List of Linux adopters

As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance, some have turned to Linux and other free software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated software and expensive proprietary computer products from Microsoft, Apple and other commercial companies. The spread of Linux affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices. Cost is not the only factor being considered, though — many governmental institutions (in public and military sectors) in North America and the European Union make the transition to Linux because of its superior stability and the openness of the source code, which strengthens information security.{{cite news|url=http://gcn.com/articles/2011/07/01/georgia-tech-dhs-open-source-security.aspx?admgarea=TC_NETCOMMSYS|title=DHS, Georgia Tech seek to improve security with open-source tools|work=Government Computer News|date=2011-07-01|access-date=2011-10-14}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?nid=66210|title=Georgia Tech Research Institute Leads $10 M Open Source Initiative|publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology|date=2011-05-17|access-date=2011-10-14}}{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43182037|title=U.S. Considers Open-Source Software for Cybersecurity|first=Jeremy|last=Hsu|work=NBC News|date=2011-05-26|access-date=2011-10-14}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite web|url=http://open-sec.org/images/whitepapers/open-security-definition-2013-08-21.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317214909/https://open-sec.org/images/whitepapers/open-security-definition-2013-08-21.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2025|title=What is open security?|first=David A|last=Wheeler|work=Institute for Defense Analyses|publisher=Open Security|date=2013-08-21|access-date=2013-09-07}}{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecurityfoundation.org/|title=Open Security Foundation|publisher=Open Security Foundation|access-date=2011-06-21|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114732/http://www.opensecurityfoundation.org/|archive-date=2011-07-19}}

• In 2007, First National Bank switched more than 12,000 desktop computers to Linux by 2007.{{cite web|url = https://news.softpedia.com/news/FNB-Shifts-to-Linux-56364.shtml|title = FNB Shifts to Linux|date = 4 June 2007|access-date = 2018-07-13}}
• In 2009, the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) deployed multi-station Linux desktops to address budget and infrastructure constraints in 50 rural sites.{{cite web|url = http://www.omni-ts.com/newsroom/linux-desktops-government.html|title = SASSA cuts costs and improves service delivery in rural areas with Novell and Userful Multiplier|access-date = 2009-06-25|publisher = Omni Technology Solutions|date = June 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203015224/http://www.omni-ts.com/newsroom/linux-desktops-government.html|archive-date = 2014-02-03|url-status = dead}}

• The People's Republic of China exclusively uses Linux as the operating system for its Loongson processor family, with the aim of technology independence.{{cite news |date=26 June 2006 |first=Tom R. |last=Halfhill |url=http://www.linleygroup.com/newsletters/newsletter_detail.php?num=4264 |title=China's Microprocessor Dilemma |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=Microprocessor Report |publisher=The Linley Group }}
• Since 2006, Kylin is used by People's Liberation Army in The People's Republic of China. The first version used FreeBSD, but since release 3.0, it employs Linux.{{cite web|url=http://english.chinamil.com.cn/site2/columns/2006-02/14/content_420257.htm|title=Kylin Operating System of superior performance developed|publisher= english.chinamil.com.cn| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005919/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/site2/columns/2006-02/14/content_420257.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=21 August 2014 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.kylin-os.com/products/os/index.html |title=麒麟Linux安全操作系统3.0版 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518001328/http://www.kylin-os.com/products/os/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2009 |work=www.kylin-os.com |date=18 May 2009 |language=zh }}
• As of 2005, State owned Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is installing Linux in all of its 20,000 retail branches as the basis for its web server and a new terminal platform.{{cite news |first=Maria |last=Korolov |date=September 6, 2005 |url=https://www.informationweek.com/microsoft-fights-piracy-in-china-linux-wins/a/d-id/1035785 |title=Microsoft Fights Piracy In China, Linux Wins |work=InformationWeek |access-date=28 March 2018 }}
• Since 2008, North Korea uses a Linux distribution developed by the Korea Computer Center, called Red Star OS, on their computers. Prior to its release, Red Hat Linux or Windows XP were used.{{cite news|title=North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/north-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers|access-date=4 May 2018|work=The Guardian|date=27 December 2015|language=en}}

• In 2003, the Turkish government decided to create its own Linux distribution, Pardus, developed by UEKAE (National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology). The first version, Pardus 1.0, was officially announced on 27 December 2005.{{cite web

| url=http://www.uekae.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=578&pid=547

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724051552/http://www.uekae.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=578&pid=547

| url-status=dead

| archive-date=2011-07-24

|author=UEKAE

| publisher=UEKAE

| title=Why Pardus?

| access-date=2009-06-28}}

• In 2002, the Government of Pakistan established a Technology Resource Mobilization Unit to enable groups of professionals to exchange views and coordinate activities in their sectors and to educate users about free software alternatives. Linux is an option for poor countries which have little revenue for public investment; Pakistan is using open-source software in public schools and colleges, and hopes to run all government services on Linux eventually.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
• In 2007, Government of India's CDAC developed an Indian Linux distribution, BOSS GNU/Linux (Bharat Operating System Solutions). It is customized to suit Indian's digital environment and supports most of the Indian languages.{{Cite web|title=DistroWatch.com: BOSS GNU/Linux|url=https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=boss|access-date=2021-12-29|website=distrowatch.com}}
• In March 2014, with the end of support for Windows XP, the Government of Tamil Nadu, India has advised all its departments to install BOSS Linux (Bharat Operating System Solutions).{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-state-departments-asked-to-switch-over-to-open-source-software/article5799039.ece|title = TN state departments asked to switch over to open source software |access-date = 20 March 2014|last = Kumar|first = N Ravi|date = 18 March 2014| work = The Hindu}}
• In 2021, the Government of Kerala, India, announced its official support for free/open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001,{{cite web | url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf | title="Role of Open or Free Software", Section 15, page 20, of the State IT Policy (2001) of the Government of Kerala, copy available at the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN) site | access-date=31 October 2013 | archive-date=3 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103210627/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf | url-status=dead }} which was formulated after the first-ever free software conference in India, "Freedom First!", held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, where Richard Stallman inaugurated the Free Software Foundation of India.{{cite web | url=https://www.gnu.org/press/2001-07-20-FSF-India.html | title=Press release from GNU Project, July 2001}} Since then, Kerala's IT Policy has been significantly influenced by FOSS, with several major initiatives such as KITE possibly the largest single-purpose deployment of Linux in the world, and leading to the formation of the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS) in 2009.
• In 2023, India's Ministry of Defence will use Ubuntu based Linux distribution Maya OS on all Internet-connected computers.{{cite news|url = https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/microsoft-windows-replaced-maya-os-amid-rising-cyber-threats-1718528|title = Microsoft Windows to be replaced by Maya OS amid rising cyber threats |access-date = 16 August 2023|last = Vinay Patel|first = Vinay Patel|date = 15 August 2023| work = International Business Times}}

• In 2010, the Philippines fielded an Ubuntu-powered national voting system.{{cite web|url = http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2010/05/philippines-use-ubuntu-based-voting-machines-in-recent-election/|title = Philippines use Ubuntu-based voting machines in recent election|access-date = 13 May 2010|last = Sneddon|first = Joey-Elijah|date=May 2010}}
• In July 2010, Malaysia had switched 703 of the state's 724 agencies to free and open-source software with a Linux-based operating system used.{{cite web

| url=http://techie-buzz.com/foss/malaysian-government-97-open-source-software.html

|author=Chinmoy Kanjilal

| publisher=Techie Buzz

| title=Malaysian Government Uses 97% Open Source Software

| access-date=2009-06-28}} The Chief Secretary to the Government cited, "(the) general acceptance of its promise of better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility and lower cost".{{cite web|url=http://www.oscc.org.my//content/view/245/270/ |author=Tan Sri Mohd. Sidek b. Hj Hassan |publisher=OSCC |title=From Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia |access-date=2009-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531122249/http://www.oscc.org.my/content/view/245/270 |archive-date=May 31, 2009 }}

• In 2009, Students from the University of Information Science in Cuba launched its own distribution of Linux called Nova to promote the replacement of Microsoft Windows on civilian and government computers, a project that is now supported by the Cuban Government. In early 2011, the Universidad de Ciencias Informáticas announced that they would migrate more than 8000 PCs to the new operating system.{{cite web|url=http://www.cubadebate.cu/especiales/2010/01/13/cuba-frente-bloqueo-windows-nova/|title=Frente al bloqueo de Windows, NOVA sí va|work=Cubadebate|access-date=10 August 2015}}[http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-14211--5-5--.html Cuba launches own Linux variant to counter US] - By Esteban Israel, Caribbean Net News (Thursday, February 12, 2009) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327141228/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-14211--5-5--.html |date=March 27, 2010 }}{{Cite news|url = http://www.somoslibres.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4311|title = Cuba: 8000 computadoras de la Universidad de Ciencias Informáticas migraran a Nova GNU/Linux (Spanish language)|access-date = 15 February 2011|last = somoslibres|date=February 2011| work = press-latina.cu}}

• In July 2001,{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/07/24/white_house_web_site_moves/|title=White House Web site moves to Linux|work=The Register|author=John Leyden|date=2001-07-24|access-date=2011-08-26}} the White House started switching whitehouse.gov to an operating system based on Red Hat Linux and using the Apache HTTP Server.{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxpronews.com/2009/1028.html|title=How Whitehouse.gov Will Bring Open Source To The American Spotlight|publisher=LinuxProNews.com|author=Savio Rodrigues|date=2009-10-28|access-date=2011-08-26|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120033258/https://www.linuxpronews.com/2009/1028.html|url-status=dead}} The installation was completed in February 2009.{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/|title=Obama Invites Open Source into the White House|work=PC World|author=Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols|date=2009-10-29|access-date=2011-08-26|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217020023/https://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/obama_invites_open_source_into_the_white_house.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://uptime.netcraft.com/up/graph?site=whitehouse.gov|title=OS, Web Server and Hosting History for whitehouse.gov|publisher=Netcraft|date=2011-08-26|access-date=2011-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054600/http://uptime.netcraft.com/up/graph?site=whitehouse.gov|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}} In October 2009, the White House servers adopted Drupal, an open-source content management system software distribution.{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/open/around/eop/ostp/plan |title= Office of Science & Technology - Open Government Plan |author=John P. Holdren|date=2010-04-07|access-date=2011-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123072136/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/open/around/eop/ostp/plan|via=National Archives |work=Office of Science and Technology Policy |archive-date = 2017-01-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/oval-office-goes-open-source|title=Oval Office Goes Open Source

|work=Linux Journal|author=Justin Ryan|date=2010-04-22|access-date=2011-08-26}}

• In April 2006, the US Federal Aviation Administration announced that it had completed a migration to Red Hat Enterprise Linux in one third of the scheduled time and about US$15 million under budget. The switch saved a further US$15 million in datacenter operating costs.[http://www.alphatradefn.com/story/2006-04-26/BIZ/200604260800BIZWIRE_USPR_____BW5201.html AlphaTrade Finance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126180942/http://www.alphatradefn.com/story/2006-04-26/BIZ/200604260800BIZWIRE_USPR_____BW5201.html |date=January 26, 2008 }}{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/50238.html|title= Red Hat: Move to Linux Saved FAA $15 Million|author=ECT News Staff|date= May 2006| access-date = 2015-08-09}}
• By 2007, the United States Department of Defense uses Linux - "the U.S. Army is the single largest installed base for Red Hat Linux"{{cite web|url = http://www.linux.com/feed/61302|title = Open Technology within DoD, Intel Systems|access-date = 2008-10-18|last = Linux.com|date=April 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521185400/http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/61302 |archive-date = 21 May 2011}} and the US Navy nuclear submarine fleet runs on Linux,{{cite web|url = http://fsmsh.com/3294|title = Special 301: FOSS users. Now we're all Communists and Criminals|access-date = 2010-03-08|last = Richmond|first = Guy|date=March 2010}} including their sonar systems.{{Cite web|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7789|title = Linux in Government: Navy Sonar Opens New Opportunities for Linux Clusters and IBM G5 servers | Linux Journal}}
• By 2008, the US National Nuclear Security Administration operates the world's tenth fastest supercomputer, the IBM Roadrunner, which uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux along with Fedora as its operating systems.{{cite web| url=http://www.open-mpi.org/papers/sc-2008/jsquyres-cisco-booth-talk-1up.pdf|author=Jeff Squyres| publisher=Open MPI| title=Open MPI: 10^15 Flops Can't Be Wrong| access-date=2008-11-22}}
• In June 2012, the US Navy signed a US$27,883,883 contract with Raytheon to install Linux ground control software for its fleet of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) Northrop Grumman MQ-8 Fire Scout drones. The contract involves Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, which has already spent US$5,175,075 in preparation for the Linux systems.{{cite web|last=Thomson|first=Ian|title=US Navy buys Linux to guide drone fleet|website=The Register|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/06/08/us_navy_linux_drones/}}

• The government of Argentine Misione's province workstations have GobMis GNU/Linux, a distribution with necessary tools for public administration.{{Cite web |title=GobMis GNU/Linux - El Sistema Operativo Libre del Gobierno de la Provincia de Misiones |url=https://distro.misiones.gob.ar/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=distro.misiones.gob.ar}} Also delivers a "generic" distribution without government branding known as "GobLin GNU/Linux".{{Cite web |title=Le damos la Bienvenida a GobLin GNU/Linux |url=https://distro.misiones.gob.ar/goblin/bienvenida/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=distro.misiones.gob.ar}}
• Brazil uses PC Conectado, a program utilizing Linux.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
• In 2004, Venezuela's government approved the 3390 decree,{{cite web|title=Official Decree in Software Libre, a Venezuelan Gov't Official site|url=http://www.softwarelibre.gob.ve/images/stories/leyes/decreto3390softwarelibre.pdf|access-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202052323/http://www.softwarelibre.gob.ve/images/stories/leyes/decreto3390softwarelibre.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-02|url-status=dead}} to give preference to using free software in public administration. One result of this policy is the development of Canaima, a Debian-based Linux distribution.

• In 2005, Austria's city of Vienna has chosen to start migrating its desktop PCs to Debian-based Wienux.{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/linuxunix/0,39020390,39185440,00.htm|title=Latest Topics|work=ZDNet|access-date=10 August 2015}} However, by 2011, the idea was largely abandoned, because the necessary software was incompatible with Linux.{{cite web|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/vienna_failed_to_migrate_to_linux_why|title=Vienna failed to migrate to GNU/Linux: why?|date=2008-06-09|work=freesoftwaremagazine.com|last=Mobily|first=Tony|access-date=2010-09-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027174413/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/vienna_failed_to_migrate_to_linux_why|archive-date=2011-10-27}}

• In 2005, Czech Post migrated 4000 servers and 12,000 clients to Novell Linux.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/jsps/documents/dsp_showPrinterDocument.jsp?docID=3846&lg=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921081754/http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/jsps/documents/dsp_showPrinterDocument.jsp?docID=3846&lg=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2009 |title=EUROPA - IDABC - Czech post successfully migrates to Linux |access-date=14 October 2005 |last=European Communities |date=February 2005 }}{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39186055,00.htm|title=Latest Topics|work=ZDNet|access-date=10 August 2015}}

• In 2007, France's national police force (the National Gendarmerie) started moving their 90,000 desktops from Windows XP to a Ubuntu based OS, GendBuntu, over concerns about the additional training costs of moving to Windows Vista, and following the success of OpenOffice.org roll-outs. The force saved about €50 million on software licensing between 2004 and 2008.{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/open-source-leads-gendarme-arrest-spending|title = Open Source Leads Gendarme to Arrest Spending|access-date = 2009-03-12|last = Ryan|first = Justin|date=March 2009}}{{cite web

| url=http://www.osor.eu/news/fr-gendarmerie-saves-millions-with-open-desktop-and-web-applications

| title=Gendarmerie saves millions with open desktop and web applications

| publisher=Open Source Observatory

| date=6 March 2009

| access-date=20 February 2011

}}{{cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/03/french-police-saves-millions-of-euros-by-adopting-ubuntu.ars|title = French police: we saved millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu|access-date = 2009-03-12|last = Paul|first = Ryan|date=March 2009}} The migration largely completed in 2014.{{cite web|url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/open-standards-and-itil-lead-open-source-frances-gendarmerie-tells-korean-ict-mi|title='Open standards and ITIL lead to open source', France's Gendarmerie tells Korean ICT ministry|first=Gijs|last=Hillenius|date=16 June 2014|work=Open Source Observatory and Repository|quote=The police force now has 65,000 PC workstations running Ubuntu Linux (version 12.04).}}

• By 2007, France's Ministry of Agriculture uses Mandriva Linux.
• In 2007, The French Parliament switched to using Ubuntu on desktop PCs.[http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513-6138372.html French parliament dumping Windows for Linux | Tech News on ZDNet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706013053/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513-6138372.html |date=July 6, 2008 }}{{cite web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/7712|title = Fr: 'Members of Parliament have easily adapted to Open Source desktop'|access-date = 2008-07-04|last = IDABC|date=July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802184109/http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/7712 |archive-date = 2 August 2008}} However, in 2012, it was decided to let each Member of Parliament choose between Windows and Linux.{{Cite news|url = http://www.pcinpact.com/news/71556-ubuntu-windows-assemblee-nationale-deputes.htm|title = Les prochains députés devront choisir entre Ubuntu et Windows (French language)|access-date = 16 April 2014|date = June 2012|work = Next INpact|archive-date = 16 April 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192243/http://www.pcinpact.com/news/71556-ubuntu-windows-assemblee-nationale-deputes.htm|url-status = dead}}

{{Update section|date=October 2020}}

• In 2003, The city government of Munich, Germany, choose to migrate its 14,000 desktops to Debian-based LiMux.{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.co.uk/0,39020330,39195204,00.htm|title=Latest Topics|work=ZDNet|access-date=10 August 2015}} Even though more than 80 percent of workstations used OpenOffice and 100 percent used Firefox/Thunderbird five years later (November 2008),{{cite web | url=http://www.muenchen.de/cms/prod2/mde/_de/rubriken/Rathaus/40_dir/limux/01_ueberblick/OCA_LiMux_2008_11_12.pdf

| title=Zwei Jahre freie Software in München | author=Florian Schießl, deputy project manager | date=22 April 2008 }}{{dead link|date=July 2011}}{{in lang|de}} an adoption rate of Linux itself of only 20 percent (June 2010) was achieved.{{cite web | url=http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/dir/limux/english/147197/index.html

| title=Official LiMux page | access-date=20 February 2011}} The effort was later reorganized, focusing on smaller deployments and winning over staff to the value of the program. By the end of 2011 the program had exceeded its goal and changed over 9000 desktops to Linux.{{Cite news|url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/limux-munich-linux-migration-project-reports-success|title = Munich Linux Migration Project LiMux Reports Success|access-date = 8 January 2012|last = Reed|first = Michael|date = 2 January 2012| work = Linux Journal}} The city of Munich reported at the end of 2012 that the migration to Linux was highly successful and has already saved the city over €11 million (US$14 million).{{cite web |url=http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=6785E7D1-E65A-02ED-EC3FF32BA04117C0 |title=Switching to Linux saves Munich over €11 million |publisher=News.idg.no |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094937/http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=6785E7D1-E65A-02ED-EC3FF32BA04117C0 |url-status=dead }} Recently the Deputy Mayor Josef Schmid said that the city is putting together an independent expert group to look at moving back to Microsoft due to issues in LiMux, the primary issues have been of compatibility; users in the rest of Germany that use other (Microsoft) software have had trouble with the files generated by Munich's open-source applications. The second is price, with Schmid saying that the city now has the impression that "Linux is very expensive" due to custom programming, The independent group will advise the best course of action, and if that group recommends using Microsoft software, Schmid says that a switch back isn't impossible. The city council said they already saved more than US$10 million, and there is no major issue with the switch to Linux.[https://arstechnica.com/business/2014/08/linux-on-the-desktop-pioneer-munich-now-considering-a-switch-back-to-windows/ Linux-on-the-desktop pioneer Munich now considering a switch back to Windows], Arstechnica - retrieved August 19, 2014 Some observers, such as Silviu Stahie of Softpedia have indicated that the attempted rejection of Linux has been influenced by Microsoft and its supporters, and that this is predominantly a political issue and not a technical one. Microsoft's German headquarters has committed to move to Munich as part of this issue.{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Munich-Switching-to-Windows-from-Linux-Is-Proof-that-Microsoft-Is-Still-an-Evil-Company-455510.shtml |title=Munich Switching to Windows from Linux Is Proof That Microsoft Is Still an Evil Company |date=19 August 2014 |publisher=News.softpedia.com |access-date=2014-08-21}} In 2017, the Munich city council voted to transition back to Microsoft Windows 10,{{Cite news|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/linux-pioneer-munich-poised-to-ditch-open-source-and-return-to-windows|title=Linux pioneer Munich poised to ditch open source and return to Windows| last=Heath|first=Nick|date=February 10, 2017|newspaper=Tech Republic|access-date=February 12, 2017}} citing compatibility issues with LiMux and the high cost of custom programming. By 2020, the city had begun the full migration of its workstations to Windows 10,{{Cite web |last=online |first=heise |date=2020-08-11 |title="Cyberpunk 2077": Gameplay-Video lässt die Waffen sprechen |url=https://www.heise.de/news/Cyberpunk-2077-Gameplay-Video-laesst-die-Waffen-sprechen-4867230.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=heise online |language=de}} with plans to complete the transition by 2023. Critics argued that the decision was influenced by political pressures and lobbying rather than purely technical issues. Nonetheless, the transition continued, marking the end of Munich's ambitious open-source LiMux project. The cost of the switch was estimated to be over €30 million, despite earlier savings from using Linux. A significant number of workstations in other government institutions, such as the Federal Employment Office of Germany (Bundesagentur für Arbeit), continue to use Linux, with 13,000 public workstations running openSUSE.

• By 2009, the Federal Employment Office of Germany (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) has migrated 13,000 public workstations from Windows NT to openSUSE.[http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/102218 heise online – Federal Employment Office switches to Linux] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317090223/http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/102218 |date=March 17, 2009 }}
• In 2024, State of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany plans to replace Windows with Linux and Libreoffice.[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/04/german-state-gov-ditching-windows-for-linux-30k-workers-migrating/ German state gov. ditching Windows for Linux, 30K workers migrating], arstechnica.com, 5 April 2024

• In March 2012, Iceland announced it wishes to migrate to open-source software in public institutions. Schools have already migrated from Windows to Ubuntu Linux.{{cite web |url=http://www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/74715.html |title=Linux News: Community: Iceland Has the Hots for FOSS |publisher=Linuxinsider.com |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082803/http://www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/74715.html |url-status=dead }}

• In 2009, Republic of North Macedonia's Ministry of Education and Science deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the Republic of North Macedonia to use Ubuntu computer workstations.{{cite web|url = http://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers|title = Every Student in the Republic of North Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-Powered Computer Workstations|access-date = 2009-03-22|last = Canonical Ltd.|author-link = Canonical Ltd.|date = November 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090403200908/http://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers|archive-date = 2009-04-03}}

• Since 2003, the Dutch Police Internet Research and Investigation Network (iRN) has only used free and open-source software based on open standards, publicly developed with the source code available on the Internet for audit. They use 2200 Ubuntu workstations.{{cite news|url = https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/open-source-only-dutch-police-internet-forensics|title = 'Open source only' at Dutch police Internet forensics|access-date = 12 December 2013|last = Hillenius |first = Gijs|date = 12 December 2013| work = European Commission}}

• In late 2010, Vladimir Putin signed a plan to move the Russian Federation government towards free software including Linux in the second quarter of 2012.{{cite web|url=http://open.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2010/12/27/421556|title=CNews:Открытое ПО - Open Source|work=CNews.ru|access-date=10 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229165818/http://open.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2010%2F12%2F27%2F421556|archive-date=29 December 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://opendotdotdot.blogspot.com/2010/12/putin-orders-russian-move-to-gnulinux.html|title=open...|work=opendotdotdot.blogspot.com|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• In 2014, Russia announced plans to move their Ministry of Health to Linux as a counter to sanctions over the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and a means of hurting US corporate interests, such as Microsoft.{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Russian-Ministry-of-Health-to-Replace-Microsoft-and-Oracle-Product-with-Linux-and-PostgreSQL-453909.shtml |title=Russian Ministry of Health to Replace Microsoft and Oracle Products with Linux and PostgreSQL |date=7 August 2014 |publisher=News.softpedia.com |access-date=2014-08-09}}
• In 2018, Russia began adopting Astra Linux, an operating system which is certified to handle data classified as "special importance", on their military computer systems.{{cite web |last1=Cimpanu |first1=Catalin |title=Russian military moves closer to replacing Windows with Astra Linux |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/russian-military-moves-closer-to-replacing-windows-with-astra-linux/ |website=ZDNet |access-date=6 June 2019}}

• In 2003, Spain was noted as the furthest along the road to Linux adoption,{{cite web|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/41738/|title=Linux in Spain|work=lwn.net|access-date=10 August 2015}} for example with Linux distribution LinEx
• In 2004, the regional Andalusian Autonomous Government of Andalucía in Spain developed its own Linux distribution, called Guadalinex.{{cite web|url = http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=guadalinex|title = Guadalinex|access-date = 2009-06-23|last = DistroWatch|author-link = DistroWatch|date=June 2009}}
• In 2008, The city government of Barcelona in Spain announced that it would migrate all desktop software from proprietary to free/open-source alternatives, and would gradually migrate from proprietary operating systems to Linux.{{cite web|url = https://www.techrepublic.com/article/adios-microsoft-were-ditching-office-and-outlook-for-open-source-says-barcelona/|title=Adios Microsoft: We're ditching Office and Outlook for open source, says Barcelona |access-date= 18 February 2021|work= TechRepublic|last= Heath|first= Nick|date= 16 January 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144011/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/adios-microsoft-were-ditching-office-and-outlook-for-open-source-says-barcelona/|archive-date= 17 February 2021|url-status= live}}

• In 2001, Switzerland's Canton of Solothurn decided to migrate its computers to Linux, but in 2010 the Swiss authority has made a U-turn by deciding to use Windows 7 for desktop clients.{{cite web|url=http://www.h-online.com/open/features/A-crash-landing-for-Linux-1082048.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923031549/http://www.h-online.com/open/features/A-crash-landing-for-Linux-1082048.html|archive-date=23 September 2010|title=A crash landing for Linux?|date=2010-09-20|publisher=www.h-online.com|last=Müller |first=Andrea|access-date=2010-09-26}}

• In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Hackney London Borough Council used Linux laptops for its 4000 employees to allow working from home.{{cite web|url = https://www.zdnet.com/article/coronavirus-how-one-team-switched-4000-staff-to-remote-working-in-just-a-week/|title = Coronavirus: Linux laptops and long hours helped this team switch 4,000 staff to home working|access-date = 4 May 2020|last = Leprince-Ringuet |first = Daphne |work = ZDnet|date = 26 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200329133558/https://www.zdnet.com/article/coronavirus-how-one-team-switched-4000-staff-to-remote-working-in-just-a-week/|archive-date =29 March 2020 }}

File:Edubuntu 8.04.JPG CD kit]]

Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux is available free of charge and includes a large body of free/open-source software. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux".{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwL0G9wK8j4|title=YouTube|work=youtube.com|access-date=10 August 2015}}

Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:

• The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in developing countries.

• In 2012, the Leibniz-Rechenzentrum (Leibniz Supercomputing Centre) (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities unveiled the SuperMUC, the world's fourth most powerful supercomputer. The computer is x86-based and features 155,000 processor cores with a maximum speed of 3 petaflops of processing power and 324 terabytes of RAM. Its operating system is SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.{{cite web|last=Paul |first=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/07/suse-linux-powers-147456-core-german-supercomputer/ |title=SUSE Linux powers 147,456-core German supercomputer |date=27 July 2012 |publisher=Ars Technica |access-date=2012-07-27}}
• In 2015, Germany has announced that 560,000 students in 33 universities will migrate to Linux.{{cite web|url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/08/28/226420/german-universities-migrate-to-linux.htm|title=German universities migrate to Linux|work=ComputerWeekly|access-date=10 August 2015}}

• In September 2005, Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000, switched to a custom distribution of Linux, FUSS Soledad (GNU/Linux).{{cite web|url=http://www.fuss.bz.it/|title=Benvenuti in FUSS!|work=fuss.bz.it|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• In spring 2016 the Italian City of Vicenza switched to Zorin OS (which itself is based on Ubuntu).{{Cite web |title=The City of Vicenza is Choosing Zorin OS |url=https://blog.zorin.com/2016/04/29/the-city-of-vicenza-is-choosing-zorin-os/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=blog.zorin.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Zorin OS used by local authorities |url=https://forum.zorin.com/t/zorin-os-used-by-local-authorities/15620 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Zorin Forum |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Linux statt Windows: Vicenza ist das neue München |url=https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/story/2000055516173/linux-statt-windows-vicenza-ist-das-neue-muenchen |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT}}

• In December 2005, Republic of North Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs. Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.[http://gnomejournal.org/article/33/macedonia-deploys-5000-gnome-desktops-in-public-schools The GNOME Journal: Macedonia Deploys 5,000 GNOME Desktops in Public Schools] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430012010/http://gnomejournal.org/article/33/macedonia-deploys-5000-gnome-desktops-in-public-schools |date=April 30, 2011 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |title=Every Student in the Republic of Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-Powered Computer Workstations |publisher=Ubuntu |access-date=2012-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403200908/http://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |archive-date=2009-04-03 }}

• In 2004, Orwell High School, a school with about 1,000 students in Felixstowe, England, has switched to Linux. The school has just received Specialist School for Technology status through a government initiative.{{cite news|url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/Design/page/linux_case_study_orwell_high_school.html|title = Linux Case Study : Orwell High School|access-date = 2017-08-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301145737/http://www.theregister.co.uk/Design/page/linux_case_study_orwell_high_school.html|archive-date = 2017-03-01|url-status = dead}}
• In 2013, Westcliff High School for Girls in the United Kingdom successfully moved from Windows to openSUSE.{{cite news|url = https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/elibrary/case/british-school-switches-students-computers-linux-reducing-costs-and-improving-computin|title = British school switches students' computers to Linux, reducing costs and improving computing knowledge|access-date = 11 January 2014|last = Jarvis|first = Stuart|date = 20 September 2013|work = The European Commission|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140111165707/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/elibrary/case/british-school-switches-students-computers-linux-reducing-costs-and-improving-computin|archive-date = 11 January 2014}}

• Linkat (Education sector in Catalunya){{Cite news |title=Linkat |url=https://projectes.xtec.cat/linkat/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250220183606/https://projectes.xtec.cat/linkat/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-03-11 |language=ca}}
• Max (Education sector in Madid){{Cite web |title=MAX {{!}} EducaMadrid |url=https://www.educa2.madrid.org/web/max |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.educa2.madrid.org}}
• Vitalinux (Education sector Zaragoz){{Cite web |title=¿Qué es Vitalinux? {{!}} Vitalinux ❤️ Migasfree |url=https://docs.vitalinux.educa.aragon.es/info/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=docs.vitalinux.educa.aragon.es}}
• LliureX (Education sector Valencia)

• In 2013, all primary and secondary public schools in the Swiss Canton of Geneva, have switched to using Ubuntu for the PCs used by teachers and students. The switch has been completed by all of the 170 primary public schools and over 2,000 computers. The migration of the canton's 20 secondary schools is planned for the school year 2014-15{{cite web|url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/geneva-class-rooms-switching-free-software|title=Geneva class-rooms switching to free software - Joinup|work=europa.eu|date=20 July 2014|access-date=10 August 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://edu.ge.ch/ecolenumerique/actualites/linformatique-pedagogique-des-ecoles-primaires-passe-en-mode-libre|title=L'informatique pédagogique des écoles primaires passe en mode libre|work=École numérique - Genève|date=4 April 2014|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053344/http://edu.ge.ch/ecolenumerique/actualites/linformatique-pedagogique-des-ecoles-primaires-passe-en-mode-libre|url-status=dead}}

• Brazil has 35 million students in over 50,000 schools using 523,400 computer stations all running Linux.{{cite news|url = http://www.userful.com/downloads/case-studies/userful-casestudy-brazil-2014.pdf|title = The world's largest virtual desktop project|archive-date = 15 October 2014|access-date = 4 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141015235133/http://www.userful.com/downloads/case-studies/userful-casestudy-brazil-2014.pdf|url-status = dead}}
• In 2006, 22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools.{{cite web|url=http://www.crn.com/news/applications-os/192201386/hoosier-daddy-in-indiana-schools-its-linux.htm|title=Hoosier Daddy? In Indiana Schools, It's Linux|author=Edward F. Moltzen|work=CRN|date=16 August 2006|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• In 2009, Venezuela's Ministry of Education began a project called Canaima-educativo, to provide all students in public schools with "Canaimita" laptop computers with the Canaima Debian-based Linux distribution pre-installed, as well as with open-source educational content.{{cite web|title=¿Qué es el proyecto Canaima Educativo?|url=http://www.canaimaeducativo.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=14&Itemid=282|access-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326213900/http://www.canaimaeducativo.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=14&Itemid=282|archive-date=2014-03-26|url-status=dead}}
• In 2021, Argentina's government (Conectar Igualdad) laptops, issued to public education students uses Huayra GNU/Linux, a Linux distribution specialised for education.{{Cite web |title=El Gobierno se planta ante Microsoft y lanza su propio sistema operativo para computadoras educativas |url=https://www.iprofesional.com/tecnologia/344285-el-gobierno-lanza-huayra-5-sistema-para-computadoras-educativas |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=iProfesional |date=27 July 2021 |language=es}}

• The Chinese government is buying 1.5 million Linux Loongson PCs as part of its plans to support its domestic industry. In addition the province of Jiangsu will install as many as 150,000 Linux PCs, using Loongson processors, in rural schools starting in 2009.[https://archive.today/20120630141429/http://www.hktdc.com/info/vp/a/ict/en/1/2/1/1X06A8A2/ARTICLE-TITLE.htm China to buy 1.5 mln computers with Loongson CPUs]

• By December 2013, about 500 Indonesian schools were running openSUSE.{{cite news|url=http://www.informationweek.com/3-reasons-linux-doesnt-star-in-us-schools/d/d-id/1110158?|title=3 Reasons Linux Doesn't Star In U.S. Schools|last=Booker|first=Ellis|date=May 29, 2013|work=InformationWeek|access-date=April 1, 2019}}

• In 2004, Georgia began running all its school computers and LTSP thin clients on Linux, mainly using Kubuntu, Ubuntu and stripped Fedora-based distros.{{cite web|url = http://www.dlf.ge/|title = განცხადება ორეტაპიანი ტენდერის ჩატარების შესახებ|access-date = 21 October 2011|last = dlf.ge|date=October 2011|archive-url = https://archive.today/20110610155347/http://dlf.ge/ge/ |archive-date = 10 June 2011}}

• In 2010, the Indian government's tablet computer initiative for student use employs Linux as the operating system as part of its drive to produce a tablet PC for under 1,500 rupees (US$35).{{cite web|url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20011536-1.html|title = India's $35 tablet--how low can it go?|access-date = 14 July 2010|last = Katz|first = Leslie|date=July 2010}}
• In 2015, Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools.{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/02microsoft.htm|title=Kerala logs Microsoft out of schools|work=rediff.com|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• In 2015, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu has issued a directive to local government departments asking them to switch over to open-source software, in the wake of Microsoft's decision to end support for Windows XP in April 2014.{{cite web|url=http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/63613-india-moving-to-gnu-linux-as-xp-support-runs-out|title=iTWire|author=Sam Varghese|work=itwire.com|access-date=10 August 2015}}[http://www.muktware.com/2014/04/indian-state-drops-windows-switches-linux/25011 Indian state drops Windows, switches to Linux | Muktware]
• In 2020, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu plans to distribute 100,000 Linux laptops to its students.[https://cloudlinuxtech.com/technology/microsoft-tactics-push-india-toward-linux Microsoft tactics push India toward Linux], retrieved 3 July 2020

• In 2007, the Philippines deployed 13,000 desktops running on Fedora, the first 10,000 were delivered in December 2007 by Advanced Solutions Inc. Another 10,000 desktops of Edubuntu and Kubuntu are planned.{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;1163450117;pp;1|title=23,000 Linux PCs forge education revolution in Philippines|author=Rodney Gedda|work=Computerworld|access-date=10 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105151213/http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;1163450117;pp;1|archive-date=5 January 2009}}

• In October 2007, Russia announced all its school computers will run on Linux.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7034828.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Technology - Russian schools move to Linux|work=bbc.co.uk|date=9 October 2007|access-date=10 August 2015}} This is to avoid cost of licensing currently unlicensed software.

• In 2006, Sony's PlayStation 3 was released and came with a hard disk (20 GB, 60 GB or 80 GB) and was specially designed to allow easy installation of Linux on the system.{{cite web | url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6162316.html?tag=result;title;0 | title=Yellow Dog Linux launches for PS3|access-date=2007-08-29}} However, Linux was prevented from accessing certain functions of the PlayStation such as 3D graphics.{{Cite web|url=http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:PS3|title=SDB:PS3 - openSUSE|website=en.opensuse.org|access-date=2016-07-06}} Sony also released a Linux kit for its PlayStation 2 console (see Linux for PlayStation 2). PlayStation hardware running Linux has been occasionally used in small scale distributed computing experiments, due to the ease of installation and the relatively low price of a PS3 compared to other hardware choices offering similar performance. As of April 1, 2010, Sony disabled the ability to install Linux "due to security concerns" starting with firmware version 3.21.{{cite web | url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2010/03/28/ps3-firmware-v3-21-update/ | title=PS3 Firmware (v3.21) Update| date=28 March 2010|access-date=2010-05-04}}
• Android, created by Google in 2007, is the smartphone & tablet operating system which, as of late 2013, runs on 80% of smartphones{{cite news|title=Android dominates 81 percent of world smartphone market|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57612057-94/android-dominates-81-percent-of-world-smartphone-market/|access-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=CNET|date=November 12, 2013}} and 60% of tablets, worldwide;{{cite news|title=IDC estimates 221m tablets shipped in 2013; Android top with 61%, then iOS 35% and Windows 3%|url=https://thenextweb.com/mobile/2013/12/04/idc-estimates-221m-tablets-shipped-in-2013-android-top-with-61-then-ios-35-and-windows-3/#!rfaV5|access-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=The Next Web|date=4 December 2013}} it is pre-installed on devices by brand hardware manufacturers.
• Through 2007 and 2008, Linux distributions with an emphasis on ease of use such as Ubuntu became increasingly popular as home desktop operating systems, with some OEMs, such as Dell, offering models with Ubuntu or other Linux distributions on desktop systems.{{cite web|url = http://www1.ca.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/ubuntu?c=ca&cs=cadhs1&l=en&s=dhs|title = Ubuntu Keeps Getting Better|access-date = 2008-12-27|last = Dell Inc|author-link = Dell Inc|year = 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331105559/http://www1.ca.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/ubuntu?c=ca&cs=cadhs1&l=en&s=dhs |archive-date = 31 March 2009}}
• In 2008, many netbook models were shipped with Linux installed, usually with a lightweight distribution, such as Xandros or Linpus, to reduce resource consumption on their limited resources.{{cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12673233|title = Small is beautiful|access-date = 2008-12-27|last = The Economist|author-link = The Economist|date=December 2008}}
• In 2011, Google introduced its Chromebooks, thin clients based on Linux and supplying just a web browser, file manager and media player. They also have the ability to remote desktop into other computers via the free Chrome Remote Desktop extension. In 2012 the first Chromebox, a desktop equivalent of the Chromebook, was introduced. By 2013 Chromebooks had captured 20-25% of the US market for sub-$300 laptops.{{cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/10173494/Google-Chromebook-sales-soar-in-face-of-PC-decline.html|title = Google Chromebook sales soar in face of PC decline|date = 11 July 2013|access-date = 3 September 2013|website = Daily Telegraph|last = Williams|first = Rhiannon}}
• In 2013, Valve publicly released ports of Steam and the Source engine to Linux,{{cite web|url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/9943/|title=News – Steam for Linux Now Available}} allowing many popular titles by Valve such as Team Fortress 2 and Half-Life 2 to be played on Linux. Later that same year, Valve announced their upcoming Steam Machine consoles,{{cite web |url= http://uk.gamespot.com/news/valve-reveals-steam-machines-6414959 |title= Valve reveals Steam Machines |date= 25 September 2013 |access-date= 30 September 2013 |first= Eddie |last= Makuch |work= GameSpot |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130930035955/http://uk.gamespot.com/news/valve-reveals-steam-machines-6414959 |archive-date= 30 September 2013 }} which would by default run SteamOS, an operating system based on the Linux kernel.{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24207129 |title= Valve announces SteamOS as it renews living room push |date= 23 September 2013 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |first= Dave |last= Lee |work= BBC}} Valve has created a compatibility layer called Proton.{{cite web |title=Valve Changes Everything: Windows-Exclusive Games Now Run On Steam For Linux |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2018/08/22/valve-changes-everything-windows-exclusive-games-now-run-on-steam-for-linux/ |website=Forbes |access-date=21 August 2020}} Proton makes it possible to run many games on Linux.{{cite web |title=Games |url=https://www.protondb.com/stats |website=ProtonDB |access-date=21 August 2020}}

File:Redhat EL 5 default desktop.png moved its entire business to Red Hat Linux in 2000, following a licensing dispute with Microsoft.]]

Linux is used extensively on servers in businesses, and has been for a long time. Linux is also used in some corporate environments as the desktop platform for their employees, with commercially available solutions including Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and Ubuntu.

• Free I.T. Athens, founded in 2005 in Athens, Georgia, United States, is a non-profit organization dedicated to rescuing computers from landfills, recycling them or refurbishing them using Linux exclusively.{{cite web|url=http://www.freeitathens.org/about_us/philosophyandtools/|title=Free Software Philosophy and the Tools We Use|work=Free I.T. Athens|date=3 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• Burlington Coat Factory has used Linux exclusively since 1999.{{cite news|title=Dell, Linux win Burlington Coat computer order|url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/04/06/technology/redhat/|publisher=cnn.com|access-date=2010-08-03 | date=1999-04-06}}
• Ernie Ball, known for its famous Super Slinky guitar strings, has used Linux as its desktop operating system since 2000.{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082_3-5065859.html?tag=lh |title=Technology News - CNET News - CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive |work=CNET |access-date=10 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707003009/http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082_3-5065859.html?tag=lh |archive-date= 7 July 2009 }}
• Novell is undergoing a migration from Windows to Linux. Of its 5500 employees, 50% were successfully migrated as of April 2006. This was expected to rise to 80% by November.{{cite web|url=http://linux.slashdot.org/linux/06/04/11/1233246.shtml|title=Novell Still Runs Windows - Slashdot|work=slashdot.org|date=11 April 2006 |access-date=10 August 2015}}
• Wotif, the Australian hotel booking website, migrated from Windows to Linux servers to keep up with the growth of its business.{{Cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com.au/insight/software/soa/Migration_news_Windows_to_Linux_and_vice_versa/0,39023769,39248795-4,00.htm |title=Migration news: Windows to Linux, and vice versa: Insight - Software - ZDNet Australia |access-date=2011-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706160847/http://www.zdnet.com.au/insight/software/soa/Migration_news_Windows_to_Linux_and_vice_versa/0,39023769,39248795-4,00.htm |archive-date=2008-07-06 |url-status=dead }}
• Union Bank of California announced in January 2007 that it would standardize its IT infrastructure on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in order to lower costs.{{cite web | url = http://www.ebizq.net/news/7655.html | title = California's Union Bank Migrates to Red Hat Enterprise Linux | date = 29 January 2007 |access-date = 21 May 2011}}
• WhatsApp is mostly known to run its infrastructure on CentOS since its acquisition by Meta.{{Cite web |date=2021-01-24 |title=DevConf.cz 2021: CentOS Stream at Facebook |url=https://devconfcz2021.sched.com/event/gmOa/centos-stream-at-facebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124223805/https://devconfcz2021.sched.com/event/gmOa/centos-stream-at-facebook |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2024-09-10 }} WhatsApp initially ran on FreeBSD.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-20 |title=WhatsApp |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/1-million-is-so-2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920172853/https://blog.whatsapp.com/1-million-is-so-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-10 }}
• Netflix is known to have its infrastructure running on FreeBSD.{{Cite web |title=The "other" FreeBSD optimizations used by Netflix to serve video at 800Gb/s from a single server :: FreeBSD Presentations and Papers |url=https://papers.freebsd.org/2022/eurobsdcon/gallatin-the_other_freebsd_optimizations-netflix/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=papers.freebsd.org}}
• Peugeot, the European car maker, announced plans to deploy up to 20,000 copies of Novell's Linux desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and 2,500 copies of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, in 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,2089050,00.asp?kc=EWRSS03119TX1K0000594|title=HP TouchPad Needs 6 to 8 Weeks for Additional Shipments|work=eweek.com|access-date=10 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Mindbridge, a software company, announced in September 2007 that it had migrated a large number of Windows servers onto a smaller number of Linux servers and a few BSD servers. It claims to have saved "bunches of money."{{cite web|url=http://www.linux.com/feature/119020|title=Linux.com|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906134622/http://www.linux.com./feature/119020|archive-date=6 September 2008|url-status=dead}}
• Virgin America, the low cost U.S. airline, uses Linux to power its in-flight entertainment system, RED.{{cite web|title=An interview with Charles Ogilvie, Virgin America's head of In-Flight Entertainment|url=http://www.crunchgear.com/2008/03/27/all-about-linux-2008-penguins-fly-an-interview-with-charles-virgin-airs-head-of-in-flight-entertainment/|publisher=crunchgear.com|access-date=2008-04-07}}
• Amazon.com, the US based mail-order retailer, uses Linux "in nearly every corner of its business".[http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39143662,00.htm "Amazon details Linux usage"] (Stephen Shankland, CNET News.com. Published: 23 January 2004) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306192544/http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39143662,00.htm |date=March 6, 2010 }}
• Google uses a version of Ubuntu internally nicknamed Goobuntu.The Register reports: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/31/google_goes_desktop_linux/ Google at work on Linux]Slashdot reports: [http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/11/22/1415221 "GoogleOS Scenarios"]Slashdot reports: [http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/01/31/1519224 "Google Working on Desktop Linux"]Shuttleworth's Blog post: [http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/20 Absolutely no truth to the rumour] In August 2017, Google announced that it would be replacing Goobuntu with gLinux, an in-house distro based on the Debian Testing branch.{{cite web|title=No More Ubuntu! Debian is the New Choice For Google's In-house Linux Distribution|url=https://itsfoss.com/goobuntu-glinux-google/|website=It's FOSS|access-date=2018-03-05|date=2018-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124650/https://itsfoss.com/goobuntu-glinux-google/amp/|archive-date=2018-01-20|url-status=dead}}
• IBM does extensive development work for Linux and also uses it on desktops and servers internally.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever |date=1999-03-02 |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |archive-date=1999-11-10}} The company also created a TV advertising campaign: IBM supports Linux 100%.{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwEWxpOWOok|title = IBM supports Linux 100%|access-date = 2009-03-10|last = IBM|website = YouTube|author-link = IBM|year = 2006}}
• Wikimedia Foundation moved to running its Wikipedia servers on Ubuntu in late 2008, after having previously used a combination of Red Hat and Fedora.{{cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|title = Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure|access-date = 2009-03-12|last = Paul|first = Ryan|date=October 2008}}
• DreamWorks Animation adopted the use of Linux since 2001, and uses more than 1,000 Linux desktops and more than 3,000 Linux servers.{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4803|title = DreamWorks Feature Linux and Animation|access-date = 2010-08-30|last = Rowe|first = Robin|date=August 2001}}{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9653|title = DreamWorks Animation "Shrek the Third": Linux Feeds an Ogre|access-date = 2011-07-20|last = Rowe|first = Robin|date=May 2002}}{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9653|title = DreamWorks Animation "Shrek the Third": Linux Feeds an Ogre|access-date = 2010-08-30|last = Rowe|first = Robin|date=June 2007}}
• The Chicago Mercantile Exchange employs an all-Linux computing infrastructure and has used it to process over a quadrillion dollars worth of financial transactions{{cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/04/linux-foundation-ceo-linux-is-fastest-growing-platform.ars|title = Linux Foundation CEO: Linux is "fastest growing platform"|access-date = 2009-04-09|last = Paul|first = Ryan|date=April 2009}}{{cite web|url = http://blogs.computerworld.com/london_stock_exchange_to_abandon_failed_windows_platform|title = London Stock Exchange to abandon failed Windows platform|access-date = 2009-07-02|last = Vaughan-Nichols|first = Steven J.|date = July 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003523/http://blogs.computerworld.com/london_stock_exchange_to_abandon_failed_windows_platform|archive-date = 2009-07-04}}
• The Chi-X pan-European equity exchange runs its MarketPrizm trading platform software on Linux.
• The London Stock Exchange uses the Linux-based MillenniumIT Millennium Exchange software for its trading platform and predicts that moving to Linux from Windows will give it an annual cost savings of at least £10 million ($14.7 million) from 2011 to 2012.{{Cite news|url = http://blogs.computerworld.com/14876/london_stock_exchange_dumps_windows_for_linux|title = London Stock Exchange dumps Windows for Linux|access-date = 31 October 2010|last = Vaughan-Nichols|first = Steven|date = October 2009|work = Computer World|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110429083837/http://blogs.computerworld.com/14876/london_stock_exchange_dumps_windows_for_linux|archive-date = 29 April 2011}}{{cite web | url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/the-london-stock-exchange-moves-to-novell-linux/8285 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162625/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/the-london-stock-exchange-moves-to-novell-linux/8285 | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 February 2011 | title=The London Stock Exchange moves to Novell Linux | website=ZDNet | date=February 14, 2011| access-date=2011-10-24}}
• The New York Stock Exchange uses Linux to run its trading applications.
• Mobexpert Group, the leading furniture manufacturer and retailer in Romania, extensively uses Linux, LibreOffice and other free software in its data communications and processing systems, including some desktops.{{cite web|url=http://www.itmex.ro|work=itmex.ro|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• American electronic music composer Kim Cascone migrated from Apple Mac to Ubuntu for his music studio, performance use and administration in 2009.{{cite web|url = http://createdigitalmusic.com/2009/08/04/linux-music-workflow-switching-from-mac-os-x-to-ubuntu-with-kim-cascone/|title = Linux Music Workflow: Switching from Mac OS X to Ubuntu with Kim Cascone|access-date = 2009-08-06|last = Cascone|first = Kim|date=August 2009}}
• Laughing Boy Records under the direction of owner Geoff Beasley switched from doing audio recording on Windows to Linux in 2004 as a result of Windows spyware problems.{{cite web|url = http://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis/open-sauce/36698-from-windows-to-linux-a-sound-decision|title = From Windows to Linux: a sound decision|access-date = 2010-02-15|last = Varghese|first = Sam|date = February 2010|archive-date = 15 February 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215111714/http://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis/open-sauce/36698-from-windows-to-linux-a-sound-decision|url-status = dead}}
• Nav Canada's new Internet Flight Planning System for roll-out in 2011, is written in Python and runs on Red Hat Linux.{{cite web|url = http://web.ncf.ca/fn352/flight8/recent.html#Oct10|title = Nav Canada To Roll Out New Internet Flight Planning|access-date = 30 October 2010|last = COPA Flight 8|author-link = Canadian Owners and Pilots Association|date=October 2010}}
• Electrolux Frigidaire Infinity i-kitchen is a "smart appliance" refrigerator that uses a Linux operating system, running on an embedded 400 MHz Freescale i.MX25 processor with 128 MB of RAM and a 480×800 touch panel.{{Cite news|url = http://www.cultofmac.com/cool-news-now-your-fridge-can-run-linux/71153|title = Cool News: Now Your Fridge Can Run Linux|access-date = 27 November 2010|last = Rosen|first = Adam|date=November 2010| work = Cult of Mac}}
• DukeJets LLC (USA) and Duke Jets Ltd. (Canada), air charter brokerage companies, switched from Windows to Ubuntu Linux in 2012.{{cite web|url = http://www.dukejets.com/blog/avianis-airchatter-airmanager-jetvizor/|title = Avianis – AirChatter, AirManager, JetVizor, Avinode, Charter X, WYVERN|access-date = 2012-10-16|last = Probert|first = Dan|date = October 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120917015850/http://www.dukejets.com/blog/avianis-airchatter-airmanager-jetvizor/|archive-date = 2012-09-17}}
• Banco do Brasil, the biggest bank in Brazil, has moved nearly all desktops to Linux, except some corporate ones and a few that are need to operate some specific hardware. They began migration of their servers to Linux in 2002. Branch servers and ATMs all run Linux. The distribution of choice is openSUSE 11.2.{{cite web|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/66012.html |title=Can the GCC learn from Banco do Brasil? | Linux |publisher=AMEinfo.com |date=2006-11-02 |access-date=2012-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093848/http://www.ameinfo.com/66012.html |archive-date=January 22, 2010 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1004592/major-brazilian-bank-votes-big-blue-linux |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121183217/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1004592/major-brazilian-bank-votes-big-blue-linux |url-status=unfit |archive-date=21 January 2013 |title=Major Brazilian Bank votes for Big Blue, Linux |publisher=The Inquirer |date=2002-11-21 |access-date=2012-11-20}}
• KLM, the Royal Aviation Company of the Netherlands, uses Linux on the OSS-based version of its KLM WebFarm.{{cite web |url=http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture_KLM_Open_Source_Software.pdf |title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines: Accenture helps KLM streamline IT costs and drive efficiency using open-source software solutions |publisher=Accenture |access-date=2013-05-20 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701062728/http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture_KLM_Open_Source_Software.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-01 |url-status=dead }}
• Ocado, the online supermarket, uses Linux in its data centres.{{cite web|url = http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Leading-UK-Online-Grocer-Ocado-Selects-QuickTransit-Accelerate-Delivery-Applications-883080.htm|title = Leading UK Online Grocer Ocado Selects QuickTransit to Accelerate Delivery of Applications to Fresh New Platforms|date = 28 July 2008|access-date = 7 September 2013}}
• Kazi Farms Group, a large poultry and food products company in Bangladesh, migrated 1000 computers to Linux. An associated TV channel, Deepto TV, as well as an associated daily newspaper Dhaka Tribune also migrated to Linux.{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/2018/05/19/end-software-piracy-with-linux |title=End software piracy with Linux |publisher=Dhaka Tribune |date=2018-05-19 |access-date=2019-06-10}}
• Zando Computer, an IT consulting company located in Bucharest, Romania uses Linux for its business needs (server and desktop). The company recommends to its clients and actively deploys Linux, LibreOffice (OpenDocument format solutions) and other categories of free software.{{cite web|url=http://www.zando.ro|title=Zando - GNU/Linux solutions|work=zando.ro|access-date=10 August 2015}}
• Nvidia, at the 2015 Consumer Electronics Show, company CEO Jen-Hsun Huang made his extensive presentations using Ubuntu Linux.{{cite news|url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/NVIDIA-CEO-Using-Ubuntu-for-Presentations-at-CES-2015-469013.shtml|title = NVIDIA CEO Using Ubuntu for Presentations at CES 2015 – Video|access-date = 6 January 2015|last = Stahie|first = Silviu |date = 6 January 2015| work = Softpedia}}
• Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia ICT report for 2017, showed that 19.8% of the companies in Serbia use Linux as their main operating system (up from 14.5% in 2016). Linux is largely used in Serbian large enterprises (companies that fulfil two out of three conditions: 250+ employees, revenue of 35+ million euros, total assets of 17.5+ million euros), where Linux adoption has reached 40.9%.[http://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2017/PdfE/G20176006.pdf Usage Of Information And Communication Technologies In The Republic Of Serbia, 2017], retrieved 21 March 2019
• [http://www.acepf.org/ Arab contractors employees pension fund (ACEPF)], Cairo, Egypt, Web site department use an ubuntu web application server to develop their application, since 2015.

[http://www.acepf.org]

Image:Roadrunner supercomputer HiRes.jpg, the world's third fastest supercomputer operated by the US National Nuclear Security Administration, uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora as its operating systems. All (top 500) supercomputers use Linux by now.]]

• In 2013, NASA decided to switch the International Space Station laptops running Windows XP to Debian 6.{{cite web

|url=http://phys.org/news/2013-05-international-space-station-laptop-migration.html

|title=International Space Station making laptop migration from Windows XP to Debian 6

|publisher=Phys.org

|author=Nancy Owano

|date=2013-05-12

|access-date=2013-05-24

}}{{cite web

|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/to-the-space-station-and-beyond-with-linux/

|title=To the space station and beyond with Linux

|publisher=ZDnet

|author=Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols

|date=2013-05-06

|access-date=2013-11-13

}}

• Both CERN and Fermilab at one time used Scientific Linux in all their work; this included running the Large Hadron Collider and the Dark Energy Camera{{Cite news|url = http://www.conceivablytech.com/4175/products/570-mp-camera-may-unveil-the-universes-big-secret-of-gravity/|title = 570 MP Camera May Unveil The Universe's Big Secret Of Gravity|access-date = 14 November 2010|last = Gruener|first = Wolfgang|date = November 2010|work = ConceivablyTech|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101121124118/http://www.conceivablytech.com/4175/products/570-mp-camera-may-unveil-the-universes-big-secret-of-gravity/|archive-date = 21 November 2010}} as well as the 20,000 internal servers at CERN.{{cite web|url = http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/large_hadron_collider_switches_if_its_end_world_it_will_be_powered_gnu_linux|title = The Large Hadron Collider switches on. If it's the end of the world, it will be powered by GNU/Linux|access-date = 2009-01-10|last = Richmond|first = Gary|date = January 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205055058/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/large_hadron_collider_switches_if_its_end_world_it_will_be_powered_gnu_linux|archive-date = 2008-12-05}} With the discontinuation of Scientific Linux (announced in 2019, with support only for SL6 and SL7 until end of life), CERN now uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and AlmaLinux,{{Cite web |title=Which distribution should I use? - Linux @ CERN |url=https://linux.web.cern.ch/which/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=linux.web.cern.ch}} as well as CentOS 7 (until 30 June 2024);{{Cite web |title=CERN CentOS 7 - Linux @ CERN |url=https://linux.web.cern.ch/centos7/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=linux.web.cern.ch |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124242/https://linux.web.cern.ch/centos7/ |url-status=dead }} whereas Fermilab uses RHEL and AlmaLinux, as well as Scientific Linux (until end of life in June 2024).{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Fermilab/CERN recommendation for Linux distribution |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2022/12/fermilab-cern-recommendation-for-linux-distribution/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526224031/https://news.fnal.gov/2022/12/fermilab-cern-recommendation-for-linux-distribution/|archive-date= 26 May 2023|url-status=dead}}
• WLCG is composed of 576 sites with more than 390,000 processors and 150 petabytes of storage and uses Linux on all its nodes.{{cite web|url =https://cds.cern.ch/record/840543/files/lhcc-2005-024.pdf|title = WLCG technical report}}
• {{As of|2009}}, Canada's largest super computer, the IBM iDataPlex cluster computer at the University of Toronto uses Linux as its operating system.{{cite news|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/canadas-monster-computer-roars-to-life/article1186431/|title = Canada's monster computer roars to life|access-date = 2009-06-18|last = El Akkad|first = Omar|date=June 2009|location=Toronto|work=The Globe and Mail}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scinet.utoronto.ca/about/jobs/ssp3.htm |title=SciNet Applications Analyst (SSP3) |access-date=2009-06-18 |last=SciNet |date=June 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
• The Internet Archive uses hundreds of x86 servers to catalogue the Internet, all of them running Linux.{{cite web|url = https://archive.org/about/faqs.php#10|title = Internet Archive - Frequently Asked Questions|access-date = 2009-07-23|last = Internet Archive|author-link = Internet Archive|date=July 2009}}
• ASV Roboat autonomous robotic sailboat runs on Linux{{cite web|url = http://www.linuxpromagazine.com/Online/News/Autonomous-Linux-Sailboat-to-Research-Whales|title = Autonomous Linux Sailboat to Research Whales|access-date = 2010-01-20|last = Linux Magazine |date=January 2010}}{{cite web|url = http://www.roboat.at/en/technologie/|title = ASV Roboat at a Glance|access-date = 2010-01-20|last = InnoC.at|year = 2007|archive-date = 25 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100125132207/http://www.roboat.at/en/technologie|url-status = dead}}
• {{As of|2010|10}}, Tianhe-I, the world's fastest super computer, located at the National Centre for Supercomputing in Tianjin, China runs Linux.{{Cite news|url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/china-s-supercomputer-called-world-s-fastest-1.889561|title = China's supercomputer called world's fastest - Tianhe-1 can make 2,507 trillion calculations per second|access-date = 14 October 2010|last = CBC News|date=October 2010| work = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}{{Cite news|url = http://www.tuxmachines.org/node/45558|title = Nearly every supercomputer runs Linux|access-date = 28 October 2010|last = srlinuxx|date=May 2010| work = Tux Machines}}
• The University of Portsmouth in the United Kingdom has deployed a "cost effective" high performance computer that will be used to analyse data from telescopes around the world, run simulations and test the current theories about the universe. Its operating system is Scientific Linux. Dr David Bacon of the University of Portsmouth said: "Our Institute of Cosmology is in a great position to use this high performance computer to make real breakthroughs in understanding the universe, both by analysing the very latest astronomical observations, and by calculating the consequences of mind-boggling new theories...By selecting Dell’s industry-standard hardware and open-source software we’re able to free up budget that would have normally been spent on costly licences and reinvest it."{{cite web|url = http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/open-source/3273987/universe-studying-linux-supercomputer-powered-up/|title = Universe studying Linux supercomputer powered up|access-date = 17 April 2011|last = Savvas|first = Anthony|date=April 2011}}
• In September 2011, ten autonomous unmanned air vehicles were flown in flocking flight by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne’s Laboratory of Intelligence Systems in Lausanne, Switzerland. The UAVs each sense each other and control their own flight in relation to each other, each has an independent processor running Linux to accomplish this.{{cite news|url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/09/flocking-robots/|title = Autonomous Flying Robots Flock Like Birds|access-date = 27 September 2011|last = Danielle|first = Venton|date=September 2011| magazine = Wired}}

• In August 2012, British actor Stephen Fry, stated that he uses Linux. "Do I use Linux on any of my devices? Yes – I use Ubuntu these-days; it seems the friendliest."{{cite web|author=Sneddon, Joey |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/08/stephen-fry-i-use-ubuntu |title=Stephen Fry: "I Use Ubuntu" |publisher=OMG! Ubuntu! |date=2012-08-27 |access-date=2012-09-01}}
• In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux-based operating systems as a solution to software bloat.{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/tips/a2480/4243994/ |title=MythBusters: 7 Tech Headaches—and How to Fix Them |first=Jamie|last=Hyneman|date=18 February 2008 |work=Popular Mechanics |publisher=Hearst |access-date=10 June 2013}}
• Science fiction writer Cory Doctorow uses Ubuntu.{{Cite book| publisher = Apress| isbn = 978-1-4302-1999-6| last = Thomas| first = K.|author2=A. Channelle |author3=J. Sicam | title = Beginning Ubuntu Linux| year = 2009| page=xxxii}}
• Actor Wil Wheaton sometimes uses Linux distributions, but not as his primary operating system.{{Cite web|title = Because I can, I installed Ubuntu on my Chromebook using crouton. The desktop…|url = https://plus.google.com/u/0/+WilWheaton/posts/essq5BMnLyp|website = plus.google.com|access-date = 2015-11-07}}

{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}

• Comparison of open source and closed source

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{{Linux}}[https://guidetolinux.com/ Guide To Linux]

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