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Lindley system

{{short description|Taxonomic system of plant classification, by John Lindley (1799–1865)}}

An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (Natural History, 1830).{{sfn|Lindley|1830}} This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813).{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/46/mode/1up 1830 Lindley An Introduction &c]}} He developed this further over a number of publications, including the Nixus plantarum (1833){{sfn|Lindley|1833}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/47/mode/1up 1833 Lindley Nixus]}} and a second edition of Natural History (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families).{{sfn|Lindley|1836}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/52/mode/1up 1836 Lindley A Natural System &c]}} He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838).{{sfn|Lindley|1838}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/54/mode/1up 1838 Lindley Exogens]}} In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register.{{sfn|Lindley|1839}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/55/mode/1up 1839 Lindley Botanical Register]}} Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his Vegetable Kingdom (1846, 1847, 1853).{{sfn|Lindley|1846}}{{sfn|Lindley|1847}}{{sfn|Lindley|1853}}

The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/57/mode/1up Summary tables p. xxxvii ]}} In the Vegetable Kingdom,{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} with the schema on p. lv.{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. lv]}} Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in [Square brackets].

Summary

= ''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830) =

:Schema p. xxxv,{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/55/mode/1up General view ]}}

:Outline p. xxxvii

:Index p. 345

:Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)

= ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846–1853)=

:Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)

:Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. lv]}}

:Genera organised into Alliances and Orders

Flowerless plants (Asexual)

Flowering plants (Sexual)

  • Class III: Rhizogens
  • Class IV: Endogens
  • Class V: Dictyogens
  • Class VI: Gymnogens
  • Class VII: Exogens
  • Index to Vegetable Kingdom p. 833{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/975/mode/1up p. 833]}}

Natural History orders (1830–1836)

165 orders (list p. 3)

= Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants =

p. 1

== Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) ==

== Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) ==

Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up xlvi]}}

  • Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/320/mode/1up Petaloideae p. 252]}}

(May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Petaloideae p. xlvi]}}

.....

= Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants =

p. 307

Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)

(pages refer to 1853 edition)

= Flowerless plants =

p. 5

== Class I: Thallogens ==

3 Alliances

== Class II: Acrogens ==

3 Alliances p. 51

= Flowering plants =

== Class III: Rhizogens ==

3 orders p. 83

== Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons) ==

11 Alliances p. 95

== Class V: Dictyogens ==

5 orders p. 211

== Class VI: Gymnogens ==

4 orders p. 221

== Class VII: Exogens ==

4 subclasses

  • Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
  • Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
  • Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
  • Family 116: Violaceae p. 338
  • Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
  • 48. Echiales p. 649
  • Family 258: Boraginaceae p. 655
  • Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688

Notes

His final schemata is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom, his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/61/mode/1up p. lv]}} In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.

References

{{Reflist|20em|refs=

{{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/261/mode/1up Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155]}}

{{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/310/mode/1up Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200]}}

}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin|30em}}

  • {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Nixus plantarum|date=1833|publisher=Apud Ridgway et filios|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77192#/summary}}
  • {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum|date=1838|publisher=Charles Knight|location=London|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledgeVolume10Ernesti-Frustum#page/n127/mode/2up|chapter=Exogens|pages=120–123}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden|journal=Botanical Register|volume=xxv|pages=76–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA76|date=1839}}

;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)

  • {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|date=1836|orig-year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/anaturalsystemb00lindgoog}}

;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)

  • {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|edition=1st|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary}}
  • {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1847|orig-year=1846|edition=2nd|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/109531}}
  • {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd.|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary}}

{{refend}}

{{List of systems of plant taxonomy}}

system, Lindley