Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance

|+

!Meaning

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!Classical word

!Inherited descendants{{efn|Clearly borrowed words are not counted as descendants. This excludes, for instance, the Italian word igne 'fire, which was taken from Latin.

List of abbreviations:

Fr. — French (central)
OOcc. — Old Occitan
Occ. — Occitan (central)
OCat. — Old Catalan
Cat. — Catalan (central)
Ara. — Aragonese
OSp. — Old Spanish
Sp. — Spanish (central)
Ast. — Asturian
OPt. — Old Portuguese
Pt. — Portuguese (central)
Lig. — Ligurian
Pie. — Piedmontese
Lmb. — Lombard (Milanese)
Rms. — Romansh
Frl. — Friulan
Vgl. — Vegliote
OIt. — Old Italian
It. — Italian
Srd. — Sardinian (Logudorese)
Sic. — Sicilian
Ro. — Romanian
ARo. — Aromanian|name=|group=lower-greek}}

| rowspan="62" |

!Competitor(s) in Proto-Romance

!Inherited descendants

!Origin

|omnis

|It. ogni

|totus

|Fr. tout, Oc. tot, Cat. tot, Sp. todo, Pt. todo, Srd. totu, It. tutto, Ro. tot

|Meant 'entire' in CL.

| rowspan="3" |ante

| rowspan="3" |OIt. anti, Sp. ante

|avante

|Fr. avant, Occ. avan, Cat. abans, Pt. avante, Sp. avante,{{efn|With the specialized sense of 'forward', cf. the Portuguese cognate.|name=|group=lower-greek}} It. avanti

|Ab 'away from' + ante.

|OPt. enante, OSp. enante, Vgl. aninč, OIt. inanti, Nea. 'nnante, Ro. înainte, ARo. nãnte

|In + ante.

|Sp. antes, Pt. antes

|Ante + an adverbial analogical -s.

|incipere

|Rms. entscheiver, Ro. începe(re)

|comintiare

|Fr. commencer, Occ. començar, Cat. començar, Sp. comenzar, Pt. começar, It. cominciare

|Prefixed and syncopated version of LL initiare 'start', a verb based on CL initium 'beginning'.

| rowspan="2" |avis

| rowspan="2" |Cat. au, Sp. ave, Pt. ave, Srd. ae

|aucellus

|Fr. oiseau, Occ. aucèl, Cat. ocell, It. uccello

|Diminutive of avis.

|Sp. pájaro, Pt. pássaro, Ro. pasăre, It. passero

|Alteration of CL passer 'sparrow'.

|felis

|—

|cattus

|Fr. chat, Occ. cat, Cat. gat, Sp. gato, Pt. gato, It. gatto

|Late borrowing of obscure origin.

|auris

|—

|auricla~oricla

|Fr. oreille, Occ. aurelha, Cat. orella, Sp. oreja, Pt. orelha, It. orecchio, Ro. ureche

|Diminutive of auris.

| rowspan="2" |edere

| rowspan="2" |—

|comedere

|Sp. comer, Pt. comer

|Prefixed and regularized version of edere.

|Fr. manger, Occ. manjar, Cat. menjar, Ara. minchar, OIt. manicare, It. mangiare, Ro. mâncare

|Meant 'chew' in CL.

|vesper

|Fr. vêpre, Occ. vèspre, Cat. vespre, Pie. vespr, Lmb. vèsper, Vgl. viaspro

|sera

|Fr. soir, Rms. saira, Vgl. saira, It. sera, Ro. seară

|Likely a shortening of an expression such as sera dies 'late (part of the) day'.

|ignis

|—

|focus

|Fr. feu, Occ. fuòc, Cat. foc, Sp. fuego, Pt. fogo, It. fuoco, Ro. foc

|Meant 'hearth' in CL.

| rowspan="2" |pugna

| rowspan="2" |—

|lucta

|Fr. lutte, Occ. lucha, Cat. lluita, Sp. lucha, Pt. luta, It. lotta, Ro. luptă

|Noun based on CL luctari 'wrestle, struggle'.

|Fr. bataille, Occ. batalha, Cat. batalla, Pt. batalha, It. battaglia, Ro. bătaie

|Alteration of earlier battualia, from CL battuere 'strike', an early borrowing from Gaulish.

|a~ab

|Occ. amb, Cat. amb{{efn|With the transferred sense of 'with', cf. the Catalan cognate. The original form in both languages, as attested in medieval texts, was ab.|name=|group=lower-greek}}

|de

|Fr. de, Oc. de, Cat. de, Sp. de, Pt. de, It. di, Ro. de

|Meant 'down from' in CL.

|iuvare

|Frl. zovâ, It. giovare

|adiutare

|Fr. aider, Occ. ajudar, Cat. ajudar, Sp. ayudar, Pt. ajudar, It. aiutare, Ro. ajutare

|Frequentative of CL adiuvare, a prefixed version of iuvare.

|domus

|It. duomo,{{efn|With the specialized sense of 'cathedral'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Srd. domu

|casa

|OFr. chiese,{{efn|Survives in modern French as chez, a grammaticalized expression meaning 'at the house of', cf. Catalan ca and Italian ca'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Occ. casa, Cat. casa, Sp. casa, Pt. casa, It. casa, Ro. casă

|Meant 'hut' in CL.

|equus

|—

|caballus

|Fr. cheval, Oc. caval, Cat. cavall, Sp. caballo, Pt. cavalo, It. cavallo. Ro. cal.

|Originally 'workhorse, nag'.

|intus

|OFr. enz, Lig. inte

|deintus

|Fr. dans, Occ. dins, Cat. dins, It. dentro, Nea. dinto, Pt. dentro

|De + intus, originally 'from within'. Attested in Late Latin.

|culina

|—

|cocina

|Fr. cuisine, Occ. cosina, Cat. cuina, Sp. cocina, Pt. cozinha, It. cucina

|Noun based on CL coquere 'cook'.

|scire

|Ro. știre, Srd. ischire

|sapere

|Fr. savoir, Occ. saber, Cat. saber, Sp. saber, Pt. saber, It. sapere

|Meant 'taste' in CL, but with the secondary senses of 'understand' and 'be intelligent'.

|agnus

|Pt. anho

|agnellus

|Fr. agneau, Occ. anhèl, Cat. anyell, Rms. agnè, It. agnello, Sic. agneddu, Ro. miel

|Originally simply the diminutive of agnus.

|crus

|—

|camba~gamba

|Fr. jambe, Occ. camba, Cat. cama, OSp. cama, It. gamba, Ro. gambă

|Late borrowing of Greek καμπή.

|vir

|—

|homo

|Fr. homme, Occ. òme, Cat. home, Sp. hombre, Pt. homem, It. uomo, Ro. om

|Meant 'human being' in CL.

|pecunia

|ARo. picunj~piculj

|denarii

|Fr. deniers, Occ. dinèrs, Cat. diners, Sp. dineros, Pt. dinheiros, It. denari, Ro. dinari

|Referred to a specific type of coin in CL, though was used as a metonym for 'money' in Cicero's letters.

|os

|—

|bucca

|Fr. bouche, Occ. boca, Cat. boca, Sp. boca, Pt. boca, It. bocca, Ro. bucă{{efn|Only the Romanian word continues to mean 'cheek'.|name=|group=lower-greek}}

|Meant 'cheek' in CL. Attested in the sense of 'mouth' already in the writings of Petronius.Dworkin 2016: 584

|angustus

|Sp. angosto, It. angusto, Ro. îngust

|strictus

|Fr. étroit, Occ. estreit, Cat. estret, Sp. estrecho, Pt. estreito, It. stretto, Ro. strâmt

|Meant 'tightened' in CL.

| rowspan="3" |nunc

| rowspan="3" |—

|ora

|Sp. ora, Pt. hora, It. ora

|CL hora 'hour, time'.

|Fr. or, Occ. aüra, Cat. ara

|Composed of CL ad + hora(m). Attested in the writings of Anthimus.Herman 2000: 96

|Sp. ahora, Pt. agora

|Composed of CL hac 'this' + hora.

|vetus

|OFr. viet, Sp. viedo, OPt. vedro, It. vieto

|veclus

|Fr. vieux, Occ. vièlh, Cat. vell, Sp. viejo, Pt. velho, It. vecchio, Ro. vechi

|Alteration of CL vetulus, a diminutive of vetus.

|dexter

|OFr. destre, OOcc. dèstre, Cat. destre, Sp. diestro, Pt. destro,{{efn|Today mostly obsolete in the directional sense, cf. the Spanish and Catalan cognates.|name=|group=lower-greek}} It. destro

|directus~drectus

|Fr. droit, Occ. dreit, Cat. dret, Sp. derecho, Pt. direito, It. diritto, Ro. drept

|Meant 'straight' or 'level' in CL.

|funis

|It. fune, Ro. funie

|corda

|Occ. còrda, Cat. corda, Sp. cuerda, Pt. corda, It. corda, Ro. coardă

|Borrowing of Greek χορδή.

| rowspan="3" |dies saturni

| rowspan="3" |—

|dies sabbati

|Occ. dissabte, Cat. dissabte

|Lit. 'day of the Sabbath'.

|Fr. samedi, Rms. sonda

|The same but reversed and with a nasal infix.

|Sp. sábado, Pt. sábado, It. sabato, Ro. sâmbătă,{{efn|Now a feminine word, likely influenced by zi (f.) 'day'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Srd. sàpadau

|Simply the word for 'Sabbath' on its own.

|tunica

|Cat. tonga, Sp. tonga, It. tonaca

|camisia

|Fr. chemise, Occ. camisa, Cat. camisa, Sp. camisa, Pt. camisa, It. camicia, Ro. cămașă

|Late borrowing from Gaulish.

|brevis

|Fr. bref, Occ. brèu, Cat. breu, It. breve, Sp. breve, Pt. breve

|curtus

|Fr. court, Occ. cort, Sp. corto, OPt. corto, It. corto, Ro. scurt{{efn|Derived from *ex-curtus.|name=|group=lower-greek}}

|Meant 'cut short, mutilated' in CL.

|infirmus

|OFr. enfer, OOcc. eferm, Sp. enfermo, Pt. enfermo, It. infermo

|malabitus

|Fr. malade, Occ. malaut, Cat. malalt, It. malato, Srd. malaidu

|Contraction of LL male habitus 'in poor shape'.

|cutis

|

|pellis

|Fr. peau, Occ. pèl, Cat. pell, Sp. piel, Pt. pele, It. pelle, Ro. piele

|Meant 'animal hide' in CL.

| rowspan="3" |loqui

| rowspan="3" |—

|fabulare

|OOcc. faular, Vgl. favlur, OIt. favolare, Sp. hablar, Pt. falar

|Regularization of the rare CL fabulari 'chat', originally 'tell stories', a verb based on fabula.

|Frl. fevelâ, OIt. favellare, Srd. faeddare

|Verb based on CL fabella, the diminutive of fabula.

|Fr. parler, Occ. parlar, Cat. parlar, It. parlare

|Verb based on CL parabola 'parable', a borrowing of Greek παραβολή.

|saxum

|Pt. seixo,{{efn|With the specialized sense of 'pebble'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} It. sasso

|petra

|Fr. pierre, Occ. pèira, Cat. pedra, Sp. piedra, Pt. pedra, It. pietra, Ro. piatră

|Late borrowing of Greek πέτρα.

| rowspan="2" |dies solis

| rowspan="2" |—

|dies dominicus

|Fr. dimanche, Occ. dimenge, Cat. diumenge, Sp. domingo, Srd. dominigu

| rowspan="2" |Lit. 'day of the Lord'. Dies 'day' could be either masculine or feminine in Latin.

|Vgl. domienca, It. domenica, Ro. duminică

|celer

|

|rapidus

|OFr. rade, OSp. raudo, OIt. ratto, Ro. repede

|Meant 'hasty' in CL.

|gladius

|OFr. glai,{{efn|With the transferred sense of 'sword-lily'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} OOcc. glazi, OIt. ghiado

|spatha

|Fr. épée, Occ. espasa, Cat. espasa, Sp. espada, Pt. espada, It. spada, Ro. spată

|Borrowing of Greek σπάθη. A long cavalry sword, which superseded gladius in the 3rd C.

|docere

|OFr. duire

|insignare

|Fr. enseigner, Occ. ensenhar, Cat. ensenyar, Sp. enseñar, Pt. ensinar, It. insegnare

|Prefixed version of CL signare 'note, indicate'.

| rowspan="2" |densus

| rowspan="2" |Ro. des, Vgl. dais

|grossus

|Fr. gros, Occ. gròs, Cat. gros, Sp. grueso, Pt. grosso, It. grosso, Ro. gros

|Of obscure origin.

|Fr. épais, Occ. espés, Cat. espès, Sp. espeso, Pt. espesso, It. spesso

|Generally meant 'slow', 'difficult', etc. in CL.

|cogitare

|OFr. cuidier, Occ. cuidar, Cat. cuidar, Sp. cuidar, Pt. cuidar,{{efn|With the transferred sense of 'care (for)' and 'pay attention', cf. the Spanish and Catalan cognates.|name=|group=lower-greek}} OIt. coitare, Ro. cugetare

|pensare

|Fr. penser, Occ. pensar, Cat. pensar, Sp. pensar, Pt. pensar, It. pensare, Ro. păsare{{efn|With the transferred sense of 'care'.|name=|group=lower-greek}}

|Generally meant 'weigh' in CL, along with the extended sense of 'consider'.

| rowspan="2" |cras

| rowspan="2" |OSp. cras, OPt. cras, OIt. crai, Sic. crai, Srd. cras

|mane

|Ro. mâine

|Meant 'in the morning' in CL.

|Fr. demain, Occ. deman, Cat. demà, Rms. damaun, It. domani

|LL expression meaning 'early in the morning'.

|tangere

|OCat. tànyer, Sp. tañer,{{efn|Had the sense of 'touch' in medieval times but has since come to mean 'play (an instrument)', cf. the Portuguese cognate.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Pt. tanger

|toccare

|Fr. toucher, Occ. tocar, Cat. tocar, Sp. tocar, Pt. tocar, It. toccare, Ro. tocare

|Borrowed from Germanic, with the original sense of 'hit, strike'.

|intellegere

|Rms. encleger, Ro. înțelegere

|intendere

|Fr. entendre, Occ. entendre, Cat. entendre, Sp. entender, Pt. entender, It. intendere

|Had various senses in CL, most relevantly 'direct one's attention (towards)'.

|hebdomas

|OFr. domée, Ct. doma, Rms. jamna, Vgl. jedma, OIt. edima and domada.Dworkin 2016: 585

|septimana

|Fr. semaine, Occ. setmana, Cat. setmana, Sp. semana, Pt. semana, Vgl. setimuon, It. settimana, Ro. săptămână

|Attested in LL, from CL septem 'seven', referring to the number of days in a week.

|latus

|Fr. lé, Ro. lat

|largus

|Fr. large, Occ. larg, Cat. llarg, OSp. largo,{{efn|1=Modern Spanish largo has come to mean 'long' and has completed ousted the original luengo (=Lat. longus) from that role.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Pt. largo, It. largo, Ro. larg

|Meant 'abundant' in CL.

|verbum

|Fr. verve,{{efn|With the transferred sense of 'eloquence'.|name=|group=lower-greek}} OSp. vierbo, Ast. vierbu, Ro. vorbă{{efn|Etymology remains disputed.|name=|group=lower-greek}}

|parabola

|Fr. parole, Occ. paraula, Cat. paraula, Sp. palabra, Pt. palavra, It. parola, Srd. paragula

|Meant 'parable' in CL, a borrowing of Greek παραβολή.

|laborare

|Occ. laurar, Cat. llaurar, Sp. labrar,{{efn|With the specialized sense of 'plough', cf. the Catalan, Occitan, and Portuguese cognates.|name=|group=lower-greek}} Pt. lavrar, Rms. luvrar, It. lavorare

|tripaliare

|Fr. travailler, Occ. trabalhar, Cat. treballar, Sp. trabajar, Pt. trabalhar, Srd. triballare

|Verb based on LL tripalium, a sort of torture device made of three stakes.