List of Doges of Venice
{{Short description|A list of all 120 heads of state, or Doges, of the Most Serene Republic of Venice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Doge
| body = Venice
| insignia = Coat of Arms of the Republic of Venice.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = Coat of arms
| image = Lodovico Manin.jpg
| imagesize = 120px
| imagecaption = Last Ruler
Ludovico Manin
| style = His Serenity
| residence = Palazzo Ducale
| appointer = Serenissima Signoria
| appointer_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation = 697
| first = Paolo L. Anafesto
| last = Ludovico Manin
| abolished = 12 May 1797
| succession =
| salary =
}}
The following is a list of all 120 of the Doges of Venice ordered by the dates of their reigns.
For more than 1,000 years, the chief magistrate and leader of the city of Venice and later of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge, a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux. Doges of Venice were elected for life by the city-state's aristocracy. The Venetian combination of elaborate monarchic pomp and a republican (though "aristocratic") constitution with intricate checks and balances makes "La serenissima" (Venice) a textbook example of a crowned republic.
Despite the great power given to them, the Venetian Doges were restricted by law (unlike the Doges of the Republic of Genoa) to spend the rest of their lives inside the Doge's Palace complex and St Mark's Basilica, occasionally leaving for diplomatic reasons.
Byzantine period
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! scope="col" | {{No.}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reigned ! scope="col" | Note ! scope="col" | Sources |
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|1 | 100px | Paolo Lucio Anafesto | 697–717 | Paolo Lucio Anafesto is traditionally described as the first Doge of Venice, but John Julius Norwich suggests that this may be a mistake for Paul, Exarch of Ravenna, and that the traditional second doge Marcello Tegalliano may have been the similarly named magister militum to Paul. Their existence as doges is uncorroborated by any source before the 11th century, but as Norwich suggests, is probably not entirely legendary. Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is, thus, dated to 697 AD. | |
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|2 | 100px | Marcello Tegalliano | 717–726 | | |
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|3 | 100px | Orso Ipato | 726–737 | Ipato is described as the first historical Doge of Venice. Nominated by the popular assembly opposed to the iconoclast policies of the Byzantine Emperor; murdered by rebels during a civil conflict | |
Magister militum per Venetiae
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | {{No.}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reigned ! scope="col" | Note ! scope="col" | Sources |
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|1 | | 738 | Leoni was the first Byzantine magister militum per Venetiae. | |
2
| | 739 | | |
3
| | 739 | | |
4
| | 741 | | |
5
| | 742 | | |
Ducal period
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | {{No.}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reigned ! scope="col" | Note ! scope="col" | Sources |
style="height:6em;"
|4 | 100px | 742–755 | The first doge since its restoration. Deposed, blinded, and exiled. | |
5
| 100px | 755–756 | Deposed, blinded, and exiled. | |
6
| 100px | Domenico Monegario | 756–764 | Deposed, blinded, and exiled. | |
7
| 100px | Maurizio Galbaio | 764–787 | The first historical doge not to be forcefully removed from power. | |
8
| 100px | Giovanni Galbaio | 787–804 | Fled to Mantua in 803 with family, where they all probably died. | |
9
| 100px | Obelerio degli Antenori | 804–811 | Exiled, attempted to return to power, killed and head displayed in the market. | |
10
| 100px | Agnello Participazio | 811–827 | | |
11
| 100px | Giustiniano Participazio | 827–829 | | |
12
| 100px | Giovanni I Participazio | 829–836 | Arrested and tonsured (head shaved like a monk). | |
13
| 100px | Pietro Tradonico | 836–864 | Assassinated, although in this case his successor arrested and executed the assassins. | |
14
| 100px | Orso I Participazio | 864–881 | |
15
| | Giovanni II Participazio | 881–887 | Resigned due to poor health. | |
16
| 100px | Pietro I Candiano | 887–887 | Killed in open battle while invading the Narentines. | |
17
| 100px | Pietro Tribuno | 887–912 | | |
18
| 100px | Orso II Participazio | 912–932 | | |
19
| 100px | Pietro II Candiano | 932–939 | | |
20
| | Pietro Participazio | 939–942 | | |
21
| 100px | Pietro III Candiano | 942–959 | | |
22
| | Pietro IV Candiano | 959–976 | Assassinated, along with his son Pietro, while fleeing an arson attack on the Doge's Palace by rebelling citizens. | |
23
| 100px | Pietro I Orseolo | 976–978 | Resigned to become a Benedictine hermit in the Abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa in the Pyrenees. | |
24
| | Vitale Candiano | 978–979 | Abdicated, for health reasons. | |
25
| 100px | Tribuno Memmo | 979–991 | | |
26
| 100px | Pietro II Orseolo | 991–1009 | | |
27
| 100px | Otto Orseolo | 1008–1026 | Arrested, beard shaved, and banished to Constantinople for nepotism. |
28
| 100px | Pietro Barbolano | 1026–1032 | Abdicated under heavy pressure to reinstate Otto Orseolo. | |
29
| 100px | Domenico Flabanico | 1032–1043 | | |
30
| 100px | Domenico I Contarini | 1043–1071 | | |
31
| 100px | Domenico Selvo | 1071–1084 | Deposed peacefully to a monastery because of naval defeat, died three years later. | |
32
| 100px | Vitale Faliero | 1084–1095 | | |
33
| 100px | Vitale I Michiel | 1095–1102 | | |
34
| 100px | Ordelafo Faliero | 1102–1117 | | |
35
| 100px | Domenico Michiel | 1117–1130 | | |
36
| 100px | Pietro Polani | 1130–1148 | | |
Republican period
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | {{No.}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reigned ! scope="col" | Note ! scope="col" | Sources |
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|37 | 100px | Domenico Morosini | 1148–1156 | | |
38
| 100px | Vitale II Michiel | 1156–1172 | Murdered | |
39
| 100px | Sebastiano Ziani | 1172–1178 |Resigned to a monastery, died three days later | |
40
| 100px | Orio Mastropiero | 1178–1192 | | |
41
| 100px | Enrico Dandolo | 21 June 1192 – June 1205 | | |
42
| 100px | Pietro Ziani | 1205–1229 |Resigned in February 1229 | |
43
| 100px | Jacopo Tiepolo | 1229–1249 | | |
44
| 100px | Marino Morosini | 1249–1253 | | |
45
| 100px | Reniero Zeno | 1 January 1253 – 7 July 1268 | | |
46
| 100px | Lorenzo Tiepolo | 1268–1275 | | |
47
| 100px | Jacopo Contarini | 1275–1280 | | |
48
| 100px | Giovanni Dandolo | 31 March 1280 – 2 November 1289 | | |
49
| 100px | Pietro Gradenigo | 1289–1311 | | |
50
| 100px | Marino Zorzi | 1311–1312 | | |
51
| 100px | Giovanni Soranzo | 1312–1328 | | |
52
| 100px | Francesco Dandolo | 1329–1339 | | |
53
| 100px | Bartolomeo Gradenigo | 7 November 1339 – 28 December 1342 | | |
54
| 100px | Andrea Dandolo | 1343 – 7 September 1354 | | |
55
| 100px | Marino Faliero | 11 September 1354 – 15 April 1355 | Convicted of treason, executed and condemned to damnatio memoriae. Age c.80/81 | |
56
| 100px | Giovanni Gradenigo | 21 April 1355 – 8 August 1356 | Age c.75/76 | |
57
| 100px | Giovanni Dolfin | August 13, 1356 – 12 July 1361 | Age c. 53/58 | |
58
| 100px | Lorenzo Celsi | 16 July 1361 – 18 July 1365 | Age c. 51/55 | |
59
| 100px | Marco Cornaro | Late July/Early August 1365 – 13 January 1368 | Age c. 79/82 | |
60
| 100px | Andrea Contarini | 1367 – 5 June 1382 | Age c. 67/82 | |
61
| 100px | Michele Morosini | 10 June 1382 – 16 October 1382 | Age c. 74/74 | |
62
| 100px | Antonio Venier | Late October 1382 – 23 November 1400 | Age c. 52/70 | |
63
| 100px | Michele Steno | 1 December 1400 – 26 December 1413 | Age c. 69/82 | |
64
| 100px | Tommaso Mocenigo | Early January 1414 – 4 April 1423 | Age c. 71/80 | |
65
| 100px | Francesco Foscari | 15 April 1423 – 22 October 1457 | His reign was the longest of all Doges in Venetian history. Was forced to abdicate by the Council of Ten. Age 49/84 | |
66
| 100px | Pasquale Malipiero | 30 October 1457 – 5 May 1462 | Age c. 65/70 | |
67
| 100px | Cristoforo Moro | Mid to Late May 1462 – 10 November 1471 | Age c. 72/81 | |
68
| 100px | Nicolò Tron | Late November 1471 – 28 July 1473 | Age c. 72/74 | |
69
| 100px | Nicolò Marcello | 13 August 1473 – 1 December 1474 | Age c. 74/75 | |
70
| 100px | Pietro Mocenigo | 14 December 1474 – 23 February 1476 | Age 68/70 | |
71
| 100px | Andrea Vendramin | Early to Mid March 1476 – 5 May 1478 | Age c. 83/85 | |
72
| 100px | Giovanni Mocenigo | Mid to Late May 1478 – 4 November 1485 | Age c. 69/76 | |
73
| 100px | Marco Barbarigo | Mid to Late November 1485 – 14 August 1486 | Age c. 72/73 | |
74
| 100px | Agostino Barbarigo | Late August/Early September 1486 – 20 September 1501 | Age 67/82 | |
75
| 100px | Leonardo Loredan | 13 October 1501 – 22 June 1521 | Age 64/84 | |
76
| 100px | Antonio Grimani | Early July 1521 – 7 May 1523 | Age 86/88 | |
77
| 100px | Andrea Gritti | 20 May 1523 – 28 December 1538 | Age 68/83 | |
78
| 100px | Pietro Lando | Late December 1538/Early January 1539 – 9 November 1545 | Age c. 76/83 | |
79
| 100px | Francesco Donato | Late November 1545 – 23 May 1553 | Age c. 77/85 | |
80
| 100px | Marcantonio Trivisan | Early June 1553 – 31 May 1554 | Age c. 78/79 | |
81
| 100px | Francesco Venier | 11 June 1554 – 2 June 1556 | Age 65/67 | |
82
| 100px | Lorenzo Priuli | Mid to Late June 1556 – 17 August 1559 | Age c. 67/70 | |
83
| 100px | Girolamo Priuli | 1 September 1559 – 4 November 1567 | Age c. 73/81 | |
84
| 100px | Pietro Loredan | 29 November 1567 – 3 May 1570 | Age c. 86/89 | |
85
| 100px | Alvise I Mocenigo | Mid to Late May 1570 – 4 June 1577 | Age 62/69 | |
86
| 100px | Sebastiano Venier | 11 June 1577 - 3 March 1578 | Age c. 81/82 | |
87
| 100px | Nicolò da Ponte | 3 March 1578 – 30 July 1585 | * There are references to a long, drawn out election process requiring 44 votes, but the appointment date matches the date of death of the previous Doge who held a Life term and served until death. This is unusual as most election appointments are between 1 and 3 weeks following the passing of the previous Doge (averaging around 2 weeks). Age 87/94 | |
88
| 100px | Pasquale Cicogna | Early to Mid August 1585 – 2 April 1595 | Age 76/85 | |
89
| 100px | Marino Grimani | 26 April 1595 – 25 December 1605 | Age 62/73 | |
90
| 100px | Leonardo Donato | 10 January 1606 – 16 July 1612 | Age 69/76 | |
91
| 100px | Marcantonio Memmo | 24 July 1612 – 31 October 1615 | Age 75/78 | |
92
| 100px | Giovanni Bembo | 2 December 1615 – 16 March 1618 | Age 72/74 | |
93
| 100px | Nicolò Donato | 5 April 1618 – 8 May 1618 | Age 79/79 | |
94
| 100px | Antonio Priuli | 17 May 1618 – 12 August 1623 | Age 70/75 | |
95
| 100px | Francesco Contarini | 8 September 1623 – 6 December 1624 | Age 66/68 | |
96
| 100px | Giovanni I Cornaro | 24 January 1625 – 23 December 1629 | Age 73/78 | |
97
| 100px | Nicolò Contarini | 18 January 1630 – 2 April 1631 | Age 76/77 | |
98
| 100px | Francesco Erizzo | 10 April 1631 – 3 January 1646 | Age 65/79 | |
99
| 100px | Francesco Molin | 20 January 1646 – 27 February 1655 | Age 70/79 | |
100
| 100px | Carlo Contarini | 27 March 1655 – 1 May 1656 | Age 74/75 | |
101
| 100px | Francesco Cornaro | 17 May 1656 – 5 June 1656 | Age 71/71 | |
102
| 100px | Bertuccio Valier | 15 June 1656 – 29 March 1658 | Age 59/61 | |
103
| 100px | Giovanni Pesaro | 8 April 1658 – 30 September 1659 | Age 68/70 | |
104
| 100px | Domenico II Contarini | 16 October 1659 – 26 January 1675 | Age 74/89 | |
105
| 100px | Nicolò Sagredo | 6 February 1675 – 14 August 1676 | Age 68/69 | |
106
| 100px | Alvise Contarini | 26 August 1676 – 15 January 1684 | Age 74/82 | |
107
| 100px | Marcantonio Giustinian | 26 January 1684 – 23 March 1688 | Age 64/69 | |
108
| 100px | Francesco Morosini | 3 April 1688 – 16 January 1694 | Age 69/74 | |
109
| 100px | Silvestro Valier | 25 February 1694 – 7 July 1700 | Age 63/70 | |
110
| 100px | Alvise II Mocenigo | 17 July 1700 – 6 May 1709 | Age 72/81 | |
111
| 100px | Giovanni II Cornaro | 22 May 1709 – 12 August 1722 | Age 61/75 | |
112
| 100px | Sebastiano Mocenigo | 24 August 1722 – 21 May 1732 | Age 59/69 | |
113
| 100px | Carlo Ruzzini | 6 June 1732 – 5 January 1735 | Age 78/81 | |
114
| 100px | Alvise Pisani | 17 January 1735 – 17 June 1741 | Age 71/77 | |
115
| 100px | Pietro Grimani | 30 June 1741 – 7 March 1752 | Age 63/74 | |
116
| 100px | Francesco Loredan | 18 March 1752 – 19 May 1762 | Age 67/77 | |
117
| 100px | Marco Foscarini | 31 May 1762 – 31 March 1763 | Age 66/67 | |
118
| 100px | Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo | 19 April 1763 – 31 December 1778 | Age 61/77 | |
119
| 100px | Paolo Renier | 14 January 1779 – 13 February 1789 | Age 68/78 | |
120
| 100px | Ludovico Manin | 10 March 1789 – 12 May 1797 | Forced to abdicate by Napoleon. Age 63/71 at abdication/77 at death | |
Legacy
After the Fall of the Republic of Venice, the position of Doge was abolished. Instead, from 1806 to 1866, a Podestà of Venice was appointed by the rulers of the city: Napoleon and the Habsburgs.
In 1860, the nascent Kingdom of Italy created the office of the Mayor of Venice (Sindaco di Venezia), chosen by the City council.
From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Venice was chosen by the City Council. Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Venice has been chosen by popular election, originally every four and, later, every five years.
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. {{ISBN|0-679-72197-5}}.
{{Doges of Venice}}