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List of Syrian monarchs

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Image:SASH D050 Map of ancient syria.jpg

The title King of Syria appeared in the second century BC in referring to the Seleucid kings who ruled the entirety of the region of Syria. It was also used to refer to Aramean kings in the Greek translations of the Old Testament, mainly indicating the kings of Aram-Damascus. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the region came under the rule of France, the United Kingdom and Prince Faisal of Hejaz, who was proclaimed King of Syria on 8 March 1920. Faisal's reign lasted a few months before he was overthrown by France and the title fell out of use.

Background

{{main|Syria (region)|Name of Syria}}

The term Syria was first applied by Herodotus in the 5th century BC to indicate a region generally extending between Anatolia and Egypt.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9GrxiILH8C&pg=PA680 680]}}{{sfn|Herodotus|1862|p= [https://archive.org/details/historyherodotu25herogoog/page/n148 126]}} With the advent of the Hellenistic period, Greeks and their Seleucid dynasty used the term "Syria" to designate the region between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.{{sfn|Pipes|1992|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=J3PsAb1uV94C&pg=PA13 13]}} The usage of the name in referring to the region during the Iron Age (ended 586 BC) is a modern practice.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9GrxiILH8C&pg=PA680 680]}}{{sfn|Mumford|2013|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=B29oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 70]}}

List of monarchs

=Seleucid dynasty=

According to Polybius, King Antigonus I Monophthalmus established the Syrian kingdom which included Coele-Syria.{{sfn|Mahaffy|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=psKZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA493 493]}} The Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the Battle of Panium (200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt (Coele-Syria) and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122]}} Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers, such as Polybius and Posidonius, began referring to the Seleucid ruler as the king of Syria.{{sfn|Austin|2010|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA652 652]}}{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 112]}} The evidence for this title's usage by the kings is provided by the inscription of Antigonus son of Menophilus, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria" (Alexander refers either to Alexander I Balas or Alexander II Zabinas).{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 112]}}

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! width=10% | Portrait

! width=20% | Monarch
(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus III the Great
(c. 241–187 BC)

|align="center"| 200–187 BC

|align="center"| Laodice III
(200–187 BC)
Euboea
(191–187 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II.{{sfn|Bunbury|1872|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=xRsQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719 719]}}{{sfn|Alten|2017|p= 27}} He appointed his eldest son Antiochus, who preceded him in death, as co-king.{{#tag:ref|Antiochus son of Antiochus III was made co-king in 209 BC and died in 193 BC.{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA283 283]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA283 283]}}
  • Antiochus III's second wife is attested in the hostile work of Polybius and the story is debated.{{#tag:ref|There is no reason to believe that Laodice III fell from grace as she survived her husband and was honoured throughout his and his successors reigns.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}} Seleucid monarchs did not engage in polygamy and even the most hostile accounts, aside from the propagandistic work of Polybius, do not accuse Antiochus III with the act.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}} Paul J. Kosmin suggests a solution for the problem of Antiochus' second wife; according to Polybius, Euboea was a name given by Antiochus to his second wife and it is the name of her island.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}} Hence, in the view of Kosmin, by marrying this girl, Antiochus signified that he was marrying the island which the girl became its symbol.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Seleucus IV Philopator
(c. 218–175 BC)

|align="center"|187–175 BC

|align="center"|Laodice IV
(187–175 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.{{sfn|Vehlow|2013|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=XqNR6MqN8csC&pg=PA145 145]}} He married Laodice IV, his brother Antiochus' widow.{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=-M8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 241]}}
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|align="center"|Antiochus
(c. 180–170 BC)

|align="center"|175–170 BC

|align="center"|Unmarried

|align="center"|

  • Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV.{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA110 110]}} The minister Heliodorus held real power,{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA110 110]}} then Antiochus was made co-king by his uncle Antiochus IV.{{#tag:ref|Antiochus was a child of 4 or 5 years when he ascended the throne.{{sfn|Cook|2004|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=vIWZDOzfik0C&pg=PA220 220]}} Heliodorus might have killed Seleucus IV,{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA110 110]}} before being removed by Antiochus IV who kept his nephew as co-king before killing him in 170 BC.{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA115 115]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Gera|1998|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC&pg=PA115 115]}}
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|align="center"|Antiochus IV Epiphanes
(c. 215–164 BC)

|align="center"|175–164 BC

|align="center"|Laodice IV
(c. 175–c. 164 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.{{sfn|Georganas|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=npNUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106]}} Married his brother's widow.{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=-M8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 241]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus V Eupator
(172–161 BC)

|align="center"|164–162 BC

|align="center"|Unmarried

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and possibly Laodice IV.{{sfn|Iossif|Lorber|2007|p= 68}} His regent Lysias held actual power.{{sfn|Hazel|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hJUM8YIeVzQC&pg=PA20 20]}}
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|align="center"|Demetrius I Soter
(187–150 BC)

|align="center"|162–150 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV.{{sfn|Hoover|2000|p= 107}}{{sfn|Hazel|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hJUM8YIeVzQC&pg=PA73 73]}} Might have married his sister Laodice V, the former wife of Perseus of Macedon.{{sfn|Hoover|2000|p= 107}}{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}}
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|align="center"|Antiochus

|align="center"|150 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Known from a coin minted in the same year Demetrius I lost his throne; his identity is left to speculations.{{#tag:ref|Fritz Heichelheim proposed three possibilities: Antiochus was Demetrius I's son Antigonus who assumed the dynastic name Antiochus, a pretender, or Demetrius I's youngest son Antiochus VII.{{sfn|Heichelheim|1944|p= 364}} Alfred Raymond Bellinger considered the suggestion of Antiochus VII the most credible.{{sfn|Bellinger|1945|p= 59}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Bellinger|1945|p= 58}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Alexander I Balas
( –145 BC)

|align="center"|150–145 BC

|align="center"|Cleopatra Thea
(150–145 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 162]}} He could have been an illegitimate son of Antiochus by a concubine named Antiochis.{{#tag:ref|Appian called Balas Alexandros Nothos (Alexander the bastard); this bastardy could have been the reason for the doubts ancient writers showed regarding Alexander's paternity.{{sfn|Wright|2011|p= 43}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Ogden|1999|pp= 45-46}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC)

|align="center"|145–138 BC
(first reign)

|align="center"|Cleopatra Thea
(145–138 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.{{sfn|Atkinson|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29]}}
  • First reign; Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander I and married her to Demetrius.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus VI Dionysus
(148 BC–142/141 BC)

|align="center"|144–142/141 BC

|align="center"|Unmarried

|align="center"|

  • Son of Alexander I and Cleopatra Thea.{{sfn|Hazel|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hJUM8YIeVzQC&pg=PA21 21]}} Was proclaimed king against Demetrius II by general Diodotus Tryphon who held actual power and eventually killed Antiochus.{{#tag:ref|Josephus placed Antiochus' murder after the end of Demetrius II's first reign and Diodorus Siculus placed the usurpation of Diodotus Tryphon in the consular year 138 BC.{{sfn|Atkinson|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 41]}} However, the last coins struk in Antiochus' name date to the year142/141 BC indicating that he was murdered around that time.{{sfn|Atkinson|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 41]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Hazel|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hJUM8YIeVzQC&pg=PA21 21]}}

= Non-dynastic =

Diodotus Tryphon, who opposed Demetrius II by raising Antiochus VI to the throne, killed his protege and declared himself king ruling until 138 when the Seleucids unified Syria again.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}

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(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Diodotus Tryphon
( –138 BC)

|align="center"|142/141–138 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Last coins date to 138 BC but his reign might have lasted into early 137 BC.{{sfn|Atkinson|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 43]}}

= Seleucid dynasty =

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(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus VII Sidetes
( –129 BC)

|align="center"|138–129 BC

|align="center"|Cleopatra Thea
(138–129 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.{{sfn|Hoover|2000|p= 108}} Married his brother's wife after Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC)

|align="center"|129–125 BC
(second reign)

|align="center"|Cleopatra Thea
(129–125 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Was released by the Parthians and regained his throne and wife following Antiochus VII's death in a battle against Parthia.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus VIII Grypus
( –96 BC)

|align="center"|128 BC
(first reign)

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.{{sfn|Atkinson|2012|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&pg=PA114 114]}} He was elevated as king by his mother in an attempt to establish her authority.{{sfn|Houghton|1993|pp= 88}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Alexander II Zabinas
( –123 BC)

|align="center"|128–123 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Claimed to be of Seleucid heritage.{{#tag:ref|Alexander fabricated a genealogy that presented him as the son of Alexander I Balas according to Poseidonius, or the adopted son of Antiochus VII according to Justin.{{sfn|Shayegan|2003|p= 96}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Shayegan|2003|p= 96}} Declared himself king in opposition to Demetrius II.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}

= Ptolemaic dynasty =

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(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Cleopatra Thea
(c. 165–121 BC)

|align="center"|125–121 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II of Egypt.{{sfn|Burstein|2007|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=KSonyiReFY8C&pg=PA90 78]}}
  • Cleopatra Thea assumed power in her own right; she abandoned her husband Demetrius II and arranged his murder in 125 BC.{{sfn|Atkinson|2012|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&pg=PA114 114]}}

= Seleucid dynasty =

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(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|

|align="center"|Seleucus V Philometor
( –125 BC)

|align="center"|125 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.{{sfn|Schürer|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oG5jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 133]}}
  • He declared himself king following his father's murder against the wishes of his mother who killed him.{{sfn|McAuley|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gC5IDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 90]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus VIII Grypus
( –96 BC)

|align="center"|125–96 BC
(second reign)

|align="center"|Tryphaena
(124–111 BC)
Cleopatra Selene
(103–96 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Due to the discontent arising from her becoming a queen regnant, Cleopatra Thea elevated Antiochus VIII as co-king.{{#tag:ref|In 124/123 BC,{{sfn|Brijder|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=x-zoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}} he married Tryphaena who was murdered in 111 BC by Antiochus IX.{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165]}}{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129]}} By 103 BC, he married Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Atkinson|2012|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&pg=PA114 114], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&pg=PA115 115]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
( –95 BC)

|align="center"|114–95 BC

|align="center"|Cleopatra IV
(114–112 BC)
Cleopatra Selene
(96–95 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra Thea.{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129]}}
  • He rose against Antiochus VIII with the help of Cleopatra IV.{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 167]}}
colspan="5" |Antiochus VIII died in 96 BC and Antiochus IX followed him in 95 BC;{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 167]}} the country became embroiled in a civil war in which Antiochus VIII's five sons and the descendants of Antiochus IX fought between themselves.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 243]}} The chronology of all those monarchs is problematic and is specially vague regarding Seleucus VI's successors.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp= 284, 289}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Demetrius III Eucaerus
( –88 BC)

|align="center"|96–88 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}}
  • Declared king in Damascus.{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 133]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Seleucus VI Epiphanes
( –94/93 BC)

|align="center"|96–94/93 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}} Defeated Antiochus IX but was soon killed.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp= 288}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus X Eusebes
( –92)

|align="center"|95–92 BC

|align="center"|Cleopatra Selene
(95–92 BC)

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus IX and a first wife whose name is lost.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}}
  • Avenged his father and killed Seleucus VI.{{#tag:ref|His reign might have actually ended in 89/88 BC.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp= 294}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 133]}} He married his step-mother.{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus XI Epiphanes
( –93 BC)

|align="center"|94–93 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}} Killed by Antiochus X.{{sfn|Houghton|1987|pp= 79}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Philip I Philadelphus
( –83 BC)

|align="center"|94–84/83 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}} Took the throne with his twin Antiochus XI.{{#tag:ref|Philip's death date is unknown but traditionally assumed to be the year 84 or 83 BC.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 296}} Although there is a possibility that he ruled until 75 BC.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 298}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Houghton|1987|pp= 79}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Antiochus XII Dionysus
( –84 BC)

|align="center"|87–84/83 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.{{sfn|Chrubasik|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 XXIV]}} Ruled only in Damascus.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp= 298, 299}}

= Ptolemaic dynasty =

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! width="10%" | Portrait

! width="20%" | Monarch
(and lifespan)

! width="10%" | Reign

! width="15%" | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center" |110px

| align="center" |Cleopatra Selene
(c. 135/130–69 BC)

| align="center" |83–69 BC

| align="center" |

| align="center" |

  • Daughter of Ptolemy VIII and his wife Cleopatra III of Egypt.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2013|p= 1572}}
  • Cleopatra Selene declared her son Antiochus XIII king following the deaths of both Antiochus XII and Philip I; she seems to have installed herself co-ruler.{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 20, 21}}{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p=79}}

= Seleucid dynasty =

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(and lifespan)

! width="10%" | Reign

! width="15%" | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center" |110px

| align="center" |Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC)

| align="center" |83 or 83–74 BC
(first reign)

| align="center" |

| align="center" |

  • Son of Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 23, 24}}
  • Might have had a brother, Seleucus VII Philometer, as a co-ruler.{{#tag:ref|In 2002, numismatist Brian Kritt announced the discovery and decipherment of a coin bearing the portrait of Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler;{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 25}}{{sfn|Hoover|2005|p=95}} Kritt read the name of the ruler as Seleucus Philometor and, based on the epithet "Philometor", meaning mother loving, identified him with Cleopatra Selene's son, unnamed by Cicero.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 27}} Kritt gave the newly discovered ruler the regnal name Seleucus VII, and considered it very likely that he is identical with Kybiosaktes.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 28}} The reading of "Seleucus VII" was accepted by some scholars such as Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Michael Roy Burgess,{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2013|p= 1573}}{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 20}} but Oliver D Hoover rejected Kritt's reading, noting that the coin was badly damaged and some letters were unreadable; Hoover read the king's name as Antiochus and identified him with Antiochus XIII.{{sfn|Hoover|2005|p=95}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 27, 28}}

= Artaxiad dynasty =

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(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

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|align="center"|Tigranes the Great
(140–55 BC)

|align="center"|83/74–69 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • King of Armenia, invaded Syria; the year of the invasion is up to debate and is traditionally given as 83 BC based on the account of Appian.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 296}} The date of the invasion might actually be later, around 74 BC.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 297}} The Armenian king captured Cleopatra Selene and killed her in 69 BC,{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p=24}} but he was forced by the Romans to evacuate Syria the same year.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 299}}

= Seleucid dynasty =

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! width="10%" | Portrait

! width="20%" | Monarch
(and lifespan)

! width="10%" | Reign

! width="15%" | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center" |110px

| align="center" |Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC)

| align="center" |69–67 BC
(second reign)

| align="center" |

| align="center" |

  • The Roman general Pompey confirmed Antiochus as king following Tigranes departure.{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p=24}}
align="center" |

| align="center" |Philip II Philoromaeus
( –after 57 BC)

| align="center" |67–65 BC

| align="center" |

| align="center" |

  • Son of Philip I.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 299}} Elevated by the people of Antioch following Antiochus XIII's capture by Sampsiceramus I of Emesa.{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p=24}}
align="center" |110px

| align="center" |Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC)

| align="center" |65–64 BC
(third reign)

| align="center" |

| align="center" |

  • Freed by his captor, he ruled for one year before being deposed by Pompey who annexed Syria as a Roman province.{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p=24}}

=Antonian dynasty=

width=100% class="wikitable"

! width=10% | Portrait

! width=20% | Monarch
(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! Parents, co-regents, and notes

align="center"|

|align="center"|Ptolemy Philadelphus
(36–after 30 BC)

|align="center"|34–30 BC

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

=Hashemite dynasty=

On 8 March 1920, prince Faysal of the House of Hashim, supported by the Syrian National Congress, declared himself king of the Arab Kingdom of Syria; the kingdom collapsed on 24 July of the same year.{{sfn|Moubayed|2012|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UANAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}

width=100% class="wikitable"

! width=10% | Portrait

! width=20% | Name
(and lifespan)

! width=10% | Reign

! width=15% | Consort
(and tenure)

! width= 10% | Standard

! Notes

align="center"|110px

|align="center"|Faisal
(20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933)

|align="center"|8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920

|align="center"|Huzaima bint Nasser
(8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920)

|align="center"|110px

|align="center"|

  • Son of Hussein bin Ali and Abdiyah bint Abdullah of Mecca.{{sfn|Schafer|2013|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkFdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}{{sfn|Salibi|2006|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA68 68]}}

Biblical usage for Aramean kings

In the first translation of the Old Testament into Greek written during the third century BC (called the Septuagint),{{sfn|Flesher|Chilton|2011|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-_2Ti8jSj4C&pg=PA339 339]}} Aram and Arameans were often translated as Syria and the Syrians;{{sfn|Greene|1993|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA44 44]}}{{sfn|McClintock|Strong|1867|p= [https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediabibl07whitgoog/page/n371 353]}} hence, the king was referred to as the king of Syria,{{sfn|Clarke|1851|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=IOtMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA843 843]}} and this was carried on by many English translations.{{sfn|Greene|1993|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA44 44]}} Aram in the Hebrew Old Testament and Syria in the translation indicated the kingdom of Aram-Damascus most of the times.{{sfn|Greene|1993|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA44 44]}} Occasionally, other Aramean regions were also referred to as Syria.{{sfn|Greene|1993|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA44 44]}} In the view of W. Edward Glenny, the rendering of Aram by Syria might be explained by an anti-Syrian bias, since at the time of the translation, Syria belonged to the Seleucids, the Jews' main enemy; Aram-Damascus was the Jews' enemy during its Iron Age prime in the 9th century BC.{{sfn|Glenny|2009|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=USqwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 152]}}

=Aramean kings referred to as "kings of Syria"=

width=100% class="wikitable"

! width=10% | Portrait

! width=20% | Name

! width=15% | Reign

! | Notes

align="center"|

|align="center"|Rezon

|align="center"|10th century BC

|align="center"|

  • Mentioned as "ruling over Syria" in 1 Kings 11:25.{{sfn|Maxwell Miller|Hayes|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA214 214]}}
  • Also named "Ezron",{{sfn|Lipiński|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C&pg=PA369 369]}}{{sfn|Galvin|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wWnIkMx8dpQC&pg=PA90 90]}} and known only from the Old Testament.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8lMpoFAUsC&pg=PA178 178]}}
align="center"|

|align="center"|Hezion

|align="center"|10th century BC

|align="center"|

  • The name "Hazib" was also used for him.{{sfn|Galvin|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wWnIkMx8dpQC&pg=PA90 90]}} Known only from the Old Testament.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8lMpoFAUsC&pg=PA178 178]}}
align="center"|

|align="center"|Ben-Hadad I

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Known only from the Old Testament.{{sfn|Nelson|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ64BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}}
align="center"|

|align="center"|Ben-Hadad II

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • Equated by many Biblical scholars with Adad-Idri who was mentioned in Assyrian sources.{{sfn|Nelson|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ64BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}}
align="center"|110px

|align="center"| Hazael

|align="center"|c. 842–800 BC

|align="center"|

  • Probably a usurper; described in Assyrian records as "the son of a nobody".{{sfn|Dever|2012|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=tcksD2_amqgC&pg=PA363 363]}}{{sfn|Suriano|2007|p=174}}
align="center"|

|align="center"|Ben-Hadad III

|align="center"|

|align="center"|

  • The only king mentioned by the name "Ben-Hadad" both in the Old Testament and extra-biblical sources.{{sfn|Nelson|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ64BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}}
align="center"|

|align="center"|Rezin

|align="center"|750s–733 BC

|align="center"|

  • Known in Assyrian inscription as Raqyan.{{sfn|Kah-Jin Kuan|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zMOqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 125]}}

See also

{{Portal|Asia}}

{{Commons category|Monarchs of Syria}}

{{-}}

Notes

{{reflist|group=note|colwidth=40em}}

References

=Citations=

{{Reflist|25em}}

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  • {{cite book|title=Cleopatras|first=John|last=Whitehorne|orig-year= 1994|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-05806-3}}
  • {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/252851|last=Wright|first=Nicholas L.|year= 2011|title=Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection|chapter=The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids|publisher=Numismatic Association of Australia|series=Ancient Coins in Australian Collections|volume=2|isbn=978-0-646-55051-0}}

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{{Syria topics}}

Category:History of the Levant

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