List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine#2001–current

File:NobelPrize1.jpg]]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ({{langx|sv|Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin}}) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.{{cite web | title = Alfred Nobel–The Man Behind the Nobel Prize | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/ | access-date = 21 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/ | archive-date = 25 October 2007 | url-status = live }} As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Awarders | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html | access-date = 21 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html | archive-date = 3 December 2008 | url-status = live }}{{cite web| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000*| publisher = Nobel Foundation| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html| author1 = Lindsten, Jan| author2 = Nils Ringertz| date = 26 June 2001| access-date = 21 November 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080716015325/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html| archive-date = 16 July 2008| url-status = live}} While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.{{cite web| title = The Nobel Prize| publisher = Nobel Foundation| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/| access-date = 21 November 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081015012957/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/| archive-date = 15 October 2008| url-status = live}} In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies | publisher = Nobel Foundation| url = http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/|access-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ |archive-date = 22 August 2008}}

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism. In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.{{cite web|title=Nobel Laureates Facts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html |access-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202025710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html |archive-date=2 February 2007 }} As of 2024, the prize has been awarded to 229 individuals, thirteen of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).{{cite web | title = Women Nobel Laureates | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html | access-date = 21 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080928215436/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html | archive-date = 28 September 2008 | url-status = live }}

There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize. This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923, the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927, the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939, and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.

Laureates

{{Table TOC|1901|1910|1920|1930|1940|1950|1960|1970|1980|1990|2000|2010|2020}}

class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
scope=col \| Year ! scope=col class=unsortable\| Image ! scope=col \| Laureate{{ref\|1\|[A]}} ! scope=col style="width: 100pt;" \| Nationality{{ref\|2\|[B]}} ! scope=col class=unsortable \| Rationale{{ref\|3\|[C]}} ! scope=col class=unsortable \| Ref
id="1901" \| 1901 \| 75px \| Emil von Behring (1854–1917) \| {{flag\|German Empire\|name=Germany}} \| "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901\|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716232500/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html\|archive-date=16 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
1902 \| 75px \| Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134807/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html\|archive-date=22 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1903 \| 75px \| Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904) \| {{flag\|Faroe Islands}} \| "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820015652/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html\|archive-date=20 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1904 \| 75px \| Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) \| {{flag\|Russian Empire\|name=Russia}} \| "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822161039/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html\|archive-date=22 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1905 \| 75px \| Robert Koch (1843–1910) \| {{flag\|German Empire\|name=Germany}} \| "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822214931/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html\|archive-date=22 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1906 \| 75px \| Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) \| {{flag\|Kingdom of Italy\|name=Italy}} \| rowspan=2 \| "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706223111/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html\|archive-date=6 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) \| {{flag\|Restoration (Spain)\|name=Spain}}
1907 \| 75px \| Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922) \| {{flag\|France\|1794\|name=France}} \| "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518061348/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html\|archive-date=18 May 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1908 \| 75px \| Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) \| {{flag\|Russian Empire\|name=Russia}} \| rowspan=2 \| "in recognition of their work on immunity" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716172042/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html\|archive-date=16 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) \| {{flag\|German Empire\|name=Germany}}
1909 \| 75px \| Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} \| "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011081503/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
id="1910" \| 1910 \| 75px \| Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) \| {{flag\|German Empire\|name=Germany}} \| "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115254/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
1911 \| 75px \| Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930) \| {{flag\|Sweden}} \| "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823060919/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html\|archive-date=23 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1912 \| 75px \| Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) \| {{flag\|France}} \| "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041933/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
1913 \| 75px \| Charles Richet (1850–1935) \| {{flag\|France}} \| "[for] his work on anaphylaxis" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225010/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
1914 \| 75px \| Robert Bárány (1876–1936) \| {{flag\|Austria-Hungary}} \| "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105140/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
1915 \| colspan=5 rowspan=4 align=center \| {{hs\|zzz}}Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919 \| 75px \| Jules Bordet (1870–1961) \| {{flag\|Belgium}} \| "for his discoveries relating to immunity" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602135507/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html\|archive-date=2 June 2007\|url-status=live}}
id="1920" \| 1920 \| 75px \| August Krogh (1874–1949) \| {{flag\|Denmark}} \| "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823060540/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html\|archive-date=23 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1921 \| colspan=5 align=center \| {{hs\|zzz}}Not awarded
rowspan=2 \| 1922 \| 75px \| Archibald Hill (1886–1977) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120234/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html\|archive-date=2 November 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951) \| {{flag\|Weimar Republic\|name=Germany}} \| "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" \|
rowspan=2 \| 1923 \| 75px \| Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941) \| {{flag\|Canada\|1921\|name=Canada}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for the discovery of insulin" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922025728/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html\|archive-date=22 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| John Macleod (1876–1935) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
1924 \| 75px \| Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) \| {{flag\|Netherlands}} \| "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922041108/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html\|archive-date=22 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
1925 \| colspan=5 align=center \| {{hs\|zzz}}Not awarded
1926 \| 75px \| Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928) \| {{flag\|Denmark}} \| "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041628/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
1927 \| 75px \| Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) \| {{flag\|Austria}} \| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822215200/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html\|archive-date=22 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1928 \| 75px \| Charles Nicolle (1866–1936) \| {{flag\|France}} \| "for his work on typhus" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084610/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1929 \| 75px \| Christiaan Eijkman (1868–1930) \| {{flag\|Netherlands}} \| "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" \|
id="1930" \| 1930 \| 75px \| Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) \| {{flag\|Austria}} {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discovery of human blood groups" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818085239/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html\|archive-date=18 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
1931 \| 75px \| Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) \| {{flag\|Weimar Republic\|name=Germany}} \| "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514061130/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html\|archive-date=14 May 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1932 \| 75px \| Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708051443/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/index.html\|archive-date=8 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Edgar Adrian (1889–1977)
1933 \| 75px \| Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821164106/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html\|archive-date=21 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1934 \| 75px \| George Whipple (1878–1976) \| rowspan="3" \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929162516/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| George Minot (1885–1950)
75px \| William P. Murphy (1892–1987)
1935 \| 75px \| Hans Spemann (1869–1941) \| {{flag\|Nazi Germany\|name=Germany}} \| was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his student Hilde Mangold's discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, the start of artificial cloning of organisms. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected). \| {{cite web \| url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1935/spemann/biographical/ \| title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935 }}{{cite journal\|last1=De Robertis\|first1=EM\|date=April 2006\|title=Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos\|journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology\|volume=7\|issue=4\|pages=296–302\|doi=10.1038/nrm1855\|pmc=2464568\|pmid=16482093}}
rowspan=2 \| 1936 \| 75px \| Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912175810/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html\|archive-date=12 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Otto Loewi (1873–1961) \| {{flag\|Nazi Germany\|name=Germany}}
1937 \| 75px \| Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986) \| {{flag\|Hungary\|1918\|name=Hungary}} \| "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514060412/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html\|archive-date=14 May 2007\|url-status=live}}
1938 \| 75px \| Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) \| {{flag\|Belgium}} \| "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042256/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
1939 \| 75px \| Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) \| {{flag\|Nazi Germany\|Germany}} \| "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518213316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html\|archive-date=18 May 2007\|url-status=live}}
id="1940" \| 1940 \| colspan=5 rowspan=3 align=center \| {{hs\|zzz}}Not awarded
1941
1942
rowspan=2 \| 1943 \| 75px \| Henrik Dam (1895–1976) \| {{flag\|Denmark}} \| "for his discovery of vitamin K" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172656/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html\|archive-date=3 November 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" \|
rowspan=2 \| 1944 \| 75px \| Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120700/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/index.html\|archive-date=2 November 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963)
rowspan=3 \| 1945 \| 75px \| Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821164424/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html\|archive-date=21 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979)
75px \| Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968) \| {{flag\|Australia}}
1946 \| 75px \| Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929211857/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1947 \| 75px \| Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|Czechoslovakia}} {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071310/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html\|archive-date=19 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896–1957)
75px \| Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971) \| {{flag\|Argentina}} \| "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" \|
1948 \| 75px \| Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} \| "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514054717/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html\|archive-date=14 May 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1949 \| 75px \| Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} \| "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035654/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| António Caetano Egas Moniz (1874–1955) \| {{flag\|Portugal}} \| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" \|
id="1950" \| rowspan=3 \| 1950 \| 75px \| Philip Showalter Hench (1896–1965) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011130111/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972)
75px \| Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996) \| {{flag\|Polish People's Republic\|name=Poland}} {{flag\|Switzerland}}
1951 \| 75px \| Max Theiler (1899–1972) \| {{flag\|South Africa\|1928\|name=South Africa}} {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011130116/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
1952 \| 75px \| Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161425/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1953 \| 75px \| Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) \| {{flag\|West Germany}} {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607220439/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html\|archive-date=7 June 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" \|
rowspan=3 \| 1954 \| \| John Franklin Enders (1897–1985) \| rowspan="3" \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084701/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916–2003)
75px \| Thomas Huckle Weller (1915–2008)
1955 \| 75px \| Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982) \| {{flag\|Sweden}} \| "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084711/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1956 \| 75px \| André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988) \| {{flag\|France}} {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223109/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Werner Forssmann (1904–1979) \| {{flag\|West Germany}}
75px \| Dickinson W. Richards (1895–1973) \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}}
1957 \| 75px \| Daniel Bovet (1907–1992) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} {{flag\|Italy}} \| "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929160117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1958 \| 75px \| George Wells Beadle (1903–1989) \| rowspan="3" \| {{flag\|United States\|1912\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706121546/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html\|archive-date=6 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909–1975)
75px \| Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008) \| "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" \|
rowspan=2 \| 1959 \| 75px \| Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007) \| {{flag\|United States\|1959\|name=United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221163347/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html\|archive-date=21 February 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Severo Ochoa (1905–1993) \| {{flag\|Francoist Spain\|name=Spain}} {{flag\|United States\|1959\|name=United States}}
id="1960" \| rowspan=2 \| 1960 \| 75px \| Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985) \| {{flag\|Australia}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715184243/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html\|archive-date=15 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915–1987) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
1961 \| 75px \| Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) \| {{flag\|Hungary}} {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929142105/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1962 \| 75px \| Francis Crick (1916–2004) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708050555/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html\|archive-date=8 July 2007\|url-status=live}}{{cite journal \|last1=Watson \|first1=James \|last2=Crick \|first2=Francis \|date=25 April 1953 \|title=Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/171737a0 \|journal=Nature \|volume= \|issue=171 \|pages=737–738 \|doi=10.1038/171737a0 \|access-date=}}
75px \| James Dewey Watson (b. 1928) \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916–2004) \| {{flag\|New Zealand}} {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
rowspan=3 \| 1963 \| 75px \| Sir John Carew Eccles (1903–1997) \| {{flag\|Australia}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716195411/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html\|archive-date=16 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914–1998) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
75px \| Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012)
rowspan=2 \| 1964 \| 75px \| Konrad Bloch (1912–2000) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014908/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html\|archive-date=30 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Feodor Lynen (1911–1979) \| {{flag\|West Germany}}
rowspan=3 \| 1965 \| 75px \| François Jacob (1920–2013) \| rowspan="3" \| {{flag\|France}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912130759/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html\|archive-date=12 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| André Lwoff (1902–1994)
75px \| Jacques Monod (1910–1976)
rowspan=2 \| 1966 \| 75px \| Peyton Rous (1879–1970) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145218/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html\|archive-date=29 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Charles Brenton Huggins (1901–1997) \| {{flag\|Canada}} {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" \|
rowspan=3 \| 1967 \| 75px \| Ragnar Granit (1900–1991) \| {{flag\|Finland}} {{flag\|Sweden}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204095703/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html\|archive-date=4 December 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903–1983) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| George Wald (1906–1997)
rowspan=3 \| 1968 \| 75px \| Robert W. Holley (1922–1993) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706142958/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html\|archive-date=6 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011) \| {{flag\|India}} {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Marshall W. Nirenberg (1927–2010) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 1969 \| 75px \| Max Delbrück (1906–1981) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021558/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html\|archive-date=3 December 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Alfred Hershey (1908–1997)
75px \| Salvador E. Luria (1912–1991) \| {{flag\|Italy}} {{flag\|United States}}
id="1970" \| rowspan=3 \| 1970 \| 75px \| Julius Axelrod (1912–2004) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111924/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html\|archive-date=24 December 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Ulf von Euler (1905–1983) \| {{flag\|Sweden}}
75px \| Sir Bernard Katz (1911–2003) \| {{flag\|West Germany}} {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
1971 \| 75px \| Earl W. Sutherland Jr. (1915–1974) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010215540/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html\|archive-date=10 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 1972 \| 75px \| Gerald M. Edelman (1929–2014) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206004007/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html\|archive-date=6 December 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
rowspan=3 \| 1973 \| 75px \| Karl von Frisch (1886–1982) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|Austria}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819023653/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html\|archive-date=19 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989)
75px \| Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988) \| {{flag\|Netherlands}}
rowspan=3 \| 1974 \| 75px \| Albert Claude (1899–1983) \| {{flag\|Belgium}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010215510/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html\|archive-date=10 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Christian de Duve (1917–2013) \| {{flag\|Belgium}}
75px \| George E. Palade (1912–2008) \| {{flag\|Socialist Republic of Romania\|name=Romania}} {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 1975 \| 75px \| David Baltimore (b. 1938) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910113226/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html\|archive-date=10 September 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012) \| {{flag\|Italy}} {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Howard Martin Temin (1934–1994) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 1976 \| 75px \| Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010215549/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html\|archive-date=10 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008)
rowspan=3 \| 1977 \| 75px \| Roger Guillemin (1924–2024) \| {{flag\|France\|1974\|name=France}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203080133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html\|archive-date=3 February 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Andrew V. Schally (1926–2024) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011) \| "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" \|
rowspan=3 \| 1978 \| 75px \| Werner Arber (b. 1929) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316004003/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html\|archive-date=16 March 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Daniel Nathans (1928–1999) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Hamilton O. Smith (b. 1931)
rowspan=2 \| 1979 \| 75px \| Allan M. Cormack (1924–1998) \| {{flag\|South Africa\|1928\|name=South Africa}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for the development of computer assisted tomography" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718171652/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919–2004) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
id="1980" \| rowspan=3 \| 1980 \| 75px \| Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011) \| {{flag\|Venezuela\|1954\|name=Venezuela}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214204343/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html\|archive-date=14 December 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Jean Dausset (1916–2009) \| {{flag\|France\|1974\|name=France}}
75px \| George D. Snell (1903–1996) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 1981 \| 75px \| Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718173032/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| David H. Hubel (1926–2013) \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" \| rowspan=2 \|
75px \| Torsten N. Wiesel (b. 1924) \| {{flag\|Sweden}}
rowspan=3 \| 1982 \| 75px \| Sune K. Bergström (1916–2004) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|Sweden}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718022016/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Bengt I. Samuelsson (1934–2024)
75px \| Sir John R. Vane (1927–2004) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
1983 \| 75px \| Barbara McClintock (1902–1992) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718160129/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1984 \| 75px \| Niels K. Jerne (1911–1994) \| {{flag\|Denmark}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172014/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Georges J. F. Köhler (1946–1995) \| {{flag\|West Germany}}
75px \| César Milstein (1927–2002) \| {{flag\|Argentina}}
rowspan=2 \| 1985 \| 75px \| Michael S. Brown (b. 1941) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172236/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Joseph L. Goldstein (b. 1940)
rowspan=2 \| 1986 \| 75px \| Stanley Cohen (1922–2020) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries of growth factors" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203100744/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html\|archive-date=3 February 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) \| {{flag\|Italy}}
1987 \| 75px \| Susumu Tonegawa (b. 1939) \| {{flag\|Japan\|1947\|name=Japan}} \| "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718014635/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1988 \| 75px \| Sir James W. Black (1924–2010) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203100316/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html\|archive-date=3 February 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999) \| rowspan="2" \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| George H. Hitchings (1905–1998)
rowspan=2 \| 1989 \| 75px \| J. Michael Bishop (b. 1936) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718160218/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Harold E. Varmus (b. 1939)
id="1990" \| rowspan=2 \| 1990 \| \| Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818042333/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html\|archive-date=18 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012)
rowspan=2 \| 1991 \| 75px \| Erwin Neher (b. 1944) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|Germany}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172655/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Bert Sakmann (b. 1942)
rowspan=2 \| 1992 \| 75px \| Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010215641/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html\|archive-date=10 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
\| Edwin G. Krebs (1918–2009) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 1993 \| 75px \| Sir Richard J. Roberts (b. 1943) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries of split genes" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818042000/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html\|archive-date=18 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Phillip A. Sharp (b. 1944) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 1994 \| 75px \| Alfred G. Gilman (1941–2015) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718161542/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Martin Rodbell (1925–1998)
rowspan=3 \| 1995 \| 75px \| Edward B. Lewis (1918–2004) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172844/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (b. 1942) \| {{flag\|Germany}}
75px \| Eric F. Wieschaus (b. 1947) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 1996 \| 75px \| Peter C. Doherty (b. 1940) \| {{flag\|Australia}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718171932/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Rolf M. Zinkernagel (b. 1944) \| {{flag\|Switzerland}}
1997 \| 75px \| Stanley B. Prusiner (b. 1942) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010222022/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html\|archive-date=10 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 1998 \| 75px \| Robert F. Furchgott (1916–2009) \| rowspan=3 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015152133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html\|archive-date=15 October 2013\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Louis J. Ignarro (b. 1941)
75px \| Ferid Murad (1936–2023)
1999 \| 75px \| Günter Blobel (1936–2018) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172945/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
id="2000" \| rowspan=3 \| 2000 \| 75px \| Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018) \| {{flag\|Sweden}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718015103/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Paul Greengard (1925–2019) \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Eric Kandel (b. 1929) \| {{flag\|Austria}} {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 2001 \| 75px \| Leland H. Hartwell (b. 1939) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718160029/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Tim Hunt (b. 1943) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
75px \| Sir Paul M. Nurse (b. 1949)
rowspan=3 \| 2002 \| 75px \| Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) \| {{flag\|South Africa}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172927/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
\| H. Robert Horvitz (b. 1947) \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Sir John E. Sulston (1942–2018) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
rowspan=2 \| 2003 \| 75px \| Paul Lauterbur (1929–2007) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Peter Mansfield (1933–2017) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
rowspan=2 \| 2004 \| 75px \| Richard Axel (b. 1946) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819024142/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html\|archive-date=19 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Linda B. Buck (b. 1947)
rowspan=2 \| 2005 \| 75px \| Barry J. Marshall (b. 1951) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|Australia}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718014954/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html\|archive-date=18 July 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| J. Robin Warren (1937–2024)
rowspan=2 \| 2006 \| 75px \| Andrew Z. Fire (b. 1959) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818035546/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html\|archive-date=18 August 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Craig C. Mello (b. 1960)
rowspan=3 \| 2007 \| 75px \| Mario R. Capecchi (b. 1937) \| {{flag\|Italy}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011013755/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2007\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Sir Martin Evans (b. 1941) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
75px \| Oliver Smithies (1925–2017) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 2008 \| 75px \| Harald zur Hausen (1936–2023) \| {{flag\|Germany}} \| "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009040944/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html\|archive-date=9 October 2008\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (b. 1947) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|France\|1974\|name=France}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" \| rowspan=2 \|
75px \| Luc Montagnier (1932–2022)
rowspan=3 \| 2009 \| 75px \| Elizabeth H. Blackburn (b. 1948) \| {{flag\|Australia}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008004217/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/index.html\|archive-date=8 October 2009\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Carol W. Greider (b. 1961) \| {{flag\|United States}}
75px \| Jack W. Szostak (b. 1952) \| {{flag\|Canada}} {{flag\|United States}}
id="2010" \| 2010 \| 75px \| Sir Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| "for the development of in vitro fertilization" \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006202129/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/index.html\|archive-date=6 October 2010\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 2011 \| 75px	Bruce A. Beutler (b. 1957) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005085037/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/index.html\|archive-date=5 October 2011\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Jules A. Hoffmann (b. 1941) \| {{flag\|France\|1974\|name=France}}
75px \| Ralph M. Steinman (1943–2011) \| {{flag\|Canada}} \| "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously){{cite web\|title=Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/press_releases_archive/2011/steinman.html\|access-date=6 October 2013\|publisher=The Nobel Foundation\|date=3 October 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014192652/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/press_releases_archive/2011/steinman.html\|archive-date=14 October 2013\|url-status=live}}{{cite news\|first=Ian\|last=Sample\|title=Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/03/nobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist\|newspaper=The Guardian\|location=London\|date=3 October 2011\|access-date=10 October 2011\|quote=The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001035016/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/03/nobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist\|archive-date=1 October 2013\|url-status=live}} \|
rowspan=2 \| 2012 \| 75px \| Sir John B. Gurdon (b. 1933) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=28 July 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011021218/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/index.html\|archive-date=11 October 2012\|url-status=live}}
File:Shinya Yamanaka 3x4.jpg \| Shinya Yamanaka (b. 1962) \| {{flag\|Japan}}
rowspan=3 \| 2013 \| 75px \| James E. Rothman (b. 1950) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=7 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221808/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/index.html\|archive-date=10 June 2015\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Randy W. Schekman (b. 1948)
75px \| Thomas C. Südhof (b. 1955) \| {{flag\|Germany}} {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=3 \| 2014 \| 75px \| John O'Keefe (b. 1939) \| {{flag\|United States}} {{flag\|United Kingdom}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=7 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006212922/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/index.html\|archive-date=6 October 2014\|url-status=live}}
75px \| May-Britt Moser (b. 1963) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|Norway}}
75px \| Edvard I. Moser (b. 1962)
rowspan=3 \| 2015 \| 75px \| William C. Campbell (b. 1930) \| {{flag\|Ireland}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=5 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005173004/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/index.html\|archive-date=5 October 2015\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Satoshi Ōmura (b. 1935) \| {{flag\|Japan}}
75px \| Tu Youyou (b. 1930) \| {{flag\|China}} \| "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" \|
2016 \| 75px \| Yoshinori Ohsumi (b. 1945) \| {{flag\|Japan}} \| "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" \|{{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=3 October 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003193708/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/index.html\|archive-date=3 October 2016\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=3 \| 2017 \| 75px \| Jeffrey C. Hall (b. 1945) \| rowspan=3 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017\|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/index.html\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=2 October 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220551/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/index.html\|archive-date=2 October 2017\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Michael Rosbash (b. 1944)
75px \| Michael W. Young (b. 1949)
rowspan=2 \| 2018 \| 75px \| James P. Allison (b. 1948) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2018/summary/\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001101624/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2018/summary/\|archive-date=1 October 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=2 October 2017}}
75px \| Tasuku Honjo (b. 1942) \| {{flag\|Japan}}
rowspan=3 \| 2019 \| 75px \| William Kaelin Jr. (b. 1957) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/summary/\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=2019-10-07\|archive-date=23 May 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523072803/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/summary/\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Peter J. Ratcliffe (b. 1954) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
75px \| Gregg L. Semenza (b. 1956) \| {{flag\|United States}}
id="2020" \| rowspan=3 \| 2020 \| 75px \| Harvey J. Alter (b. 1935) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=3 \| "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" \| rowspan=3 \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/summary/\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=2020-10-05\|archive-date=5 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005113756/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/summary//\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Michael Houghton (b. 1949) \| {{flag\|United Kingdom}}
75px \| Charles M. Rice (b. 1952) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 2021 \| 75px \| David Julius (b. 1955) \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/press-medicineprize2021.pdf\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=2021-10-04\|archive-date=4 October 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004114220/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/press-medicineprize2021.pdf\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Ardem Patapoutian (b. 1967) \| {{flag\|Lebanon}} {{flag\|United States}}
2022 \| 75px \| Svante Pääbo (b. 1955) \| {{flag\|Sweden}} \| "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution" \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022.pdf\|title=The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\|publisher=Nobel Foundation\|access-date=2022-10-03\|archive-date=3 October 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003100442/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022.pdf\|url-status=live}}
rowspan=2 \| 2023 \| 75px \| Katalin Karikó (b. 1955) \| {{flag\|Hungary}} {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \| "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" \| rowspan=2 \| {{cite web\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/\|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023\|access-date=2 October 2023\|date=2 October 2023\|archive-date=2 October 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002202612/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/\|url-status=live}}
75px \| Drew Weissman (b. 1959) \| {{flag\|United States}}
rowspan=2 \| 2024 \|75px \|Victor Ambros (b. 1953) \| rowspan=2 \| {{flag\|United States}} \| rowspan=2 \|"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation" \| rowspan="2" \|{{Cite web \|date=October 7, 2024 \|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 was awarded jointly to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation." \|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094023/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/ \|archive-date=October 7, 2024 \|access-date=October 7, 2024 \|website=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 \|publisher=The Nobel Prize}}
75px \|Gary Ruvkun (b. 1952)

class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"

scope=col | Year

! scope=col class=unsortable| Image

! scope=col | Laureate{{ref|1|[A]}}

! scope=col style="width: 100pt;" | Nationality{{ref|2|[B]}}

! scope=col class=unsortable | Rationale{{ref|3|[C]}}

! scope=col class=unsortable | Ref

id="1901"

| 1901

List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine#2001–current

Laureates

References

=Notes=

=Citations=

=Sources=

External links