Lesser Poland dialect group

Descended from the language of the Vistulans, is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Stanisław Urbańczyk |encyclopedia=Encyklopedia języka polskiego |title=Dialekt małopolski |url=http://artur.czesak.webpark.pl/Stronica/Dialmlp.html |edition=II |year=1992 |publisher=Ossolineum |location=Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków |pages=60 |language=pl}} the dialects are:{{cite web |url= http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski|title= Dialekt małopolski|last= Karaś|first= Halina|year= 2010|website=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|access-date= 16 July 2024}}

:* Łęczyca dialect

:* Sieradz dialect

:* Masovian Borderland dialect

:* Kielce dialect

:* Kraków dialect

:* Lasovia dialect

:* Eastern Kraków dialect

:* Carpathian-Podgórze Lach dialects

::*Podegrodzie dialect

::*Limanowa dialect

:* Western Lublin dialect

:* Eastern Lublin dialect

:* Przemyśl dialect

:* Lwów dialect

:* Biecz dialect

The Goral ethnolect (the name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals in Western Carpathians bordering Poland and Slovakia), which include:

:* Carpathian-Podgórze Goral dialects

::* Babia Góra dialect

::* Kliszczak dialect

::* Pieniny dialect

::* Łącko dialect

::* Piwniczna

:* Żywiec dialect

:* Orawa dialect

:* Podhale dialect

:* Spisz dialect

:* Zagórze dialect

:* Kysuce dialect

:* Ochotnica dialect

:* Liptov dialect (not to be confused with the Slovakian Liptov dialect)

Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:{{cite book|title=Dialekty polskie|author= Karol Dejna|year=1973|pages=254–261}}

1. *telt > tlet
2. * tórt’ > trot
3. *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars)
4. *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny
5. *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno
6. voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid
7. bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f < chw
8. Mazuration
9. ḷ > ł > u̯
10. depalatalization of word final palatal labials
11. phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge)
12. -ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł
13. Tendency for assimilation and simplification:
14. velarization of n before k (phonemic?)
15. -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść)
16. weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova
17. strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż
18. rs, r-z > rz
19. kk > k
20. Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá
21. Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-)
22. śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź
23. placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress
24. loss of intervocalic j and contraction
25. preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny)
26. ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér
27. In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN
28. i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i
29. Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?)
30. á > o tako trova
31. é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard
32. Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł)
33. diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially)
34. sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó
35. Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o||’e, miotła||mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above
36. Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby
37. Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om
38. -iszcze > -isko
39. Spread of -asty, -isty
40. -‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants
41. use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-))
42. loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác
43. replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach
44. Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole
45. Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego
46. Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa
47. Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa
48. Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-
49. Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę
50. Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl-
51. spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak.
52. Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) < -ech, contaminated with -(ś)ḿ as well as with the aorist form of the auxiliary verb bych in the south-wst: nosiłek, byłak; elsewhere -em (-m after a vowel), which can voice the stem: zaniuzem, zanius. This form could be a reduction of -chm(y)
53. Creation of the first person plural preteriate ending -chmy via contamination -(je)sm + (by)chom and under the influence of the pronoun my: nieślichmy. In some Lesser Poland subdialects, -sm > -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście
54. Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared.

{{commonscat|Lesser Poland dialect}}

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Category:Polish dialects

Category:Lesser Poland

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