian, Raetic and Etruscan, as a Tyrsenian language family, has been proposed by German linguist Helmut Rix due to close connections in vocabulary and grammar.{{Sfn|Rix|1998}} For example,

• Both Etruscan and Lemnian share two unique dative cases, type-I *-si and type-II *-ale, shown both on the Lemnos Stele ({{lang|xle|Hulaie-ši}}, 'for Hulaie', {{lang|xle|Φukiasi-ale}}, 'for the Phocaean') and in inscriptions written in Etruscan ({{lang|ett|aule-si}}, 'to Aule', on the Cippus Perusinus; as well as the inscription {{lang|xle|mi mulu Laris-ale Velχaina-si}}, meaning 'I was blessed for Laris Velchaina');{{sfn|Wallace|2018}}
• A few lexical correspondences have been noted, such as Lemnian {{lang|xle|avis}} ('year') and Etruscan {{lang|ett|avils}} (genitive case); or Lemnian {{lang|xle|šialχvis}} ('sixty') and Etruscan {{lang|ett|šealχls}} (genitive case), both sharing the same internal structure "number + decade suffix + inflectional ending" (Lemnian: ši + alχvi + -s, Etruscan: še + alχl + s);{{sfn|Wallace|2018}}
• They also share the genitive in *-s and a simple past tense in *-a-i (Etruscan -{{angbr|e}} as in {{lang|ett|ame}} 'was' (< *amai); Lemnian -{{angbr|ai}} as in {{lang|xle|šivai}}, meaning 'lived').{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher,{{sfn|Schumacher|1999}}{{sfn|Schumacher|2004}} Carlo De Simone,{{sfn|de Simone|2009}} Norbert Oettinger,{{sfn|Oettinger|2010}} Simona Marchesini,{{sfn|de Simone|Marchesini|2013}} or Rex E. Wallace.{{sfn|Wallace|2018}} Common features between Etruscan, Raetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Raetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split.{{sfn|Marchesini|2013}}{{cite web|author1=Kluge Sindy |author2=Salomon Corinna |author3=Schumacher Stefan|date=2013–2018|title=Raetica|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/raetica/wiki/Raetica|access-date=26 July 2018|website=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna}} The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.{{sfn|Mellaart|1975}}

According to Dutch historian Luuk De Ligt, the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.{{sfn|De Ligt|2009}}

Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples.{{harvnb|Wallace|2010}}: Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kaminia on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.{{sfn|de Simone|2011}}{{sfn|Drews|1995|p=59}}

After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from Lemnos to Etruria or to the Alps where Raetic was spoken. The indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis, were the Sintians, a Thracian population.{{sfn|Ficuciello|2013}}

A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age Latins, and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages,{{sfn|Posth|Zaro|Spyrou|2021}} as already argued by German geneticist Johannes Krause who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as Basque, Paleo-Sardinian and Minoan) "developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution".{{harvnb|Krause|Trappe|2021|p=217}}: It’s likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be known. The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".{{sfn|Posth|Zaro|Spyrou|2021}}

Like Etruscan, the Lemnian language appears to have had a four-vowel system, consisting of "i", "e", "a" and "o". Other languages in the neighbourhood of the Lemnian area, namely Hittite and Akkadian, had similar four-vowel systems, suggesting early areal influence.

The Lemnian inscriptions are in Western Greek alphabet, also called the "red alphabet". The red type is found in most parts of central and northern mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), as well as the island of Euboea, and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy.{{sfn|Woodard|2010}} The alphabet used for Lemnian inscriptions is similar to an archaic variant used to write the Etruscan language in southern Etruria.{{sfn|Marchesini|2009|pages=105–106}}

{{multiple image|align=right|total-width=320|caption1=The Stele of Lemnos.|image1=Stele di Kaminia (secc. VI a.C..) - Fondazione Rovati, Milano - Foto di Giovanni Dall'Orto, 15 Febbr 2023 3.jpg|image2=Stele von Lemnos 02.jpg|caption2=A transcription of the stele.}}

The stele, also known as the stele of Kaminia, was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The 6th century date is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and hellenized it.Herodotus, 6.136-140 The stele bears a low-relief bust of a male soldier and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western ("Chalcidian") Greek alphabet. The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs in Etruscan's own translation started to yield fruit.

The inscription consists of 198 characters forming 33 to 40 words, word separation sometimes indicated with one to three dots. The text on the front consists of three parts, two written vertically (1; 6-7) and one horizontally (2-5). Comprehensible is the phrase {{lang|xle|sivai avis šialχvis}} ('lived forty' years, B.3), reminiscent of Etruscan {{lang|ett|maχs śealχis-c}} ('and forty-five years'), seeming to refer to the person to whom this funerary monument was dedicated, {{lang|xle|holaiesi φokiašiale}} ('to Holaie Phokiaš' B.1), who appeared to have been an official called maras at some point {{lang|xle|marasm avis aomai}} ('and was a maras one year'B3), compare Etruscan {{lang|ett|-m}} "and" (postposition), and {{lang|ett|maru}}.{{sfn|Wallace|2018}} Oddly, this text also contains a word {{lang|xle|naφoθ}} that seems to be connected to Etruscan {{lang|ett|nefts}} "nephew/uncle"; but this is a fairly clear borrowing from Latin nepot-, suggesting that the speakers of this language migrated at some point from the Italic peninsula (or independently borrowed this Indo-European word from somewhere else).{{sfn|Eichner|2012}}

G.Kleinschmidt in 1893 proposed such translation of expression haralio eptesio - king έπιτιδημι. It is a high probability that here king/tyrant of Athens Hippias was mentioned. Tyrand Hippias died in Lemnos in 490 BC.{{sfn|Kleinschmidt|1893}}

Transcription:

:front:

::A.1. {{lang|xle|holaies:naφoθ:siasi|italic=unset}}

::A.2. {{lang|xle|maras:mav|italic=unset}}

::A.3. {{lang|xle|šialχveis:avis|italic=unset}}

::A.4. {{lang|xle|evišθo:seronaiθ|italic=unset}}

::A.5. {{lang|xle|sivai|italic=unset}}

::A.6. {{lang|xle|aker:tavarsio|italic=unset}}

::A.7. {{lang|xle|vanalašial:seronai:morinail|italic=unset}}

:side:

::B.1. {{lang|xle|holaiesi:φokiašiale:seronaiθ:evišθo:toverona|italic=unset}}

::B.2. {{lang|xle|rom:haralio:sivai:eptesio:arai:tis:φoke|italic=unset}}

::B.3. {{lang|xle|sivai:avis:šialχvis:marasm:avis:aomai|italic=unset}}

Another Lemnian inscription was found during excavations at Hephaistia on the island of Lemnos in 2009.{{sfn|de Simone|2011}} The inscription consists of 26 letters arranged in two lines of boustrophedonic script.

Transcription:

:upper line (left to right):

:: {{lang|xle|hktaonosi:heloke|italic=unset}}

:lower line (right to left):

:: {{lang|xle|soromš:aslaš|italic=unset}}

• Eteocretan language
• Tyrsenian languages
• Paleo-European languages

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

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{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705203809/http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/tex/develop.html Development of the Etruscan Alphabet]
• [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Eteocretan/Lemnian.html A Gloss of the Lemnian Inscription]
• [http://blogs.umass.edu/rwallace/2010/12/01/new-lemnian-inscription New Lemnian Inscription at R. Wallace' Rasenna blog]
• [http://etruskisch.de/pgs/gr.htm Etruscan Grammar]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050330053810/http://etp.classics.umass.edu/ The Etruscan Texts Project (ETP)]

{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Etruscans}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Aegean languages in the Bronze Age

Category:Ancient Lemnos

Category:Archaic Greece

Category:Extinct languages of Europe

Category:Tyrsenian languages

Category:Languages extinct in the 6th century BC