Zamboanga del Sur

The name of Zamboanga is the Hispanicized spelling of the Sinama term for "mooring place" - samboangan (also spelled sambuangan; and in Subanen, sembwangan), from the root word samboang ("mooring pole"). "Samboangan" was the original name of Zamboanga City, from where the name of the peninsula is derived from.{{cite journal|author1=Rodney C. Jubilado|author2=Hanafi Hussin|author3=Maria Khristina Manueli|name-list-style=amp|year=2011|title=The Sama-Bajaus of Sulu-Sulawesi Seas: perspectives from linguistics and culture|journal=JATI - Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=83–95|url=http://e-journal.um.edu.my/filebank/articles/2708/Rodney%20Hanafi%20Maria%20-%20THE%20SAMA-BAJAUS%20OF%20SULU-SULAWESI%20SEAS%20PERSPECTIVES%20%20FROM%20LINGUISTICS%20AND%20CULTURE.pdf|archive-date=2014-12-19|access-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219070051/http://e-journal.um.edu.my/filebank/articles/2708/Rodney%20Hanafi%20Maria%20-%20THE%20SAMA-BAJAUS%20OF%20SULU-SULAWESI%20SEAS%20PERSPECTIVES%20%20FROM%20LINGUISTICS%20AND%20CULTURE.pdf|url-status=dead}} "Samboangan" is well-attested in Spanish, British,{{cite book|author=Challenger Expedition 1872-1876|title =Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76 Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares ... and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N.|publisher =H.M. Stationery Office|year =1895|page=823–828}}{{cite book|author=George Newenham Wright|title =A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer, Volume 4|publisher =T. Kelly|year =1837|page=459|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cyQDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA459}} French,{{cite book|author=Antoine-François Prévost|title = Histoire générale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à présent dans les differentes langues de toutes les nations connues|publisher =De Hondt|year =1757|page=37|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bc80uQF_asMC&q=Samboangan&pg=PA37}}{{cite book|author=Pierre Joseph André Roubaud|title =Histoire générale de l'Asie, de l'Afrique et de l'Amérique|publisher =Des Ventes de la Doué|year =1770|page=[https://archive.org/details/histoiregnralede04roub/page/499 499]–500|url =https://archive.org/details/histoiregnralede04roub|quote=Samboangan.}} German,{{cite book|author=John Meares|title =Des Kapitians John Meares und des Kapitains William Douglas Reisen nach der Nordwest-Küste von Amerika, in den Jahren 1786 bis 1789|publisher =Voß|year =1791|page=240|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FfxSAAAAcAAJ&q=Samboangan&pg=PA240}} and American{{cite book|author=Charles Pickering|title =United States Exploring Expedition. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, USN. Volume IX|chapter =The Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution|publisher =C. Sherman|year =1848|page=125|url =http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/19-13/pdf/sil19-13-138.pdf}} historical records from as far back as the 17th century.{{cite book|author=Francisco Combes|title =Historia de las islas de Mindanao, Iolo y sus Adyacentes. Progresos de la Religion y Armas Catolicas|publisher =Pablo del Val|year =1667|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=MuggWaijXnwC}}

This is commonly contested by folk etymologies which instead attribute the name of Zamboanga to the Indonesian word jambangan (claimed to mean "place of flowers", but actually means "pot" or "bowl"), usually with claims that all ethnic groups in Zamboanga were "Malays". However, this name has never been attested in any historical records prior to the 1960s.{{cite web|last1=Enriquez|first1=A.R.|title=Jambangan: the "Garden of Flowers" never was!|url=http://arenriquez.over-blog.com/article-jambangan-the-garden-of-flowers-never-was-83440368.html|website=Antoniofermin's Name|access-date=13 September 2016}}

{{further|Zamboanga (province)|Moro Province}}

File:Zamboanga province map 1918.JPG.

The original inhabitants of the Zamboanga Peninsula were the Subanen, who settled along the riverbanks in inland areas; and the various Sama-Bajau and Yakan ethnic groups who settled in coastal areas. Tausūg settlers from northeastern Mindanao also migrated to the region in the 13th century.{{cite book|author=Alfred Kemp Pallasen|title =Culture Contact and Language Convergence|publisher =Linguistic Society of the Philippines|series =LSP Special Monograph Issue 24|year =1985|url =http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/ling/Culture_Contact_and_Language_Convergence_1985.pdf}}{{cite journal|author=Tom Gunnar Hoogervorst|year=2012|title=Ethnicity and aquatic lifestyles: exploring Southeast Asia's past and present seascapes |journal=Water History|volume=4|issue=3|pages=245–265|doi=10.1007/s12685-012-0060-0|s2cid=53668253|url=http://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Hoogervorst-2012-Sea-peoples-SEA.pdf|doi-access=free|bibcode=2012WatHi...4..245H }}{{cite journal|author=Rodney C. Jubilado|year=2010|title=On cultural fluidity: The Sama-Bajau of the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas|journal=Kunapipi|volume=32|issue=1|pages=89–101|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1257&context=kunapipi}}

The region was additionally settled by migrants (mostly from the Visayas islands) after World War II.{{cite journal|last1=Wernstedt|first1=Frederick L.|last2=Simkins|first2=Paul D. |title=Migrations and the Settlement of Mindanao|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1965|volume=25|issue=1|page=83–103|doi=10.2307/2051042|jstor=2051042|s2cid=161928753 |doi-access=free}} Together with the original settlers, these pioneers helped develop Zamboanga del Sur into the abundant and culturally diverse province that it is..

Historically, Zamboanga was the capital of the Moro Province in western Mindanao, which comprised five districts: Cotabato, Davao, Sulu, Lanao, and Zamboanga. In 1940, these districts became individual provinces. Zamboanga City became the capital of Zamboanga province.

Soon after World War II, the provincial capital was transferred to Dipolog. Molave was created as the provincial capital in 1948.

On June 6, 1952, through Republic Act No. 711, Zamboanga del Sur was carved out from the former Zamboanga province that encompassed the entire peninsula in southwestern Mindanao.{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 711 - An Act to Create the Provinces of Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno711.html|work=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|access-date=28 September 2013}} As the 52nd province of the Philippines, it originally consisted of 11 towns with the City of Zamboanga and the Island of Basilan, which were later expanded into 42 municipalities with the City of Pagadian as the capital.

This happened in the midst of the postwar period, a time when Mindanao was peaceful and increasingly progressive. Ethnic tensions were minimal, and there was essentially no presence of secessionists groups in Mindanao.{{Cite book |last=Miclat |first=Gus |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/644320116 |title=Turning rage into courage : Mindanao under martial law |date=2002 |publisher=MindaNews Publications, Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center |editor-last=Arguillas |editor-first=Carolyn O. |chapter=Our lives were never the same again |oclc=644320116}} Tensions in Mindanao mostly began to rise only as the 1970s approached, as a result of social and economic tensions which affected the whole country.[http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf The Bangsamoro Struggle for Self-Determintation: A Case Study]{{cite book|author1=Colin Mackerras|author2=Foundation Professor in the School of Asian and International Studies Colin Mackerras|title=Ethnicity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi6DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-51517-2|pages=143–}}{{Cite web|last=Rodis|first=Rodel|date=2015-01-30|title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm|access-date=2020-09-15|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}

{{main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Ilaga|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}

The late 1960s in Mindanao saw a rise in land dispute conflicts arising from the influx of settlers from Luzon and Visayas,See "History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos" By Luis H. Francia|[https://books.google.com/books?id=NwQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202] Link to page in the referenced bookFor an in-depth survey of indigenous peoples and forced land seizures in the Philippines, see [https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights] Cultural Survival Quarterly. and from the Marcos administration’s encouragement of militia groups such as the Ilaga. News of the 1968 Jabidah massacre ignited a furor in the Moro community, and ethnic tensions encouraged with the formation of secessionist movements,{{Cite book|last=George, T. J. S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6569089|title=Revolt in Mindanao : the rise of Islam in Philippine politics|year=1980|isbn=0-19-580429-5|location=Kuala Lumpur|oclc=6569089}} starting from the largely political Muslim Independence Movement and Bangsamoro Liberation Organization, and eventually the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969, violent crackdowns on student protests in 1970, and 1971, and eventually the declaration of Martial Law all led to the radicalization of many students. Many of them left schools in Manila and joined New People's Army units in their home provinces, bringing the New People's Army rebellion to Mindanao for the first time.

The September 1972 declaration of Martial Law began a 14-year period historically remembered for its human rights abuses,{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University}}{{Cite book|title=State and society in the Philippines|last1=Abinales|first1=P.N.|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}} often involving the warrantless detention, murder, and physical, sexual, or mental torture of political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}} In Zamboanga del Sur, these were often attributed to military-endorsed Militias, which included the Ilaga and a number of armed cult groups, which were used to enhance the military's numbers as it fought various resisntance movements.{{cite web | last =Rachman | first =Arpan | title =Private Armed Militias Worsen Impunity | url =https://www.seapa.org/private-armed-militias-worsen-impunity/ | date =2 December 2014 | accessdate =11 May 2016 | archive-date =25 October 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211025095838/https://www.seapa.org/private-armed-militias-worsen-impunity/ | url-status =dead }}{{cite book | title = The Philippines: Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides | publisher = Human Rights Watch | year = 1990 | isbn = 0929692527 | url = https://archive.org/details/philippinesviola00huma | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/philippinesviola00huma/page/41 41] | quote = Civilian Home Defense Forces. }}

The year 1982 was a particularly bloody year for Zamboanga del Sur under the Marcos dictatorship, as two massacres happened in the province that year. On February 12, 1982, members of the Ilaga killed 12 persons in Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur, allegedly to avenge the death of their leader, who they believed had been killed by the NPA.{{Cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/97552/martial-law-massacres|title=Martial law massacres|last=Doyo|first=Ma. Ceres P.|author-link=Maria Ceres Doyo|access-date=2018-06-18|language=en}} And on May 25, 1982, three people were killed and eight people were injured when the administration's airplanes dropped bombs on Barangay Dimalinao of Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur, allegedly as reprisal for the killing of 23 soldiers by supposed rebels two days earlier. Days later, two more men from the community were picked up and killed, and a few months later, the residence of Bayog's Jesuit parish priest was strafed after he had written letters decrying the torture and harassment of the indigenous Subanon people from his parish, whom government had tagged as communist supporters.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CxOwAACAAJ|title=Pumipiglas: Political Detention and Military Atrocities in the Philippines, 1981-1982|date=1986|publisher=Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines|language=en}}

Political developments in February 2001 saw another major change in the territorial jurisdiction of Zamboanga del Sur. Its inhabitants voted to create a new province out of the third congressional district, named Zamboanga Sibugay.{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 8973; An Act Creating the Province of Zamboanga Sibugay from the Province of Zamboanga del Sur and for Other Purposes|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ra_11/RA08973.pdf|website=House of Representatives of the Philippines|access-date=13 January 2016}}

Zamboanga del Sur covers a total area of {{convert|4,499.46|km2}}{{PSGC detail|nscb}} occupying the southern section of the Zamboanga peninsula in western Mindanao. It is located at longitude 122° 30"" and latitude 7° 15"" north. When Zamboanga City is included for statistical purposes, the province's land area is {{Convert|591416|ha|km2}}.{{PSGC detail|nscb}} The province is bordered on the north by Zamboanga del Norte, west by Zamboanga Sibugay, northeast by Misamis Occidental, east by Lanao del Norte, southeast by Illana Bay, and south by the Moro Gulf.

File:Dao dao Islands.jpg

Stretching northward from Sibugay in the southwest and running along the northern boundary to Salug Valley in the east is the province’s mountainous countryside. The coastal plains extend regularly from south to west then spread into wide flat lands when reaching the coastal plains of the Baganian peninsula in the southeast.

The longest river in Region IX, the Sibugay River gets its water from the mountains of Zamboanga del Sur most specifically in Bayog and Lakewood, from where it flows into Sibuguey Bay which is now part of Zamboanga Sibugay. Other notable rivers are the Kumalarang River, the Dinas River with its headwaters in the Mount Timolan Protected Landscape, and Salug River in Molave.

{{clear left}}

The province has a relatively high mean annual rainfall: {{convert|1599|to|3500|mm|in}}. Temperature is relatively warm and constant throughout the year: {{convert|22|to|35|C|F}}.

{{Weather box

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

|location=Zamboanga del Sur

|temperature colour=pastel

|Jan high C=30.4

|Feb high C=30.5

|Mar high C=31.6

|Apr high C=32.6

|May high C=32.3

|Jun high C=31.7

|Jul high C=31.6

|Aug high C=31.6

|Sep high C=31.8

|Oct high C=31.5

|Nov high C=31.4

|Dec high C=30.8

|Jan low C=21.8

|Feb low C=21.9

|Mar low C=20.8

|Apr low C=22.2

|May low C=21.2

|Jun low C=21.0

|Jul low C=21.1

|Aug low C=21.0

|Sep low C=21.1

|Oct low C=21.3

|Nov low C=21.4

|Dec low C=21.3

|Jan rain days=15

|Feb rain days=10

|Mar rain days=8

|Apr rain days=7

|May rain days=10

|Jun rain days=17

|Jul rain days=16

|Aug rain days=16

|Sep rain days=14

|Oct rain days=16

|Nov rain days=17

|Dec rain days=16

| source = Storm247 {{cite web|title=Weather forecast for Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines|url=http://uk.storm247.com/weather/120256534/climate|website=Storm247|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070842/http://uk.storm247.com/weather/120256534/climate|url-status=dead}}

}}

{{multiple image

| header = Map of Zamboanga del Sur

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| total_width = 400

| image1 = Ph fil zamboanga del sur.png

| caption1 = Excluding Zamboanga City

| image2 = Zamboanga del Sur with HUC of Zamboanga.png

| caption2 = Including the highly-urbanized city of Zamboanga for geographical and statistical purposes only

}}

Zamboanga del Sur comprises 26 municipalities, 1 component city and 1 highly urbanized city organized into two congressional districts and further subdivided into 681 barangays.

Traditionally grouped with Zamboanga del Sur is the highly urbanized city of Zamboanga, which is administratively independent from the province.

{{unbulleted list

| {{Color box|#CCFFCC|†|border=darkgray}} {{font|Provincial capital and component city|size=90%}}

| {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{font|Municipality|size=90%}}

| {{Color box|#FFF895|‡|border=darkgray}} {{font|Highly urbanized city (statistically grouped but independent from the province)|size=90%}}

| ∞ {{font|Largest settlement|size=90%}}

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{{Philippine Census

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| title= Population census of {{PH wikidata|name}}

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| 1960 = {{PH census population|1960}}

| 1970 = {{PH census population|1970}}

| 1975 = {{PH census population|1975}}

| 1980 = {{PH census population|1980}}

| 1990 = {{PH census population|1990}}

| 1995 = {{PH census population|1995}}

| 2000 = {{PH census population|2000}}

| 2007 = {{PH census population|2007}}

| 2010 = {{PH census population|2010}}

| 2015 = {{PH census population|2015}}

| 2020 = {{PH census population|2020}}

| 2025 =

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| footnote = (excluding Zamboanga City)
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015|09}}{{PH census|2010|09}}{{PH census|2010}}

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The population of Zamboanga del Sur in the 2020 census was 1,050,668 people,{{PH census|current}} with a density of {{convert|{{sigfig|1,050,668/4,499.46|2}}|PD/km2|disp=or}}. When Zamboanga City is included for statistical purposes, the province's population is 2,027,902 people, with a density of {{Pop density|1872473|5914.16|km2|mi2|prec=0}}.

Most of the inhabitants in Zamboanga del Sur are Roman Catholics{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}. Other Christian groups are Baptists, Methodists, Aglipayans, Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist and other Evangelical Christians. There is a large Muslim minority.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

The most commonly spoken first language in the province is Cebuano, while Chavacano is the majority language in and around Zamboanga City. Filipino and English are also widely used and understood as the national and official language (Filipino) and co-official language (English) of the Philippines, with the former used as a lingua franca for and between various non-local ethnic groups or recent migrants and their families. Minority languages include Maguindanaon, Subanen, Tausug, Maranao, and Iranun as well as Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Waray.

{{stack|float=left|{{PH poverty incidence}}}}

File:Pagadianview.jpg

The economy is predominantly agricultural. Products include coco oil, livestock feed milling, rice/corn milling, including the processing of fruits, gifts and housewares made from indigenous materials like handmade paper, roots, rattan, buri, and bamboo; wood-based manufacture of furniture and furniture components from wood, rattan, and bamboo; marine and aquaculture including support services; construction services and manufacture of marble, concrete, and wooden construction materials. There are also mining areas in the province, such as those found in the municipality of Bayog managed by TVI, a Canadian-based mining firm which concentrates on gold mining, and the Cebu Ore Mining which is handling the Ore-Copper-Steel mines. There are also small-scale mines in the municipality of Dumingag.

Governor:

• Victor J. Yu (PDP-Laban)

Vice Governor:

• Roseller L. Ariosa (UNA)

Representatives:

• 1st District - Divina Grace C. Yu (PDP-Laban)
• 2nd District - Leonardo L. Babasa Jr. (PDP-Laban)

Board Members:

{{col-begin}}

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• 1st District:
• Baldomero Fernandez (PDP-Laban)
• Rogelio Saniel (UNA)
• Cesar Dacal Jr. (PDP-Laban)
• Francisvic Villamero (PDP-Laban)
• Almando Sanoria (NUP)

{{col-break}}

• 2nd District:
• Juan Regala (PDP-Laban)
• Basilio Vidad (PDP-Laban)
• Raul Famor (PDP-Laban)
• Ronaldo Poloyapoy (PDP-Laban)
• Jennifer Mariano (PDP-Laban)

{{col-break}}

• Ex-Officio:
• ABC President:
• PCL President: Teomila Nobleza (PDP-Laban)
• SK Federation President: Vergel Pilar

{{col-end}}

{{clear}}

• Felip Jhon Suson a.k.a. Ken - member of Filipino pop boy band, SB19 (Lakewood)
• Antonio Cerilles - former Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) during the term of President Joseph Estrada; {{small|(from 1998 to 2001)}}; Governor of Zamboanga del Sur from 2010 to 2019 (Pagadian)
• Mateo Olivar - Catholic church worker of the Diocese of Pagadian{{Cite web |date=1998-11-26 |title=UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1998/11/26/27-names-sent-to-vatican-to-consider-as-20th-century-martyrs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004023107/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1998/11/26/27-names-sent-to-vatican-to-consider-as-20th-century-martyrs&post_id=12538 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Union of Catholic Asian News}} assassinated during the Marcos dictatorship and one of the first to be formally acknowledged as a martyr of the religious sector's resistance against the Marcos dictatorship at the Philippines’ Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Pagadian){{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Martyrs and Heroes: Mateo Olivar |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/mateo-olivar/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231004021546/https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/mateo-olivar/ |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani website |language=en-US}}
• Enrique Ona - former Secretary of Health ({{small|2010}} - {{small|December 19, 2014}}); former executive director of the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (Pagadian)
• Francese Therese Pinlac - is a member of MNL48's Team L. She was also a member of TGC Senbatsu before being promoted as an official member of MNL48, the official sister group of the highest-selling JPOP phenomenon, AKB48 (Pagadian)
• Divina Grace Yu - current 1st district Representative of Zamboanga del Sur
• Victor Yu - current Governor of Zamboanga del Sur from 2019–present (Pagadian)

{{Main|Category:People from Zamboanga City|Zamboanga City#Notable personalities}}

{{reflist}}

{{GeoGroup}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{OSM relation|1513233}}
• [http://www.zamboangadelsur.gov.ph/ Official website of Zamboanga del Sur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308221908/http://www.zamboangadelsur.gov.ph/ |date=2012-03-08 }}
• [http://www.zambotimes.com Daily Zamboanga Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512062522/http://www.zambotimes.com/ |date=2016-05-12 }}

{{Geographic location

| Centre = Zamboanga del Sur

| North = Zamboanga del Norte

| Northeast = Misamis Occidental

| East = Lanao del Norte

| Southeast = Illana Bay

| South = Moro Gulf

| West = Zamboanga Sibugay

}}

{{Zamboanga del Sur|state=expanded}}

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Category:States and territories established in 1952

Category:1952 establishments in the Philippines