list of systems of plant taxonomy

{{Short description|Chronological list of systems of plant taxonomy}}

File:Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg's Systema Naturae, Leiden, 1735]]

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification.

A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).

There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems.

A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.

Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many versions.

Chronological list of systems

= Pre-Linnaean =

{{See also|Taxonomy_(biology)#Pre-Linnaean taxonomy{{!}}Pre-Linnaean taxonomy}}
:Theophrastus classification
::Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants), c. 300 BC
::Causes of Plants, c. 300 BC
:Dioscorides classification
::De Materia Medica, c. 60 AD
:Albertus Magnus classification
::De Vegetabilibus, c. 1256 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811098]
:Caesalpino classification
::De plantis libri XVI, 1583
:John Gerard classification
:: Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
:Gaspard Bauhin classification
:: Pinax theatri botanici, 1623
:John Ray classification
:: Historia Plantarum, 1686–1704
:Tournefort classification
:: Éléments de botanique, 1694

= From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)=

Linnaean systems
:Systema Naturae, 1st edition, 1735.
:Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758 (vol. 1), 1759 (vol. 2). Starting point of zoological nomenclature.
:Species Plantarum, 1753. Starting point of botanical nomenclature.
:Genera Plantarum, 1737 (1st ed.), 1753 (5th ed.).
:Philosophia Botanica, 1751.
Adanson system
: Familles naturelles des plantes, 1763.
de Jussieu system
:{{cite book|author = A.L. de Jussieu|author-link = Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|year = 1789|title = Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam|publisher = apud viduam Herissant, typographum, viâ novâ B. M. sub signo Crucis aureæ|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MUihA_-mTZIC}}
:(available online at [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ Gallica])
de Candolle system
:A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.).{{cite book|author = A. P. de Candolle|author-link = A. P. de Candolle|year = 1819|edition=2nd|title = Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url = https://archive.org/details/b29309426}}
:{{cite book|author = A. P. de Candolle|author-link = A. P. de Candolle|year = 1824–1873|title = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta|display-authors=etal}}
:(available online at [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ Gallica])
Berchtold and Presl system
: Berchtold and Presl. O Prirozenosti Rostlin 1820
Dumortier system
: {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy-Charles|author-link=Barthélemy-Charles Du Mortier|title=Analyse des familles des plantes :avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent|date=1829|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary|language=fr|access-date=16 January 2016}}
Lindley system
:{{cite book|author = Lindley|author-link = John Lindley|year = 1830|title = An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontona00lind}}
:(available online at [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/57/mode/1up BHL])
:{{cite book|author = Lindley|author-link = John Lindley|year = 1845|title = The Vegetable Kingdom|url = https://archive.org/details/vegetablekingdom00jlin}}
:(available online at [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/11/mode/1up BHL])
Bentham & Hooker system
:{{cite book|author = G. Bentham|author-link = George Bentham|author2 = J.D. Hooker|author2-link = Joseph Dalton Hooker|name-list-style = amp|year = 1862–1883|title = Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. 3 volumes}}
:(available online at [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ Gallica])
Baillon system
:{{cite book|author = H. Baillon|author-link = Henri Ernest Baillon|year = 1867–1894|title = Histoire des plantes. 13 volumes}}

= Post Darwinian (Phyletic) =

Eichler system
:{{cite book|author = Eichler|author-link = August W. Eichler|year = 1883|edition=3rd|title = Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde}}
Van Tieghem system
: {{cite book|last1=Van Tieghem|first1=Philippe Édouard Léon|author-link=Philippe Van Tieghem|title=Traité de botanique|author2=(1884; 2nd ed., 1891)|publisher=Savy|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rixemtL-zoIC |access-date=27 December 2015|language=fr|year=1891}}
Engler system
:{{cite book|author = A. Engler |author2 = K. Prantl|author1-link = Adolf Engler|name-list-style = amp|author3= (1887–1915; 2nd edition, 1924–) |title = Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien|publisher = W. Engelmann|url = https://archive.org/details/dienatrlichenpf12prangoog}}
:{{cite book|author = A. Engler|author-link = Adolf Engler|year = 1892|title = Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik [or, in further editions, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien]}}
Dalla Torre & Harms system
:{{cite book|author = K.W. von Dalla Torre|author-link = Karl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre|author2 = H. Harms|author2-link = Hermann Harms|name-list-style = amp|year = 1900–1907|title = Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta|publisher = Lipsiae, G. Engelmann|url = https://archive.org/details/generasiphonogam00dalluoft}}
Bessey system
:Charles E. Bessey (1907). "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94530#page/329/mode/1up A Synopsis of Plant Phyla]". Univ. Nebraska Studies 7: 275–358.
:{{cite journal|author = Charles E. Bessey|author-link = Charles E. Bessey|year = 1915|title = The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume = 2|pages = 109–164|doi = 10.2307/2990030|jstor = 2990030|issue = 1/2|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/17811}}
Wettstein system
:{{cite journal|author = R. Wettstein|author2 = (in two volumes, 1901-1908; 2nd edition, 1911; 3rd edition, 1923-24; 4th edition, 1933–35) |title= Handbuch der systematischen Botanik|journal = Nature |volume = 87 |issue = 2184 |pages = 308 |bibcode = 1911Natur..87..308W |year = 1911 |doi = 10.1038/087308a0 |hdl = 2027/chi.095529285 |s2cid = 3965720 |author-link = Richard Wettstein |hdl-access = free }}
Rendle system
:Alfred Barton Rendle. The Classification of Flowering Plants 1904, 1925
Lotsy system
: Johannes Paulus Lotsy. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. 1907–1911
Hallier system
: {{cite journal|last1=Hallier|first1=H|author-link=Hans Hallier|title=L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposés à l'aide de leur arbre généalogique|journal=Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Série III. B|volume=1|pages=146–234|year=1912}}
Warming system
:{{cite book|last1=Warming|first1=Eugenius|author-link=Eugenius Warming|title=Frøplanterne (Spermatofyter)|date=1912|publisher=Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag|location=Kjøbenhavn|language=da|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVU-AQAAMAAJ|access-date=28 December 2015}}
Hutchinson system
:{{cite book|author = J. Hutchinson |author2= (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973) |title= The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny|author-link= John Hutchinson (botanist) }}
Calestani system
: {{cite journal|last1=Calestani|first1=Vittorio|author-link=Vittorio Calestani|title=Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme|url=http://www.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=solr_iccu&sort_access=&rpnquery=%2540attrset%2Bbib-1%2B%2B%2540attr%2B1%253D5032%2B%2540attr%2B4%253D1%2B%2522IT%255C%255CICCU%255C%255CLO1V%255C%255C146392%2522&totalResult=29&select_db=solr_iccu&saveparams=false&nentries=1&rpnlabel=+Nomi+%3D+IT%5CICCU%5CLO1V%5C146392+&searchForm=opac%2Ficcu%2Ferror.jsp&do_cmd=search_show_cmd&resultForward=opac%2Ficcu%2Ffull.jsp&brief=brief&&fname=none&from=13|journal=Archo. Bot. Sist. Fito-Geogr. Genet.|date=1933|volume=9|pages=274–311}}
Kimura system
:{{cite journal|last1=Kimura|first1=Yojiro|author-link=Yojiro Kimura|title=Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones|journal=Notulae Systematicae, Herbier du Muséum de Paris|date=1956|volume=15|pages=137–159|url=http://eurekamag.com/research/025/635/025635656.php}}
Benson system
: Lyman David Benson. Plant Classification 1957
Emberger system
:{{cite book|last1=Chaudefaud|first1=Marius|last2=Emberger|author-link2=Louis Emberger|first2=Louis|title=Traité de Botanique systématique 2 vols.|date=1960|publisher=Masson|location=Paris}}
Melchior system
:{{cite book|author = H. Melchior |year=1964 |editor= Adolf Engler |title= Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien |publisher=Berlin-Nikolassee, Gebr. Borntraeger |url = https://archive.org/details/syllabusderpflan02engl|url-access = registration|edition= 12th edition, II. Band|author-link=Hans Melchior }} (also known as modified Engler system, in Angiospermae)
Takhtajan system
:{{cite book |author= A. Takhtajan|author-link= Armen Takhtajan |author2= (in Russian, 1966) |title= A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants }}
:{{cite book |author= A. Takhtajan |author2= (1969, transl. from Russian by C. Jeffrey) |title= Flowering plants: origin and dispersal |year= 1969 |publisher= Oliver & Boyd |isbn= 978-0-05-001715-9|author-link= Armen Takhtajan }}
:{{cite journal |author= A. Takhtajan |author-link=Armen Takhtajan |year=1980 |title= Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophya)|journal = Botanical Review|volume = 46|issue = 3|pages = 225–359|doi = 10.1007/BF02861558|bibcode=1980BotRv..46..225T |s2cid=30764910 }}
:{{cite book|author = A. Takhtajan|author-link = Armen Takhtajan|year = 1997|title = Diversity and classification of flowering plants| publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn = 978-0-231-10098-4}}
Cronquist system
:{{cite book|author = A. Cronquist |author2= (1968; 2nd edition 1988) |title= The evolution and classification of flowering plants|isbn = 978-0-89327-332-3|year= 1988 |publisher= New York Botanical Garden |author-link= Arthur Cronquist }}
:{{cite book|author = A. Cronquist|author-link = Arthur Cronquist|year = 1981|title = An integrated system of classification of flowering plants| publisher=Columbia University Press |url = https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access = registration|isbn = 978-0-231-03880-5}}
Thorne system
:{{cite journal|author = R.F. Thorne|author-link = Robert Folger Thorne|year = 1968|title = Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering plants|journal = Aliso|volume = 6|pages = 57–66 | issue=4|doi = 10.5642/aliso.19680604.06|doi-access = free}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.F. Thorne|author-link = Robert Folger Thorne|year = 1983|title = Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms|journal = Nord. J. Bot.|volume = 3|pages = 85–117|doi = 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.F. Thorne|author-link = Robert Folger Thorne|year = 1992|title = Classification and geography of flowering plants|journal = Botanical Review|volume = 58|issue = 3|pages = 225–348|doi = 10.1007/BF02858611| bibcode=1992BotRv..58..225T |s2cid = 40348158}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.F. Thorne|author-link = Robert Folger Thorne|year = 1992|title = An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants|journal = Aliso|volume = 13|issue = 2|pages = 365–389|doi = 10.5642/aliso.19921302.08| s2cid=85738663 |url = https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=aliso|doi-access = free}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.F. Thorne|author-link = Robert Folger Thorne|year = 2000|title = The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae|journal = Botanical Review|volume = 66|issue = 4|pages = 441–647|doi = 10.1007/BF02869011| bibcode=2000BotRv..66..441T |s2cid = 43430454}}
Stebbins system
:Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, [https://archive.org/details/floweringplantse0000steb]. [System followed by Heywood, V.H. (ed., 1978). Flowering plants of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=foPwAAAAMAAJ].]
Dahlgren system
:{{cite journal|author = R.M.T. Dahlgren|author-link = Rolf Dahlgren|year = 1975|title = A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters|journal = Bot. Notiser|volume = 128|pages = 119–147}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.M.T. Dahlgren|year = 1980|title = A revised system of classification of angiosperms|journal = Bot. J. Linn. Soc. |volume = 80|issue = 2|pages = 91–124|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x}}
:{{cite journal|author = R.M.T. Dahlgren|year = 1983|title = General Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution and Macrosystematics|journal = Nordic Journal of Botany |volume = 3|pages = 119–149|doi = 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x}}
:{{cite book|author = R.M.T. Dahlgren|display-authors=etal|year = 1985|title = The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy|publisher=Springer |isbn = 978-0-387-13655-4}}
:{{cite journal|author = G. Dahlgren|author-link = Gertrud Dahlgren|year = 1989|title = An updated Angiosperm Classification|journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 100|issue = 3|pages = 197–203|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x}}
Goldberg system
:{{cite journal|author = Aaron Goldberg|author-link = Aaron Goldberg (botanist)|year = 1986|title = Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons|journal = Smithsonian Contributions to Botany|volume = 58|issue = 58|pages = 1–314|doi=10.5479/si.0081024x.58}} (available online: Full text (PDF) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060916230023/http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Botany/pdf/sctb-0058.pdf here]) [there is also a comparison among 11 Dicotyledons systems since 1960 until 1985]
:{{cite journal|author = Aaron Goldberg|author-link = Aaron Goldberg (botanist)|year = 1989|title = Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Monocotyledons|journal = Smithsonian Contributions to Botany|volume = 71|issue = 71|pages = 1–73|doi=10.5479/si.0081024x.71}} (available online: Full text (PDF) [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6968/scb-0071.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y here])
Kubitzki system (1990- )
:{{cite book |author= K. Kubitzki |author-link= Klaus Kubitzki |display-authors=etal |author2= (1990 ongoing) |title = The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants}}
Shipunov system (1991–)
:(Available online: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228085702/http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/ang/current/syang.pdf Full text PDF ]}})
Reveal system (1997)
: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702041527/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/systems/reve1.html Reveal System of Classification 1997]
Judd system (1999–2016)
: (Modified APG)
: {{cite book|last=Judd|first=Walter S.|title=Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach|edition=3rd|year=2008|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-0-87893-407-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 January 2014}}
: {{cite book|last=Judd|first=Walter S.|title=Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach|edition=4th|year=2016|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-1-60535-389-0|url=http://www.sinauer.com/plant-systematics-a-phylogenetic-approach-817.html|access-date=24 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080234/http://www.sinauer.com/plant-systematics-a-phylogenetic-approach-817.html|archive-date=25 December 2016}}
APG system
:APG I (1998)
::{{cite journal |author= APG|year = 1998 |title= An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume= 85 |pages= 531–553 |doi = 10.2307/2992015 |jstor= 2992015|issue = 4|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234 }}
::{{cite book |author-link= Walter S. Judd |author= W.S. Judd & al. |author2= (1999; 2nd edition, 2002) |title= Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach |isbn= 978-0-87893-403-4 |year= 2002 |publisher= W.H. Freeman |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse }}
: APG II (2003)
::{{cite journal|author = APG|year = 2003|title = An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II|journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 141|issue = 4|pages = 399–436|doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x|doi-access = free}}
::(Available online: [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/141/4/399/2433548 Abstract] | [https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x Full text (HTML)] | [https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x Full text (PDF)])
: APG III (2009)
::{{cite journal|author = APG|year = 2009|title = An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.|journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 161|issue = 2|pages = 399–436|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access = free|hdl = 10654/18083|hdl-access = free}}
::(Available online: [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract])
::Chase & Reveal System (2009)
:::{{Citation |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |year=2009 |title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=122–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}
:::(Available online at doi link.)
: APG IV (2016)
:: {{cite journal |author = APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}

Other systems

Bartling system ([https://archive.org/details/ordinesnaturale00bartgoog])
Deyl system
Endlicher system ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/52/mode/1up])
Fritsch system (algae, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa74Hm4zDIC&pg=PA24])
Gundersen system
Hallier system
Hoek, Mann and Jahns system (algae)
Mez system
Novák system ([https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Anton%C3%ADn_Nov%C3%A1k])
Pascher system (algae, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa74Hm4zDIC&pg=PA22])
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group system
Pulle system
Rafinesque system ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131007100503/http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Rafinesque1815.htm])
Rouleau system
Smith system (cryptogams – algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes)
Skottsberg system
Soó system
Strasburguer system ([https://archive.org/details/atextbookbotany00schigoog])
Tippo system

References

External links

{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120724133524/http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/else/else-en.htm List of systems on a Russian server, by Alexey Shipunov]}}
Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological Systematics. The State of the Art. Chapman & Hall, London. 387 pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503225859/http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/480/bbm%253A978-94-011-9643-7%252F1.pdf?auth66=1399319437_0ff498bd25afdfa4cb9cdfda8fb266e7&ext=.pdf Appendices 2–23], with major systematic works.
[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/39/mode/1up Review of systems 1703–1845, in Lindley, John (1846): The Vegetable Kingdom]
[https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC Rao M. M., Reddy, S.M. (2007), Plant Taxonomy: Systems of Classification, in Reddy S. M. et al. (eds.) University Botany – 3, New Age International, pp. 7–32] {{ISBN|978-81-224-1547-6}}

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