Liliales

The Liliales are a diverse order of predominantly perennial erect or twining herbaceous and climbing plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in temperate and tropical zones, while most species of the subtropical and tropical genus Smilax (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include woody shrubs, which have fleshy stems and underground storage or perennating organs, mainly bulbous geophytes, sometimes rhizomatous or cormous.{{sfn|Byng|2014|loc=p. 61}} Leaves are elliptical and straplike with parallel venation or ovate with palmate veins and reticulate minor venation (Smilacaceae). In Alstroemeria and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) the leaves are resupinate (twisted).{{sfn|Stevenson|Davis|Freudenstein|Hardy|2000}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

{{multiple image

| header = Liliales

| align = center

| image1 = Atlas de poche des plantes des champs, des prairies et des bois (PLATE 122) (6022597540).jpg

| caption1 = Colchicum autumnale (Colchicaceae)

| alt1 = Botanical illustration of Colchicum autumnale

| width1 = {{#expr: (150 * 379/599) round 0}}

| image2 = Tulipa humilis Lilliput bulbs.jpg

| caption2 = Tulipa humilis (Liliaceae):
Bulbs

| alt2 = Bulbs of Tulipa humilis

| width2 = {{#expr: (150 * 799/599) round 0}}

}}

{{multiple image

| header = Floral morphology

| align = center

| image1 = Tulip Tulipa clusiana 'Lady Jane' Rock Ledge Flower 2000px.jpg

| caption1 = Tulipa clusiana (Liliaceae):
Six undifferentiated tepals

| alt1 = Flower of Tulipa clusiana with six tepals

| width1 = {{#expr: (150 * 600/600) round 0}}

| image2 = Closeup of Stamen and stigma of Lilium 'Stargazer' (the 'Stargazer lily').jpg

| caption2 = Lilium (Liliaceae):
Stigma, style, stamens (anthers, filaments) and tepals

| alt2 = Close up of sexual organs of a lily

| width2 ={{#expr: ( 150*800/ 400 ) round 0}}

| image3 = Anther dehiscence in Lilium.jpg

| caption3 = Lilium:
Extrorse anthers

| alt3 = Lily with outward opening anthers

| width3 ={{#expr: (150* 562/ 600 ) round 0}}

}}

The flowers are highly variable, ranging in size from the small green actinomorphic (radially symmetric) blooms of Smilax to the large showy ones found in Lilium, Tulipa and Calochortus (Liliaceae) and Lapageria (Philesiaceae). Sepals and petals are undifferentiated from each other, and known as tepals, forming a perianth. They are usually large and pointed and may be variegated in Fritillaria (Liliaceae). Nectaries may be perigonal (at base of tepals) but not septal (on ovaries). Perigonal nectaries may be a simple secretory epidermal region at the tepal bases (Lapageria) or small, depressed regions fringed with hairs, often with glandular surface protuberances, at the bases of the inner tepals (Calochortus), while in Tricyrtis the tepals become bulbous or spur-like at the base, forming a nectar-containing sac. Ovaries may be inferior or superior, the style often long and stigma capitate (pin headed). In a number of taxa there are three separate styles, particularly some Melanthiaceae s.l. (e.g. Helonias, Trillium, Veratrum) and Chionographis. The outer integument epidermis of the seed coat is cellular, and the phytomelanin pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are plesiomorphic.{{sfn|Stevenson|Davis|Freudenstein|Hardy|2000}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

The Liliales are characterised by (synapomorphies) the presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or stamen filaments (Colchicum, Androcymbium) most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} together with extrorse (outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other monocots.{{sfn|Vinnersten|Bremer|2001}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Exceptions are some Melanthiaceae in which nectaries are absent or septal and anthers that are introrse (dehiscence directed inwards) in Campynemataceae, Colchicaceae, and some Alstroemeriaceae, Melanthiaceae, Philesiaceae, Ripogonaceae and Smilacaceae. Tepals are largely three-traced in net-veined taxa of Liliales (e.g. Clintonia, Disporum), distinguishing them from the single-traced Asparagales, and is associated with the presence of tepal nectaries, presumably to supply them. The presence of separate styles is also a distinguishing feature from Asparagales, where it is rare. Phytomelan is completely absent in Liliales seed coats, unlike Asparagales, which nearly all contain it.{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}

The stems contain fructans, the plants also contain chelidonic acid, saponins, while some species contain velamen. The epicuticular wax is of the Convallaria type, consisting of parallel orientated platelets.{{sfn|Kubitzki|Huber|1998|loc=p. 20}}

The order includes taxa with some of the largest genomes among Angiosperms,{{sfn|Soltis et al|2003}} particularly Melanthiaceae, Alstroemeriaceae and Liliaceae.{{sfn|Leitch et al|2005}}

With 11 families, about 67 genera and about 1,558 species, Liliales is a relatively small angiosperm order, but a large group within the monocotyledons.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Simpson|2011}}

The botanical authority for Liliales is given to Perleb (1826), who grouped eleven families (Asparageae, Pontederiaceae, Asphodeleae, Coronariae,{{efn|Coronariae used sensu Agardh (1825),{{sfn|Agardh|1825}} that is corresponding to Linnaeus' Liliaceae}} Colchicaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hypoxideae, Amaryllideae, Haemodoraceae, Burmanniaceae, Irideae) into an order he called Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}} In Perleb's system, he divided the vascular plants into seven classes, of which the Phanerogamicae or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders (ordo), including the Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}}

A number of later taxonomists, such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the Cormophyta into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae.{{sfn|Endlicher|1836}} The term Liliales was introduced by Lindley (1853),{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} referring to these higher orders as alliances. Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called the monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales.{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} Although Bentham (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven Series making up the monocotyledons,{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}} it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications (see Table for history).{{sfn|Singh|2010|loc=p. 312ff.}}

Subsequent authors, now adopting a phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary approach over the natural method,{{sfn|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA43 p. 43]}} did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. Eichler (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (Reihe) in his class monocotyledons,{{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p. 34]}} as did Engler (1903),{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up p. 93]}} Lotsy (1911),{{sfn|Lotsy|1911}} and Wettstein in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae.{{sfn|Wettstein|1924}}

Hutchinson (1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include Cronquist (1981),{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} Dahlgren (1985),{{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}} Takhtajan (1997){{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}} as well as Thorne and Reveal (2007).{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

Hutchinson (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of subphylum monocotyledons. Cronquist (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass Liliidae, one of five in the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms). Dahlgren (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots. Takhtajan (1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within superorder Lilianae, one of four within subclass Liliidae. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class Liliopsida (monocots).{{sfn|Reveal|1997}} In contrast Thorne and Reveal (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which Liliidae consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder Lilianae.{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.{{sfn|Singh|2019|loc=pp. 239–273}}

The development of molecular phylogenetic methods for determining taxonomic circumscription and phylogeny led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification,{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} and establishment of Liliales as a monophyletic group.{{sfn|Fay et al|2005}}{{sfn|Petersen et al|2013}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision.{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} The new classification was formalised with the creation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (1998–2016),{{sfn|APG I|1998}}{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} based on monophyletic clades, which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon.{{Cite journal |last1=Zomlefer |first1=Wendy B. |last2=Whitten |first2=W. Mark |last3=Williams |first3=Norris H. |last4=Judd |first4=Walter S. |date=2006 |title=Infrageneric Phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with Clarification of Cryptic Species Based on Its Sequence Data and Geographical Distribution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122805 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1178–1192 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.8.1178 |jstor=4122805 |pmid=21642183 |issn=0002-9122|url-access=subscription }}

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.{{sfn|APG I|1998}} Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} into Asparagales, with other taxa placed in Dioscoreales, resulting in a much reduced order.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}

The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following cladogram. The monocot orders form three grades, the alismatid monocots, lilioid monocots and the commelinid monocots by order of branching, from early to late. These have alternatively been referred to as Alismatanae, Lilianae and Commelinanae.{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} The alismatid monocots form the basal group, while the remaining grades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots".{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p. 205}} The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is pectinate, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids.{{sfn|ps=none|Davis et al.|2013}} The lilioid monocot orders constitute a paraphyletic assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a sister group to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. In the cladogram the numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago).{{sfn|Hertwick et al.|2015}}

The crown group of Liliales has been dated to ca. 117 Myr (million years ago) in the Early Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era.{{sfn|Janssen|Bremer|2004}}{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p. 205}}

The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826.{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Many of these families are now considered to be in Asparagales, with the remainder in commelinids and Dioscoreales, as shown in this table.

{{anchor|famtab}}

{{Hidden begin|title=Liliales families in progressive taxonomic schemes| titlestyle = "text-align:center;"| border = 1px solid black}}

{{hidden end}}

The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families;{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}

1. Liliaceae group: Liliaceae (including some former Uvulariaceae and Calochortaceae), and Smilacaceae (including Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae)
2. Campynemataceae
3. File:Colchicum Persicum Baker in Behbahan, Iran IV.jpg Persicum Baker in Behbahan]]Colchicaceae group: Colchicaceae (including Petermannia and Uvularia), Alstroemeriaceae and Luzuriaga
4. Melanthiaceae (including Trilliaceae)

The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had the following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae:{{sfn|APG I|1998}}

• order Liliales
• : family Alstroemeriaceae
• : family Campynemataceae
• : family Colchicaceae
• : family Liliaceae
• : family Luzuriagaceae
• : family Melanthiaceae
• : family Philesiaceae
• : family Ripogonaceae
• : family Smilacaceae

The APG II system (2003) added Corsiaceae to the Liliales,{{sfn|APG II|2003}} while APG III (2009) added Petermanniaceae and merged Luzuriagaceae into Alstroemeriaceae.{{sfn|APG III|2009}} The subsequent revision of APG IV (2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}

The exact phylogenetic relationship between the families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2020):{{sfn|Stevens|2019}}{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}

{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=Liliales

|1={{Clade

|1=Campynemataceae

|2=Corsiaceae

|label3=branch with 50–80% support

|3={{Clade

|1=Melanthiaceae

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1=Liliaceae

|2=Smilacaceae

}}

|2={{Clade

|1=Philesiaceae

|2=Ripogonaceae

}}

}}

|label3=branch with 50–80% support

|3={{Clade

|1=Petermanniaceae

|2={{Clade

|1=Colchicaceae

|2={{Clade

|1=Alstroemeriaceae

|2=Luzuriagaceae

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the very diverse family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster.{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}

{|

|File:CorsiaOrnata.jpg|alt=Flower of Corsia ornata]]

{{Main|Corsiaceae }}

The Corsiaceae (ghost-flower family) are a very small family of 3 mycoheterotrophic genera, lacking chlorophyll, with 27 species of perennial herbaceous plants. They are found in montane forests in South America (one genus) and from southern China to northern Australia in areas with high rainfall, and among dense leaf litter. The majority of species occur in the type genus Corsia. The name commemorates the Florentine plant collector Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati (1844–1907).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

|File:Campynema purple.jpg|alt=Flower of Campynema lineare]]

{{Main|Campynemataceae }}

The Campynemataceae (Green-mountainlily family) are a very small family of two genera and four species of rhizomatous herbaceous plants found in Tasmania and New Caledonia. The name is derived from the Greek words kampylos (curved) and nema (thread).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

|File:Veratrum album Aubrac.JPG|alt=Flowers of Veratrum album]]

{{Main|Melanthiaceae }}

The Melanthiaceae (Wake Robin family) is a family of perennial herbaceous plants, whose storage organs include bulbs, rhizomes and corms (rarely, e.g. Schoenocaulon). Their distribution is temperate and boreal Northern hemisphere, in the Americas extending south to the Andes and in Asia to the Himalayas and Taiwan. Melanthiaceae consists of 17 genera and 173 species distributed in a number of subdivisions. The largest genus is Trillium (44 species) but many genera are monotypic. A number of genera, including Trillium are used as garden ornamentals, especially for woodland gardens. Paris japonica is noted for having the largest genome known to date. The family name is derived from the Greek words melas (black) and anthos (flower) in reference to the dark colour of the petals.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

|File:Petermannia cirrosa.png|alt=Petermannia cirrosa vine, growing in Australia]]

{{Main|Melanthiaceae }}

The Petermanniaceae (Petermann's vine family) consists of a single species, Petermannia cirrosa, a perennial woody vine with underground rhizomes. Petermannia is restricted to Queensland and New South Wales, in temperate rainforests between Brisbane and Sydney. The family was named for Wilhelm Ludwwig Petermann (1806–1855), director of the botanical garden at Leipzig.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

|File:Colchicum autumnale.jpg|alt=Colchicum autumnale flowers]]

{{Main|Colchicaceae }}

The Colchicaceae (Naked-ladies or Colchicum family) are perennial erect and climbing plants with underground corms, tubers and rhizomes. They are herbaceous with the exception of Kuntheria which has a somewhat woody stem. Their distribution is widespread including in temperate zones in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle east and tropical zones in Africa, Asia and Australasia. They are absent from South America. The family is of medium size with 15 genera and about 285 species. The largest genus is the type genus, Colchicum, with 159spp. Although the alkaloids, which characterise them, they contain are toxic to animals and humans, Colchicine has usage medicinally and in botanical laboratories. They are also include popular garden and indoor ornamentals. These include Colchicum and Gloriosa. The family is named after Colchis on the eastern Black Sea.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

||File:Alstroemeria pelegrina. Mariposa de Los Molles).JPG|alt=Alstroemeria pelegrina flower]]

{{Main| Alstroemerieae}}

The Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lily family) are erect or creeping perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants with occasional shrubby vines, some of which have evergreen stems. They are occasionally epiphytic and form often swollen rhizomes. They are found in tropical and temperate Central and South America, as well as Australasia. There are two large genera (Alstroemerieae), the erect Alstroemeria (S America 125 spp.) and twining Bomarea (Central & S America 122 spp.) and two very small genera (Luzuriageae) with 2 and 4 species each, for a total of 253 species in the family. Two species are widely used for food in S America, Alstroemeria ligtu is used for a flour (Chuño) that is extracted from its roots, while the tubers of Bomarea edulis are directly consumed. Luzuriaga radicans, also from S America, produces fibre used in rope making. Alstroemeria cultivars are popular ornamentals and widely used as cut flowers (Peruvian lilies). The family is named for Baron Clas Alströmer (1736–1794), a student of Linnaeus.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

||File:Ripogonum scandens Ulva Island 2.JPG|alt=Developing inflorescence of Ripogonum scandens]]

{{Main|Ripogonaceae}}

The Ripogonaceae (Supplejack family) is a very small family, with a single genus, Ripogonum and six species. They are woody evergreen shrubs and vines arising from a horizontal rhizome, swollen at its base to form a tuber. They are confined to Eastern Australasia, with the type species, Ripogonum scandens as the sole New Zealand species. The stems have a use in basketry and building and the young shoots are edible. The name is derived from two Greek words, ripos (wicker) and gony (node) in reference to their node bearing shoots.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

||File:Philesia magellanica.jpg|alt=Flowers of Philesia magellanic]]

{{Main|Philesiaceae}}

The Philesiaceae (Chilean-bellflower family) are a very small family consisting of two monotypic genera, the two species being Philesia magellanica and the similar Lapageria rosea. They grow from a short woody rhizome, forming shrubs and vines respectively. They are found in the cool temperate forest of central and southern Chile, Magellan straits and adjacent Argentina, among the southern beech (Nothofagus) trees. Lapageria is the national flower of Chile and a popular ornamental with edible fruit. The name is thought to be related to the Greek word phileo (love), because of the attractiveness of its flowers.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

||File:Smilax aspera.jpg|alt=Leaves and berries of Smilax aspera]]

{{Main|Smilacaceae}}

The Smilacaceae (Catbrier family) consist of a single large genus, Smilax, with about 210 species,{{sfn|Qi et al|2013}} making it the second largest family of the order, after Liliaceae. They are perennial vines, shrubs or herbaceous, sometimes woody, plants with short fibrous woody (sometimes tuberous) rhizomes. Smilacaceae are pantropical with extension into temperate zones north (N America, Mediterranean, Russian Far East) and south (Eastern Australia). A number of species have been used in traditional medicine and as foodstuffs. Smilax china was used to treat gout. S. aristolochiifolia was used to treat syphilis (but later as sarsaparilla to flavor root beer and confectionary). The fruit of S. megacarpa is consumed in conserves. The young shoots of many species are also edible. The family is named after the Greek myth of the affair between the mortal Krokos (or Crocus) and the nymph Smilax, whose punishment was to be turned into the prickly vine Smilax aspera.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}

|}

{{Clear}}

{|

||File:ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg|alt=Flowers of Lilium candidum]]

{{Main|Liliaceae}}

The lily family, Liliaceae, are the largest Liliales family, with 15 genera and about 700 species, though much reduced from earlier circumscriptions, in four subfamilies. Of these genera, Gagea is the largest (204 spp.), but some are quite small, with Medeola being monotypic. They are perennial herbaceous plants, growing from bulbs or corms (rarely creeping rhizomes), with actinomorphic hypogynous flowers that are often coloured and patterned. They are predominantly northern temperate in distribution, with extension to subtropical areas of N Africa, India, China and Luzon, but are absent from the southern hemisphere. The bulbs have been used as foodstuffs or in traditional medicine. Cardiocrinum cordatum and Erythronium japonicum are sources of starch. Many Liliaceae are important in the floriculture and horticulture industries, particularly Tulipa and Lilium, but also Fritillaria. Many are also important ornamentals, such as Calochortus, Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Erythronium and Tricyrtis. The name is derived from the Latin word for lily, lilium, which in turn is derived from the Greek leirion, a white lily.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p. 205}}

|}

{{Clear}}

Widely distributed but most commonly found in subtropical and temperate regions, especially herbaceous taxa in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, including vines.{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Since many species are cultivated they have been introduced in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and naturalised.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

Liliales form important sources of food and pharmaceuticals as well as playing a significant role in horticulture and floriculture as ornamental plants. Pharmaceutical products include colchicine from Colchicum and Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) and veratrine and related compounds from Veratrum (Melanthiaceae) and Zigadenus (Melanthiaceae).{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Liliales|pages=61–69}}
• {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Lilkiales|pages=141–150|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}}
• {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC}}
• {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2010|orig-year=2004|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-1-57808-351-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ|edition=3rd}}
• {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGeDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|orig-year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-00-057677-1}}
• {{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=D. W. |last2=Davis|first2=J. I. |last3=Freudenstein|first3=J. V. |last4=Hardy|first4=C. R. |last5=Simmons|first5=M. P. |last6=Specht |first6=C. D. |display-authors=5 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=K. L. |editor-last2=Morrison |editor-first2=D. A. |title =Monocots: Systematics and evolution |publisher=CSIRO Publ. |year=2000 |location=Collingwood, Australia |pages=17–24 |chapter=A phylogenetic analysis of the monocotyledons based on morphological and molecular character sets, with comments on the placement of Acorus and Hydatellaceae}}
• {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-51864-2|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=K. L.|editor2-last=Morrison|editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=CSIRO|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=0-643-06437-0|access-date=14 January 2014}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts]

;Taxonomic systems

• {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=A |author-link=Arthur Cronquist |title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron |url-access=registration |isbn=0-231-03880-1 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren |title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC |isbn=978-3-642-64903-5 |ref={{harvid|Dahlgren et al|1985}} }} [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-13655-2 Additional excerpts]
• {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|date=1973|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Herbert|editor-link1=Klaus Kubitzki|editor-link2=Herbert Huber (botanist)|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}, ([https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540640608 additional excerpts])
• {{cite book|last1=Takhtajan|first1=Armen Leonovich|author-link=Armen Takhtajan|title=Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnCVQjDUfuEC|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10098-4}}

• {{cite book |last1=Agardh |first1=Carl Adolph |author-link=Carl Adolph Agardh |title=Classes Plantarum |date=1825 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7657#/summary |chapter=XI. Liliiflorae |page=8 |location=Lund |publisher=Literis Berlingianis |language=la }}
• {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. vol. 3|year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|chapter=Coronariae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/186440#page/17/mode/1up|pages=ix–x|language=la}}
• {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|author-link=August W. Eichler|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1886|orig-year=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{Cite book |last=Endlicher |first=Stephanus |author-link=Stephan Endlicher |title=Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita |date=1836 |publisher=Apud Fr.Beck |location=Vindobonae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/728#/summary |chapter=Coronariae |pages=129–157 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14572#page/196/mode/1up |language=la }}
• {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|author-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|orig-year=1892|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary|edition=3rd|chapter=Liliiflorae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up|pages=93–101}}, see also Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
• {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary|chapter=Liliales|pages=195–206|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/305/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lotsy |first1=J. P. |title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia |date=1911 |publisher=G. Fischer |location=Jena |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary |chapter=Liliifloren |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/723/mode/1up |pages=715–766 }}
• {{cite book| last= Perleb|first=Karl Julius|author-link=Karl Julius Perleb| year = 1826 | title = Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs|page= 129| publisher = Friedrich Wagner|location= Freiburg im Breisgau}}
• {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Wettstein|author-link=Richard Wettstein|year=1924|edition=3rd|title=Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols.|chapter-url=http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html|chapter=Liliiflorae|page=862|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218170153/http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html|url-status=dead}}

• {{cite book|editor1-last=Hedges|editor1-first=S. Blair|editor2-last=Kumar|editor2-first=Sudhir|title=The Timetree of Life|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-156015-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC|last1=Anderson|first1=Cajsa Lisa|last2=Janssen|first2=Thomas|chapter=Monocots|pages=203–212}}
• {{cite book |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |author-link1=Mark Chase |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis |last3=Soltis |first3=Pamela |author-link3=Pamela Soltis |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |author-link4=Paula Rudall |last5=Fay |first5=Michael F. |author-link5=Michael Francis Fay |display-authors=etal |pages=3–16 |title="Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: an assessment of current knowledge and a new classification" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255708721 |date=2000 |ref={{harvid|Chase et al|2000}} }}, In {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rudall |first1=P. J. |author-link1=Paula Rudall |last2=Stobart |first2=K. L. |last3=Hong |first3=W-P. |last4=Conran |first4=J. G. |last5=Furness |first5=C. A. |last6=Kite |first6=G. C. |last7=Chase |first7=M. W. |author-link7=Mark Chase |display-authors=5 |pages=347–359 |title="Consider the lilies: systematics of Liliales" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA347 |date=2000 |publisher=Csiro |ref={{harvid|Rudall et al|2000}} |isbn=9780643099296 }}, In {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}
• {{citation |last1=Davis|first1=Jerrold I. |title=Early Events in Monocot Evolution |last2=Mcneal|first2=Joel R. |last3=Barrett|first3=Craig F. |last4=Chase|first4=Mark W. |last5=Cohen|first5=James I. |last6=Duvall|first6=Melvin R. |last7=Givnish|first7=Thomas J. |last8=Graham|first8=Sean W. |last9=Petersen|first9=Gitte |last10=Pires|first10=J. Chris |last11=Seberg|first11=Ole |last12=Stevenson|first12=Dennis W. |last13=Leebens-Mack|first13=Jim |author-link4=Mark W Chase |display-authors=5 |chapter=Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons |pages=315–349 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015 |isbn=978-1-139-00295-0 |ref={{harvid|Davis et al.|2013}} |year=2013 |editor1-last=Wilkin |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Mayo |editor2-first=Simon J}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kubitzki |first1=K. |last2=Rudall |first2=P. J. |last3=Chase |first3=M. W. |author-link1=Klaus Kubitzki |author-link2=Paula Rudall |author-link3=Mark W. Chase |title="Systematics and Evolution" |date=1998 |pages=23–33}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|Huber|1998}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=Michael F. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |last3=Rønsted |first3=Nina |last4=Davis |first4=Jerrold I. |display-authors=etal |author-link1=Michael F. Fay |author-link2=Mark W. Chase |author-link3=Nina Ronsted |title=Phylogenetics of Liliales: summarized evidence from combined analyses of five plastid and one mitochondrial loci |journal=Aliso |date=December 2005 |volume=22 |pages=559–565 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228687437 |ref={{harvid|Fay et al|2005}} }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Zuluaga |first2=Alejandro |last3=Marques |first3=Isabel |last4=Lam |first4=Vivienne K. Y. |last5=Gomez |first5=Marybel Soto |last6=Iles |first6=William J. D. |last7=Ames |first7=Mercedes |last8=Spalink |first8=Daniel |last9=Moeller |first9=Jackson R. |last10=Briggs |first10=Barbara G. |last11=Lyon |first11=Stephanie P. |last12=Stevenson |first12=Dennis W. |last13=Zomlefer |first13=Wendy |last14=Graham |first14=Sean W. |author-link1=Thomas J. Givnish |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of the monocot order Liliales: out of Australia and through Antarctica |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301570024 |journal=Cladistics |date=December 2016 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=581–605 |doi=10.1111/cla.12153 |pmid=34727673 |s2cid=44059188 |ref={{harvid|Givnish et al|2016}} |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Hertweck|first1=Kate L. |last2=Kinney|first2=Michael S. |last3=Stuart|first3=Stephanie A. |last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier |last5=Mathews|first5=Sarah |last6=Chase|first6=Mark W. |last7=Gandolfo|first7=Maria A. |last8=Pires|first8=J. Chris |author-link6=Mark W Chase |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=July 2015 |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=375–393 |doi=10.1111/boj.12260 |ref={{harvid|Hertwick et al.|2015}}|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Janssen|first1=Thomas|last2=Bremer|first2=Kare|author-link2=Kare Bremer|title=The age of major monocot groups inferred from 800+ rbcL sequences|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=December 2004|volume=146|issue=4|pages=385–398|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228815327|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00345.x|doi-access=}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Leitch |first1=I. J. |last2=Soltis |first2=D. E. |last3=Soltis |first3=P. S. |last4=Bennett |first4=M. D. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis|author-link3=Pamela Soltis|title=Evolution of DNA Amounts Across Land Plants (Embryophyta) |journal=Annals of Botany |date=1 January 2005 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=207–217 |doi=10.1093/aob/mci014|pmid=15596468 |pmc=4246719|ref={{harvid|Leitch et al|2005}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=Flaviana J. De |last2=Saraiva |first2=Antônio A.F. |last3=Silva |first3=Maria A.P. Da|last4= Bantim|first4=Renan A.M.|last5= Sayão|first5= Juliana M.|title=A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |date=December 2014 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=1657–1672 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765201420140339|pmid=25590706 |doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Flaviana et al|2014}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Gitte |last2=Seberg |first2=Ole |last3=Davis |first3=Jerrold I. |title=Phylogeny of the Liliales (Monocotyledons) with special emphasis on data partition congruence and RNA editing |journal=Cladistics |date=June 2013 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=274–295 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00427.x |pmid=34818830 |s2cid=85302313 |ref={{harvid|Petersen et al|2013}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Qi |first1=Zhechen |last2=Cameron |first2=Kenneth M. |last3=Li |first3=Pan |last4=Zhao |first4=Yunpeng |last5=Chen |first5=Shichao |last6=Chen |first6=Guangcun |last7=Fu |first7=Chengxin |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263238692 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=December 2013 |volume=173 |issue=4 |pages=535–548 |doi=10.1111/boj.12096 |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Qi et al|2013}} }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Soltis |first1=Douglas E. |author-link1=Douglas Soltis|last2=Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |author-link2=Pamela Soltis|last3=Bennett |first3=Michael D. |last4=Leitch |first4=Ilia J. |title=Evolution of genome size in the angiosperms |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=November 2003 |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=1596–1603 |doi=10.3732/ajb.90.11.1596|pmid=21653334 |ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2003}}|doi-access= }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|author-link1=Robert F. Thorne|author-link2=James Reveal|title=An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida ("Angiospermae")|journal=The Botanical Review|date=April 2007|volume=73|issue=2|pages=67–181|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[67:AUCOTC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=24415895 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P|author-link=Hamilton Traub|last2=Kress|first2=WJ|title=Liliales|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Liliales|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2016}}
• {{cite journal | first1 = A.|last1= Vinnersten|first2= K.|last2= Bremer | year = 2001| title = Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88| issue = 9| pages = 1695–1703| doi = 10.2307/3558415 |doi-access=free | jstor = 3558415 | pmid = 21669704}}

;APG

• {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279592674 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015 |ref={{harvid|APG I|1998}} }}
• {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, P.S. Soltis & P.F. Stevens |year=2003 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |ref={{harvid|APG II|2003}} |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |doi-access=free }}
• {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, M.F. Fay, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, P.S. Soltis & P.F. Stevens|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2|pages=105–121 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |ref={{harvid|APG III|2009}}|doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}
• {{citation|last1=Chase|first1=Mark W|last2=Reveal|first2=James L|author-link1=Mark W Chase|author-link2=James L Reveal|title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=2009|volume=161|issue=2|pages=122–127|url=http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/downloads/APG2.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|doi-access=free}}

• {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James L|author-link=James Reveal|title=Takhtajan System of Classification|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/pb250/takh1.html|website=Plant Systematics|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|access-date=10 January 2016|format=pbio 250 Lecture Notes|date=5 Nov 1997}}
• {{cite web |last1=Reveal |first1=James L |author-link=James Reveal |title=Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium: Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names |url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html |website=Plant Biology |access-date=13 February 2020 |date=9 April 2012 }}
• {{cite web|last=Stevens|first=P.F.|author-link=Peter F. Stevens|date=2019|orig-year=2001|title=Liliales|website=AP Web v. 14|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lilialesweb.htm#Liliales|access-date=14 January 2020}} (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
• {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |date=2019a |orig-year=2001 |title=Main tree |website=AP Web v. 14 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html |archive-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=dead }} (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
• {{cite web|last=WFO|title=Liliales Perleb|url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000298|website=World Flora Online|access-date=27 December 2019|date=2019}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|position=left}}

{{Wikispecies|position=left}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book|ref=none |last=Judd|first=Walter S.|author-link=Walter Stephen Judd|title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfVzQgAACAAJ |year=2002|edition=2nd|publisher=W.H. Freeman|isbn=978-0-87893-403-4}}

• {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Perleb |first1=Karl Julius |author-link=Karl Julius Perleb |title=Clavis, classium, ordinum et familiarum atque index generum regni vegetabilis. Diagnostische Uebersichtstafeln des natürlichen Pflanzensystems: nebst vollständigem Gattungsregister |date=1838 |publisher=A. Emmerling |location=Freiburg |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7745#/summary}}

• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Fay |first1=Michael F. |author-link1=Michael F. Fay|last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |author-link2=Mark W. Chase |title=Modern concepts of Liliaceae with a focus on the relationships of Fritillaria |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |date=August 2000 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=146–149 |doi=10.1111/1467-8748.00258}}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas J. |author-link1=Thomas J. Givnish|last2=Zuluaga |first2=Alejandro |last3=Spalink |first3=Daniel |last4=Soto Gomez |first4=Marybel |last5=Lam |first5=Vivienne K. Y. |last6=Saarela |first6=Jeffrey M. |last7=Sass |first7=Chodon |last8=Iles |first8=William J. D. |last9=de Sousa |first9=Danilo José Lima |last10=Leebens-Mack |first10=James |last11=Chris Pires |first11=J. |last12=Zomlefer |first12=Wendy B. |last13=Gandolfo |first13=Maria A. |last14=Davis |first14=Jerrold I. |last15=Stevenson |first15=Dennis W. |last16=dePamphilis |first16=Claude |last17=Specht |first17=Chelsea D. |last18=Graham |first18=Sean W. |last19=Barrett |first19=Craig F. |last20=Ané |first20=Cécile |display-authors=5 |title=Monocot plastid phylogenomics, timeline, net rates of species diversification, the power of multi-gene analyses, and a functional model for the origin of monocots |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=November 2018 |volume=105 |issue=11 |pages=1888–1910 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1178|pmid=30368769 |doi-access=free|hdl=2027.42/146610 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung |last2=Hong|first2=Jeong-Ki |last3=Chase|first3=Mark W. |last4=Fay|first4=Michael F. |last5=Kim|first5=Joo-Hwan |title=Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=May 2013 |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1111/boj.12039 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264520873|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung |last2=Kim|first2=Joo-Hwan |last3=Robinson-Rechavi|first3=Marc |title=Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea) |journal=PLoS ONE |date=14 June 2013 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=e68180 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068180 |pmid=23950788 |pmc=3688979 |bibcode= 2013PLoSO...868180K|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim |first1=Jung Sung |last2=Kim |first2=Joo-Hwan |title=Updated molecular phylogenetic analysis, dating and biogeographical history of the lily family (Liliaceae: Liliales) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326848287|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=August 2018 |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=579–593 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy031}}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Li |first1=Hong-Tao |last2=Yi |first2=Ting-Shuang |last3=Gao |first3=Lian-Ming |last4=Ma |first4=Peng-Fei |last5=Zhang |first5=Ting |last6=Yang |first6=Jun-Bo |last7=Gitzendanner |first7=Matthew A. |last8=Fritsch |first8=Peter W. |last9=Cai |first9=Jie |last10=Luo |first10=Yang |last11=Wang |first11=Hong |last12=van der Bank |first12=Michelle |last13=Zhang |first13=Shu-Dong |last14=Wang |first14=Qing-Feng |last15=Wang |first15=Jian |last16=Zhang |first16=Zhi-Rong |last17=Fu |first17=Chao-Nan |last18=Yang |first18=Jing |last19=Hollingsworth |first19=Peter M. |last20=Chase |first20=Mark W. |last21=Soltis |first21=Douglas E. |last22=Soltis |first22=Pamela S. |last23=Li |first23=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |title=Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333160434|journal=Nature Plants |date=6 May 2019 |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=461–470 |doi=10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0|pmid=31061536|s2cid=146118264 }}
• {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Sen|first1=Sumitra|title=Cytotaxonomy of Liliales|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1975|volume=86|issue=5|pages=255–305|doi=10.1002/fedr.19750860502}}

• {{cite web|title=Liliales Perleb |website=Tropicos|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000106?la|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|access-date=27 December 2019|date=2019}}

{{Refend}}

{{Monocotyledons}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q53478}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Angiosperm orders

Category:Extant Aptian first appearances