List of Caribbean membranophones
{{Short description|None}}
{{redirect|Woowoo||Woo Woo (disambiguation)}}
This is a list of membranophones used in the Caribbean music area, including the islands of the Caribbean Sea, as well as the musics of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Belize, Honduras, and Bermuda. It only includes membranophones that are indigenous to the local music area or are a vital and long-standing part of local culture. It does not include membranophones that are, for example, a part of Western style orchestras, nor does it include trap sets and other common membranophones used in popular music recordings of many genres across the world. Almost all membranophones are drums and percussion instruments.{{cite web|url=http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/|work=Connexions|author=Catherine Schmidt-Jones|title=Classifying Musical Instruments: Membranophones|access-date=January 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723081750/http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/|archive-date=July 23, 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/LinguaLinks/Anthropology/ExpnddEthnmsclgyCtgrCltrlMtrls/mMembranophones.htm |title=534m Membranophones |work=SIL |access-date=January 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710200629/http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/anthropology/ExpnddEthnmsclgyCtgrCltrlMtrls/mMembranophones.htm |archive-date=July 10, 2006 }}
The Hornbostel-Sachs number is given after each instrument.{{cite journal|title=Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann|first=Erich M.|last=von Hornbostel|author2=Curt Sachs |journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=14|date=March 1961|pages=3–29|doi=10.2307/842168|jstor=842168}}
{{Lists of Caribbean instruments}}
{{List of musical instruments- start}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = agbe
| See = chekere
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = agida{{cite web|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hers005suri01_01/hers005suri01_01_0182.htm|access-date=March 10, 2007|title=Suriname folk-lore|author=Melville J. Herskovits|author2=Frances S. Herskovits|archive-date=February 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218052445/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hers005suri01_01/hers005suri01_01_0182.htm|url-status=live}}
| Number = 211.212
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Afro-Surinamese bass drum that sets a steady beat for folk music, played with a stick, of the set with apinti and tumao, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin, used in spiritual ceremonies, where it is associated with snake spirits
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = akete
| See = kété
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = alcagüete
| See = alcahuete
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked
| Other names = alcagüete
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = amelé
| See = okónkolo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Principal Afro-Surinamese drum of the set with agida and tumao, tenor drum, decorated with carvings, and used for communication by Surinamese slaves and for religious purposes in connection with sky and ancestor spirits, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = arobapá{{cite web|url=http://www.folkcuba.com/ir_abakdrums_enlrg.html|access-date=March 10, 2007|title=Abakuá Drums in Havana|work=Folk Cuba|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404002729/http://folkcuba.com/ir_abakdrums_enlrg.html|archive-date=April 4, 2007}}
| Number = 211.21-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Drum used in Afro-Cuban Abakuá societies, small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the kuchiyeremá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá
| Other names = endóga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = {{convert|5|to|6|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} cylindrical drum with three windows near the base so the drummer (or pair of drummers) can play it easily, decorated with brightly colored kerchiefs (foulas)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = atabales
| See = palos
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = baboula{{cite book|chapter=Grenada|last=McDaniel|first=Lorna|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|pages= 865–872}}{{cite web|work=Paradise Inn |title=Tombstone - Big Drum - Saraca |access-date=September 10, 2005 |url=http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/tombstone.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831101529/http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/tombstone.php |archive-date=August 31, 2005 }}
| Number = 211.221.1
| Tradition = Grenada
| Type = Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, smaller partner of the tambou, used in the belair dance
| Other names =
}}
|}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = balaban{{cite journal|title=African Retentions in Montserrat|first=John C.|last=Messenger|journal=African Arts|volume=6|issue=4|date=Summer 1973|pages=54–57, 95–96|doi=10.2307/3334803|jstor=3334803}}
| Number = 211.311
| Tradition = Montserrat
| Type = Small goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for the jumbie dance
| Other names = jumbie drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Small double-headed drum, used in merengue only in the south of the country
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bamboula{{cite book
|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|chapter=Virgin Islands}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Virgin Islands
| Type = Played by two drummers, one using two sticks and the other hands and feet, used in dance genre of the same name (bamboula)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bandu
| See = kbandu
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bari{{cite web|url=http://www.geographia.com/bonaire/boncul01.htm|work=Bonaire|title=Culture: A Rich and Diverse Heritage|access-date=November 11, 2006|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004907/http://www.geographia.com/bonaire/boncul01.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=New Grove Encyclopedia of Music|chapter=Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|last=Bilby|first=Kenneth}}{{cite book
|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|last=Sheehy|first=Daniel E.|chapter=Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles|pages=927–931}}
| Number = 211.22
| Tradition = Bonaire and Curaçao
| Type = Single-headed, made from a wooden barrel, often from the herring industry, with a skin frame, played two-handed
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.222.2-7
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Barrel drum variant of a batá drum, often with the system of lacing replaced by nailing the heads to the drum, most common in Matanzas Province
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Barrel drums, covered with lightly stretched skins, consists of large buleador drums and smaller subidor drums, used in bomba
| Other names = buleador, primo, repicador, subidor
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Bass drum, double-headed, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas Byé Fò
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bas a yon fas, tambou
| Number = 211.221-7
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Bass barrel drum, one-headed, laced, and played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.311
| Tradition = Martinique and Guadeloupe
| Type = Small frame drum played with both striking and rubbing, used in indoor music, and quadrilles, ladja and gwo ka, and in the Tamil music of Indo-Caribbean Martinique
| Other names = boula, tambou dibass, tambou dibas, tambou bas
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bas, tambou
| See = foulé, tambou
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bas, tambou
| See = bas, tambou di
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bas, tambou
| See = bas a yon fas, tambou
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = base, tambou di
| See = bas, tambou di
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bass drum{{cite book|chapter=Antigua and Barbuda|last=McDaniel|first=Lorna|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|pages=798–800}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Antigua and Barbuda
| Type = Bass drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and Christmas music
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bass drum{{cite book
|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|last=Millington|first=Janice|chapter=Barbados|pages=813–821}}
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Barbados
| Type = Double-headed drum that keeps the ground rhythm and is slung across the drummers' shoulder, used in tuk bands
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Grenada
| Type = Double-headed bass drum, played with a hard stick in one hand for the lower head, and a soft mallet in the other hand for the upper head, used to accompany quadrilles
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bass drum{{cite web|title=Drums Keep the Beat!|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051113/ent/ent1.html|work=Jamaica Gleaner News|access-date=March 4, 2007|date=November 13, 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021336/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051113/ent/ent1.html|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}{{cite web|work=Caribbean Religion|url=http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/religion/rastafarian/index.html|title=Princes and Dreadlocks|access-date=March 4, 2007|archive-date=May 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510050711/http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/religion/rastafarian/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf|access-date=March 4, 2007|title=Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica|last=Dickerson|first=Ronald Eric|year=1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227230251/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/kahn.html|title=Drumming, the Backbone of African and Reggae Music|work=The Dread Library|first=Jason|last=Kahn|access-date=March 4, 2007|archive-date=July 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714114644/http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/kahn.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons|first=Jacqueline Cogdell|last=DjeDje|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=18|issue=1/2|date=Spring–Autumn 1998|pages=67–120|doi=10.2307/779395|jstor=779395}}
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Double-headed bass drum, carried with a strap and leader of marching bands, played with a covered stick in Nyabinghi ceremonies, used in marching bands, and Rastafarian and Maroon music
| Other names = repeater (Maroon only)
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family
| Other names = true conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.311
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Goatskin-headed tambourine, used in secular music
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = batá drums{{cite journal|first=Harold|last=Courlander|journal=The Musical Quarterly|volume=28|title=Musical Instruments of Cuba|issue=2|date=April 1942|pages=227–240|doi=10.1093/mq/XXVIII.2.227}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lafi.org/magazine/articles/batadrums.html|title=The Bata Drums|work=Latin American Folk Institute|author=Mark Corrales|access-date=March 10, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205141033/http://www.lafi.org/magazine/articles/batadrums.html|archive-date=February 5, 2007}}
| Number = 211.26-813
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Family of three drums: iyá, itótele and okónkolo, used in Lucumi religious rites, all goblet-shaped and with two goatskin heads called tcha-tchás, sometimes with a nut inside (coco-Africano), both for aural and spiritual reasons
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Guyana
| Type = Afro-Guyanese bass drum, used in folk music traditions
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = baydum {{cite book
|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|last=McDaniel|first=Lorna|chapter=Trinidad and Tobago|pages=952–967}}
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Indo-Trinidadian
| Type = Double-headed bass drum, used in Muslim Hosay (Hosein) rituals, now widespread among Afro-Trinidadians and others
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bélé{{cite web|url=http://www.colorquilts.com/julian/NewGrove.html|title=French West Indies|work=New Grove Dictionary of Music|access-date=September 27, 2005|archive-date=February 13, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213090015/http://www.colorquilts.com/julian/NewGrove.html|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/awakeningspacesf00berr_0|url-access=registration|first=Brenda F.|last=Berrian|isbn=0-226-04456-4|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago and London}}{{cite journal|first=Dominique|last=Cyrille|title=Popular Music and Martinican-Creole Identity|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=22|issue=1|date=Spring 2002|pages=65–83}}{{cite book|title=Rough Guide to World Music |volume=2|isbn=1-85828-636-0|editor=Broughton, Simon |editor2=Mark Ellingham |editor3=James McConnachie |editor4=Orla Duane|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd.|year=2000|chapter=Dance Funk Creole Style|author1=Charles de Ledesma |author2=Gene Scaramuzzo |name-list-style=amp |pages=289–303}}
| Number = 211.251.2-91(+22)
| Tradition = Martinique
| Type = Single-headed, open-bottomed conical drum with a hole in the barrel and a goatskin head, stretched by a rope hoop, wrapped in more rope, used in all African-derived Martinican dances and as a symbol of Afro-Martinican identity, including tambour bélé, kalenda, and danmyé, also used to synchronize collective labor in northern Martinique, and is a part of most Martinican rural work songs, uses a plucking string in the northern region
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bélé, tambou
| Number = 211.221.2-86+22
| Tradition = Dominica
| Type = Single-headed barrel drum, covered at one end by goatskin, stretched with rope and pegs, and played barehanded, accompanies bélé, features a plucked strings across the head
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bélé, tambou
| See = ka
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago
| Type = Cylindrical drums with double skins, smallest of the set with conga and oumalay drums
| Other names = bembe
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bembe
| See = bemba
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bench drum
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Afro-Cuban Abakuá drum ensemble, consisting of four drums: bonkó enchemiyá and enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá
| Other names = tétendóga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = Big Drum{{cite web|url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/stvincent/arts.html|title=The Arts and Literature|work=Cultural Profiles Project|access-date=September 27, 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001190817/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/stvincent/arts.html|archive-date=October 1, 2006}}{{cite journal|first=Lorna|last=McDaniel|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=22|issue=1|title=Musical Thoughts on Unresolved Questions and Recent Findings in Big Drum Research|date=Spring 2002|pages=127–139|doi=10.2307/1519967|jstor=1519967}}
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Carriacou (Grenada) and Saint Kitts and Nevis
| Type = Music and dance ritual, which includes drums traditionally made of tree trunks, now often of rum kegs
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bigi doon
| See = gaan doon
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.321
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Unstrung banjo with a drumhead attached
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bombaManuel, pgs. 39–42
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Barrel-shaped bass drum, used in genre of the same name (bomba)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = European-style bass drum, used in comparsa, a pre-Easter procession
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = boncó
| See = bonkó enchemiyá
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = bongo
| Number = 211.211.1
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Drums of unequal size played in a pair and held between the knees, originally used in Cuban folk music of various kinds, also used in music of Puerto Rico and across the area, especially Guyana
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá
| Other names = bonko enchemi, bonko, boncó
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bonko
| See = bonkó enchemiyá
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bonko enchemi
| See = bonkó enchemiyá
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = boom
| See = kettle
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = boom boom
| See = keg
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = boula{{cite book|chapter=Guadeloupe|author=Guilbault, Jocelyne|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|pages=873–880}}
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Single-headed hand drum, similar to tambou bèlè and played transversally and single-handed, produces lower sounds and the basic rhythms of the music, used in gwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Carriacou
| Type = Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; narrower and lower-tuned cousin of the kata, used in the Big Drum tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth
| Other names = tambou dibas, bulla, bula
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = boula{{cite journal|title=Musical Instruments of Haiti|first=Harold|last=Courlander|journal=The Musical Quarterly|volume=27|issue=3|date=July 1941|pages=371–383|doi=10.1093/mq/XXVII.3.371}}{{cite web|title=Tanbou|work=Haitian Drums|access-date=March 10, 2007|author=Gaston Jean-Baptiste|url=http://www.bongamusic.com/drums.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223154500/http://www.bongamusic.com/drums.html|archive-date=February 23, 2007|url-status=dead}}
| Number = 211.221.2-7
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cowskin hand drum, with the head pegged in place around a decorative collar, used in rada along with segon and manman drums
| Other names = bula
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.222-92
| Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago
| Type = Double-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies kalenda stick fighting
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bula
| See = boula (Carriacou, Haiti)
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = bulla
| See = boula (Carriacou)
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Larger, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin stretched using pegs, used in bomba
| Other names = primo, repicador, burlador
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = burlador
| See = buleador
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = cachimbo{{cite web|url=http://www.folkcuba.com/ir_tamboryuka_drums1.html|title=Tambor de Yuka|work=Folk Cuba|access-date=March 10, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404051712/http://folkcuba.com/ir_tamboryuka_drums1.html|archive-date=April 4, 2007}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Smallest yuka tubular drum, along with caja and mula
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = caja{{cite journal|first=Donald R.|last=Hill|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=18|issue=1/2|date=Spring–Autumn 1998|title=West African and Haitian Influences on the Ritual and Popular Music of Carriacou, Trinidad, and Cuba|pages=183–201|doi=10.2307/779398|jstor=779398}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest yuka tubular drum, along with cachimbo and mula, played by two people, one striking the bass and the other hitting the body with a pair of sticks
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = cast
| See = playing cast
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Small and high pitched drums, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = circular
| See = snare drum (Jamaica)
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = conga{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Manuel|pages=[https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/24 24–36]|title=Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York and Oxford|year=1988|isbn=0-19-505342-7|url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/24}}{{cite journal|url=http://www.timespub.tc/index.php?id=83|access-date=March 10, 2007|title=That Sweet Sound: Ripsaw Music and Our Musical Heritage|date=Summer 2007|journal=Times of the Islands|first=David|last=Bowen}}
| Number = 211.221.1-7
| Tradition = Originally Cuban, now found throughout the Caribbean, especially Puerto Rico, Haiti and the Dominican Republic
| Type = Tall, narrow and single-headed barrel drum, open at the bottom, played by congueros, traditionally wood, now often fiberglass, animal-skin heads can be tuned; also used in popular genres from salsa to ripsaw
| Other names = tumbadora, tumba, requinto, quinto, ricardo, niño, supertumba, super quinto, tres golpes, salidor, true conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = conga
| See = petwo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago
| Type = Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and oumalay drums; since introduced to Guyana
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Cylindrical folk drums
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Cylindrical folk drums with a low bass tone, smaller version of the conga
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = cot
| See = kata
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = cotchíerima
| See = kuchiyeremá
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = cut drum
| See = kata
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221-92
| Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago
| Type = Single-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies kalenda stick fighting
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = cutter
| See = kata
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.222.1
| Tradition = Guadeloupe and Martinique
| Type = Double-headed barrel drum, used in chouval bwa and Carnival music
| Other names = doumbedoum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = dholak{{cite journal|title=Brotherhood of the Boat: Musical Dialogues in a Caribbean Context|first=Tina K.|last=Ramnarine|journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology|volume=7|year=1998|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/09681229808567270}}
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Indo-Caribbean
| Type = Double-headed drum, used in chutney
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = dibas, tambou
| See = bas, tambou di
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = dibass, tambou
| See = bas, tambou di
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = djembe
| Number = 211.261.2
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Skin-covered hand drum, goblet-shaped and played bare-handed, used in gwo ka moderne
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = doumbedoum
| See = dèbonda, tambou
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Grenada
| Type = Bass drum made from a cardboard barrel, used in parang
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = ekué{{cite web|url=http://www.mayavase.com/frictiondrum.html|access-date=March 10, 2007|title=Applying Experimental Archaeology to Ethnomusicology: Recreating an Ancient Maya Friction Drum through Various Lines of Evidence|author=John A. Donahue|archive-date=April 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401164207/http://www.mayavase.com/frictiondrum.html|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Drumming for the Gods: The Life and Times of Felips Garcia Villamil|first=Maria Teresa|last=Velez|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-56639-731-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/drummingforgodsl00vl/page/20 20]|url=https://archive.org/details/drummingforgodsl00vl/page/20}}
| Number = 231.13-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Single-headed three-legged friction drum used in Abakuá ceremonies, played by rubbing a stick over the membrane, which is attached using wedges whose tightness can be modified
| Other names = ecue
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = enómo
| See = enkomo
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = endóga
| See = arobapá
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = enko
| See = enkomo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Small cylindrical, or slightly tapered, goatskin-headed drums of the biankomeko ensemble, consisting of three types: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá
| Other names = enko, enómo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2-92
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Large barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and kaseko, plays a basic rhythm accompanied by the tambou koupé, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = French drum
| See = hun
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = French reel{{cite book
|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean|last=Mesener|chapter=Montserrat|pages=922–926|first=John}}
| Number = 211.311
| Tradition = Montserrat
| Type = Goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for the jumbie dance
| Other names = jumbie drum, woowoo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.1
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Cylindrical drum, one-headed, held between players' legs and performed by tapping with the hand or fingers, originally used in Burru cult rituals, now also common in Nyabinghi ceremonies
| Other names = fundeh
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21
| Tradition = Guyana
| Type = Afro-Guyanese cylindrical drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = fundeh
| See = funde
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Large bass drum that leads dances, used by the Alukuó Maroons
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.1
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Bamboo stomping tubes, sometimes played in groups
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = gombay
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = gombey{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html|work=Frommers|title=Bermuda: In Depth|access-date=March 10, 2007|archive-date=September 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103206/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|access-date=March 10, 2007|url=http://www.melanet.com/johnkankus/roots.html|title=Roots of an African-American Christmas|author=Irene Smalls|archive-date=March 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309092938/http://melanet.com/johnkankus/roots.html|url-status=live}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Bermuda
| Type = Afro-Bermudan drum, related to the Bahamian goombay, used in the genre of the same name (gombey)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.251.2-7
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cowskin hand drum, played with a hand and a bow, in a set with katabo and tambou manman
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = goombah
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = goombay{{cite web|work=Bahamas.com|access-date=March 10, 2007|title=Art/Music/Dance|url=http://www.bahamas.com/bahamas/about/general.aspx?sectionid=23148&level=2|archive-date=April 6, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406080529/http://www.bahamas.com/bahamas/about/general.aspx?sectionid=23148&level=2|url-status=live}}
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Bahamas and Turks and Caicos
| Type = Goatskin-headed drum traditionally made from improvised materials (especially discarded barrels), goatskin is tuned by heating it with a candle and attached with nails, used in the Bahamian genre of the same name (goombay)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = goombay
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = goombey
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.3
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Frame drum, used in Creole dance accompaniment for a dance of the same name (gragé)
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = groska
| See = gwo ka
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = gumbay
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = gumbe{{cite web|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/educational_guide/86.htm|title=Glossary|access-date=March 10, 2007|work=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|archive-date=March 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314065315/http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/educational_guide/86.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Bilby|first=Kenneth|author2=Fu-Kiau kia Bunseki |year=1983|title=Kumina: A Congo Based Tradition in the New World|location=Brussels|publisher=Les Cahiers du CEDAF 4: Linguistique}} cited in {{cite web|url=http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf|access-date=March 4, 2007|title=Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica|last=Dickerson|first=Ronald Eric|year=1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227230251/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2008}}
| Number = 211.31
| Tradition = French Guiana and Jamaica
| Type = Small Maroon-derived goatskin square-framed drum, introduced to Sierra Leone
| Other names = gumbay, goombeh, goombah, goombay, gombay, bench drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = gumbay
| See = gumbe
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = gwo ka
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Family of hand drums, used in lewoz and other traditions, as well as zouk
| Other names = also used synonymously with ka
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Generic term for drums used in ceremonies called grounations; these include the bass drum, funde and kété
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Family of four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, consisting of hugán, xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní
| Other names = French drums
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22-861
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní
| Other names = French drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22-861
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Second-smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and huní
| Other names = French drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22-861
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and hun-hogúlo
| Other names = French drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Saint Lucia
| Type = Smaller drum used in Kélé rituals, literally child drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = ikónkolo
| See = okónkolo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.26-813
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Intermediate-sized batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the iyá and okónkolo; wax-like substance called ida or fardela sometimes used to produce a duller sound
| Other names =
| Image = 130px
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.26-813
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with goatskin, along with the itótele and okónkolo; red wax-like substance called ida or fardela is used to produce a duller sound, wrapped with bells and belts (chaguoro or tchaworo)
| Other names =
| Image = 130px
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-92
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Shorter and squatter variety of petwo
| Other names = martinique
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = jumbie drum
| See = French reel, balaban
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221
| Tradition = Guadeloupe and Martinique
| Type = Single-headed drums, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Kongo, made from a barrel with goatskin heads tighted by cord
| Other names = also used synonymously with gwo ka
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221
| Tradition = Saint Lucia
| Type = Barrel drum with a goatskin head, used in various folk forms, including chanté siay, jwé dansé and jwé gém
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = ka
| See = tambou
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.1
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Open-bottomed and single-headed drum, played transversally and carved from a single fragment of wood, used in Creole dance accompaniment for kanmougé and mayouri dances, played in pairs with the lead called the "female" type and the support the "male"
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Carriacou
| Type = Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; wider and higher-tuned cousin of the boula, used in the Big Drum tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth
| Other names = cut drum, cutter, cot
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.251.2-7
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cowskin hand drum, played with two sticks, in a set with gonde and tambou manman
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = kbandu{{cite journal|title=Some Aspects of Religious Cult Music in Jamaica|first=Wendell|last=Logan|author2=Marjorie Whylie |journal=The Black Perspective in Music|volume=10|date=Spring 1982|pages=85–94|doi=10.2307/1215000|issue=1|jstor=1215000}}{{cite web|title=Kumina|work=History Notes|author=National Library of Jamaica|access-date=March 4, 2007|url=http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218085543/http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/history.htm|archive-date=February 18, 2007}}
| Number = 211.211.1+111.231
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Large, low-pitched, plays a 4/4 rhythm, covered with a goat skin, used in Kumina ceremonies, where it plays a steady rhythm, and is often used several at a time, open end sometimes banged with sticks
| Other names = bandu
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Virgin Islands
| Type = Double-headed bass drum, used in masquerades and fife and drum ensembles
| Other names = boom boom
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Small skinny cylindrical drum, improvised, used in Nyabinghi celebrations, played with bare hands, also used in dub poetry
| Other names = akete
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221
| Tradition = Montserrat
| Type = Goatskin deep-barreled drum, used in Carnival and other celebrations
| Other names = boom
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = kettle drum
| Number = 211.11
| Tradition = Antigua and Barbuda
| Type = Kettle drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and Christmas music
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.11
| Tradition = Bermuda
| Type = Central use in Bermudan traditions, derived from British kettle drum, especially common in gombey
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.11
| Tradition = Virgin Islands
| Type = Snare drum, used in fife and drum ensembles
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = Kimbisa drum
| Number = 211–864
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Tall drum with goatskin head, held in place by cords, wedges and hoops, used in the Kimbisa culture
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 231.12
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Friction drum, single-headed, with a stick inserted and rubbed to produce the sound, used in the Kimbisa tradition
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.11
| Tradition = Guyana
| Type = Kettle drum, used in masquerades
| Other names = boom
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2-92
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Small barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and kaseko, used to improvise for dancing while the tambou foulé plays a basic rhythm, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Cylindrical drum, used by the Maroons of Moore Town
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-814
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the arobapá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá
| Other names = cotchíerima
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Dominica
| Type = Any kind of Dominican or Grenadan folk drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Dominica
| Type = Cylindrical drum, small and wooden with goatskin at one end, strapped across the shoulder and played with two sticks, used in chanté mas
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.21-92
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Taller and narrower variety of petwo
| Other names = loangue
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = loangue
| See = loango
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = maké
| See = markeur
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = makuta
| See = yuka
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = makyé
| See = markeur
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Saint Lucia
| Type = Larger drum used in Kélé rituals, literally mother drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.251.2-7
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Hand drum with a cowhide head, pegged in place and with a decorated collar, used in many Afro-Haitian musics, used in rada, petwo and other folk traditions
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cylindrical drum that comes in pairs, traditionally made from wood or a two-gallon container with both top and bottom removed and replaced with heads, played with fingers
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.2
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Single-headed hand drum, small, high-pitched, played upright and one-handed, and held between the legs, interacts with dancers by responding to movement and improvises with the boula drum, used in gwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes
| Other names = makyé, marqueur, maké
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = marqueur
| See = markeur
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = martinique
| See = juba
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = matrimonial
| See = wacharaca
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.3
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Small rural folk handheld frame drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = moyen
| See = segon
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Intermediate-sized yuka tubular drum, along with caja and cachimbo
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = ngoma
| See = yuka
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Smallest drum of the conga family
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = Nyabinghi
| See = kété
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.26-813
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Smallest batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the itótele and iyá
| Other names = ikónkolo, amelé
| Image = 130px
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.2
| Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago
| Type = Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and conga drums
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = omele
| See = oumalay
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.12
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Kettledrum, played in pairs, made from containers used to boil sugarcane juice, with tension lugs to adjust the tightness of the single-head, closed bottom
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Larger folk long drum made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Smaller folk long drum made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2-7
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Ensembles that include a number of drums, include the types of palo and alcahuete, used in the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with skin heads either pegged or tacked
| Other names = atabale
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.3
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Handheld frame drum, used in plena, adapted from European tambourine
| Other names = pandero
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = pandero
| See = pandereta
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = panderos{{cite web|access-date=March 9, 2008|author=Davis, Martha Ellen|url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/lameca/dossiers/ethnomusicologie/davis1_eng.html|title=A Survey of Afro-Dominican Palos Sacred Drum Music|publisher=University of Florida|work=Séminaire d'ethnomusicologie caribéenne|date=7 July 2003|location=Sainte-Anne, Guadeloupe|archive-date=11 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211223945/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/lameca/dossiers/ethnomusicologie/davis1_eng.html|url-status=live}}
| Number = 211.3
| Tradition = Dominican Republic
| Type = Small rural folk handheld frame drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = Pétro
| See = petwo
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = petwo{{cite book|last=Steward|first=Sue|author2=Sean Harvey |chapter=Compass Points|year=2000|editor=Simon Broughton |editor2=Mark Ellingham |editor3=James McConnachie |editor4=Orla Duane|title=World Music |volume=2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific|pages=421–429|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-85828-636-0}}
| Number = 211.21-92
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cylindrical drum headed with cowskin, attached with cords, comes in two varieties: loango and juba
| Other names = conga, Pétro
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Medium-sized drum that supports dancers, played in pairs, with one played solo, and both played bare-handed, used among the Alukuó Maroons
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = playing cast{{cite book|title=This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music|first=Lloyd|last=Bradley|author2=Prince Buster|year=2001|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=0-8021-3828-4|url=https://archive.org/details/thisisreggaemusi00brad}}
| Number = 211.211.1+111.231
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Small, high-pitched, plays complex, syncopated rhythms, covered with a goat skin, used in Kumina, open end sometimes struck with sticks
| Other names = playin kya, cast
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = playin kya
| See = playing cast
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Small, skin-covered bass drum, common among the rural Afro-Surinamese
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = prenting
| See = kromanti
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = primo
| See = subidor
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Barbados
| Type = Long drum, made from a hollow tree trunk with goat or sheep skin on either end
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.31
| Tradition = St Maarten
| Type = Goatskin frame drum, sometimes played in pairs or larger groups, usually using both hands
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Smallest barrel-shaped hand drum, made out of a box with two sloping sides, of the tumbadora family, plays the most intricate rhythms of the group, not always characterized as a tumbadora or conga drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Drum headed with cowskin, attached with wooden pegs
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Goatskin drum, used alongside tambou manman, used in petwo and YaYa TiKongo rhythms
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = rattle
| See = snare drum (Jamaica)
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = repeater
| See = bass drum (Jamaica), snare drum (Jamaica)
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = repeater
| See = kété
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Used in the Burru rituals, now imported to Rastafarian music
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = repicador
| See = subidor
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.25
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Small conical hand drum, improvises over the other drum rhythms, used in plena
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = ricardo
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = ripsaw drum
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Turks and Caicos and Bahamas (Cat Island only)
| Type = Goat- or cow-skin drum, heated to produce a pitch
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = round
| See = snare drum (Jamaica)
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = Saba drum
| Number = 211.22
| Tradition = Saba
| Type = Made from kegs or barrels, and attached to a skin frame secured by wood, rope and pegs
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = salidor
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = scratch band barrel drum
| Number = 211.222
| Tradition = Virgin Islands
| Type = Double-headed barrel drum, used in scratch bands
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = second
| See = segon
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211-7
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cowskin hand drum with artistic collars, used in rada along with boula and manman drums
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = segundo
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = side drum
| See = snare drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = skratji{{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter|title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1995|isbn=1-56639-338-8|url=https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrent00manu}}{{cite web|work=World Music Central|title=Kaseko|author=Rein Spoorman|access-date=March 10, 2007|url=http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030414202502213|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018135959/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030414202502213|archive-date=October 18, 2006}}
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Large Afro-Surinamese bass drum with a cymbal on top, used in kaseko
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = snare drum
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Bermuda
| Type = Central use in Bermudan traditions, generally played in pairs, used in gombey
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Barbados
| Type = Doubled headed side snare drum, used in tuk bands
| Other names = kettle
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Snare drum used in comparsa pre-Easter celebrations
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Snare drum played with wooden sticks, carried with a strap, used in marching bands and Maroon music
| Other names = side drum, Maroon only: repeater, rattle, round, circular
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Snare drum, used in kaseko
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.261.2-813
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Drum with straight but sloping sides, closest to being a classic goblet drum, variation on a batá drum
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = subidor{{cite web|title=Music|work=Puerto Rico's Culture|url=http://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/music.shtml|access-date=March 10, 2007|archive-date=March 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010709/http://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/music.shtml|url-status=live}}
| Number = 211.22
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Smaller, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin, used in bomba
| Other names = primo, repicador
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = super quinto
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = supertumba
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = tambora{{cite journal|title=Review of Caribbean Island Music: Songs and Dances of Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica by John Storm Roberts|first1=Krister|last1=Malm|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=17|issue=3|date=September 1973|pages=587–589|doi=10.2307/849985|last2=Roberts|first2=John Storm|jstor=849985}}Manuel, pgs. 42–46
| Number = 211.222
| Tradition = Dominican Republic originally, now also common on St Maarten
| Type = Double-headed barrel drum of African origin, played with a stick on one head and a bare hand on the other
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221.1
| Tradition = Grenada and Dominica
| Type = Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, larger partner of the baboula, accompanies the belair dance
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = {{center|-}}
| Tradition = Martinique and Guadeloupe
| Type = Generic term for drums
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Puerto Rico
| Type = Long drum, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and topped with animal skin
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 212.211
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Miniature version of the tymbale, beaten with two sticks
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = tambú{{cite web|access-date=December 3, 2005|url=http://www.curacao-travelguide.com/culture/index.shtml|title=Curacao's Culture|work=Curacao Culture and Folklore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203093229/http://www.curacao-travelguide.com/culture/index.shtml|archive-date=December 3, 2005}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Curaçao
| Type = Long drum, made from a hollow log, used in tambú
| Other names = tambu
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = tanbou
| See = tambou
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number =
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Barrel drum made from hardwood and topped with animal skin
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = tassa
| Number = 211.11
| Tradition = Indo-Trinidadian, now commonplace
| Type = Kettle drum with a goatskin head, used in the Muslim Hosay (Hosein) ritual
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Saint Lucia
| Type = Snare drum, used in cockfights, séwinal, merry-go-rounds, other celebrations
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = tenor drum
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Jamaica
| Type = Carried with a strap, used in marching bands
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = tétendóga
| See = biapá
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = timbales
| Number = 211.211.1
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = European-derived open-bottomed twin drum, played using sticks
| Other names = tymbales
| Image = 130px
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Cylindrical drum like the tom-tom drum, [played with sticks
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Guadeloupe
| Type = Bass drum, played with sticks
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = Antigua and Barbuda
| Type = Small drum, decorated with shells and tin
| Other names = tumtum
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = tres golpes
| See = conga
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Medium-sized barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = true conga
| See = bass tumbadora
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.221-7
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Largest variety of the conga family, stave drum with a cowskin head
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Cuban conga drum, barrel-shaped hand drum
| Other names = bass tumbadora, true conga, tres por dos, quinto
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = tumao{{cite journal|title=The Black Perspective in Music|first=Leonard|last=Goines|journal=The Black Perspective in Music|volume=3|issue=1|date=Spring 1975|pages=40–44}}
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Suriname
| Type = Intermediate drum of the set, with agida and apinti, played with one hand, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = tumtum
| See = toombah
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.212.1
| Tradition = Barbados
| Type = Hollowed-out tree trunk with skins at either end
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 2
| Tradition = French Guiana
| Type = Small drum, used among the Alukuó Maroons
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 22
| Tradition = Dominica
| Type = Small barrel frame drum, headed with goatskin; a cord with an attached bead is placed on the drumskin to add a buzzing quality to the sound, used to accompany work songs
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 212.212.1
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Large two-headed hooped drum, carried with a strap and sometimes with an attached board called an assot
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = tymbales
| See = timbales
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 23
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Abakua friction drum, details of construction are kept secret
| Other names =
}}
{{List of musical instruments- see
| Drum = woowoo
| See = French reel
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 211.22-861
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Second-largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, hun-hogúlo and huní
| Other names = French drum
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Drum = yuka
| Number = 211.211.2
| Tradition = Cuba
| Type = Class of three folk tubular drums: caja, mula, and cachimbo
| Other names = makuta, ngoma, tambor de yuka
}}
{{List of musical instruments
| Number = 22
| Tradition = Haiti
| Type = Cylindrical drum used in the dance of the same name, has a wire stretched across the single goatskin head
| Other names =
}}
{{End}}
References
- {{cite book|first=Peter|last=Manuel|title=Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=1988|isbn=0-19-506334-1}}
- {{cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada|publisher=Garland Publishing|location=New York and London|year=2001|last=Koskoff|first=Ellen|isbn=0-8240-6040-7}}
Notes
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Featured list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caribbean Membranophones}}
Category:Caribbean musical instruments
Category:Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments