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List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

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This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Thracian and Dacian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian.

A number of cities in Thrace and Dacia were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements. Some settlements in this list may have a double entry, such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus. It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such; the largest Thracian settlements were large villages.The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond ,{{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, page 612: "Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets..." The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis.,An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 888, "It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement."The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, {{ISBN|1-84176-329-2}}, 2001, page 1, "...the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks..." although Strabo considered the Thracian cities with "bria" ending polises. Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique.

Note: Throughout these lists, an asterisk [*] indicates that the toponym is reconstructed.

Thracian and Dacian

{{Importance section|date=September 2009}}

File:Dacia around 60-44 BC during Burebista, including campaigns - French.png during Burebista]]

File:Teritoriul onomastic al elementului dava - Sorin Olteanu.jpg

Many city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant "city" or "town" Endings on more southern regions are exclusively -bria ("town, city"), -disza, -diza, -dizos ("fortress, walled settlement"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara ("town, village"). Strabo translated -bria as polis, but that may not be accurate.The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, page 612: "According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian -bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation." Thracian -disza, -diza, and -dizos are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dheigh-, "to knead clay", hence to "make bricks", "build walls", "wall", "walls", and so on. These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE *gh-. Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos ("wall, fort, fortified town", as in the town of Didymoteicho) and Avestan da?za ("wall").

It is suggested that the "dava" endings are from the Dacian language, while the rest from the Thracian language. However "dava" towns can be found as south as Sandanski and Plovdiv. Some "dava" toponyms contain the same linguistic features as "diza" toponyms, e.g. Pirodiza and Pirodava. The first written mention of the name "Dacians" is in Roman sources. Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae, identified as a Thracian tribe. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder) and were said to speak the same language. The Dacian language is considered a variety of the Thracian language.Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe. Springer. {{ISBN|978-0-306-46258-0}}. Such lexical differentiation -dava vs. para, would be hardly enough evidence to separate Dacian from Thracian, thus they are classified as dialects.Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "20e". In Boardman, John. Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22496-3}}. It is also possible that '-dava' and '-bria' mean two different things in the same language, rather than meaning the same thing in two different languages. Thus bria could have been used for urbanized settlements, similar in scale and design to those of the "civilised" peoples like Greeks and Romans, whereas '-dava' could mean a settlement which is rural, being situated in the steppe-like part of the Thracian lands.

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File:Thraciae-veteris-typvs.jpg, at 1585]]

=Unknown names=

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: Aghireșu

: Ardan

: Ardeu

: Arpașu de Sus

: Augustin

: Băile Tușnad

: Băleni-Români

: Bănița

: Bâzdâna

: Beidaud

: Bocșa

: Boroșneu Mic

: Boșorod

: Botfei

: Breaza

: Bretea Mureșană

: Bucium

: Căpâlna

: Cernat

: Cetățeni

: Cioclovina

: Clopotiva

: "Costești-Blidaru"

: "Costești-Cetățuie"

: Cotnari

: Coțofenii din Dos

: Covasna

: Cozia

: Crăsanii de Jos

: Crivești

: Crizbav

: Cuciulata

: "Cucuiș - Dealul Golu"

: "Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului"

: Cugir

: Cârlomănești

: Dalboșeț

: Densuș

: Divici

: Drajna de Sus

: Dumitrița

: Eliseni

: Feldioara

: "Fețele Albe"

: Grădiștea de Munte

: Iedera de Jos

: Feleac

: Jigodin

: Liubcova

: Mala Kopania

: Marca

: Mataraua

: Merești

: Moinești

: Monariu

: Monor

: Moșna

: Ocolișu Mic

: Odorheiu Secuiesc

: Olteni

: Orăștie Mountains

: Petrila

: Petroșani

: "Piatra Roșie"

: Pietroasa Mică

: Pinticu

: Pisculești

: Poiana cu Cetate

: Polovragi

: Ponor

: Popești (Călărași)

: Porumbenii Mari

: Praid

: Racoș

: Racu

: Radovanu - Gorgana I

: Radovanu - Jidovescu

: Roadeș

: Rovinari

: Rușor

: Sacalasău

: Satu Mare (Harghita)

: Satu Nou

: Sânzieni

: Seimeni

: Socol

: Sprâncenata

: Stâncești

: Stoina

: Șeica Mică

: Tășad

: Telița

: Teliu

: Tilișca

: Timișu de Jos

: Turia

: Unip

: Uroi

: Valea Seacă

: Viișoara Moșneni

: Zemplín

: Zetea

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Thraco-Illyrian

Thrace and Macedonia

{{see also|Second Greek colonisation|Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|Pontic Greeks}}

=Thrace, from Strymon to Nestos=

  • Amphipolis, founded by colonists from Athens
  • AkontismaAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856
  • Antisara
  • Creston, modern Kilkis
  • Datos, founded by colonists from ThasosAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 855: "The Thasians... they founded Krenides and Daton"
  • Drabeskos
  • Eion, founded by colonists from Athens
  • Ennea Hodoi
  • Galepsus, founded by colonists from ThasosHatzfeld, Jean. History of Ancient Greece (trans. by Andre Aymard, 1968, W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 34–35.
  • Gasoros
  • Heraclea Sintica
  • Krenides, founded by colonists from Thasos
  • Mastira, mentioned by Demosthenes (341 BCE) in his "The Oration on the State of the Chersonesus". This town was unknown to the scholar Harpocration (100-200 CE), who suggests that instead of "Mastira" we should read "Bastira", a known Thracian town of that name.
  • Myrkinos, founded by colonists from MiletusAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 782, "The Thasians are said to have colonised the Hedonian city of Myrkinos, Galepsos and Oisyme..." in 497 BC
  • Neapolis, founded by colonists from Thasos, modern Kavala
  • Oesyme, founded by colonists from Thasos
  • ParoikopolisAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 857
  • Pergamos
  • Phagres, founded by colonists from Thasos
  • Philippi, founded by Philip II of Macedon, rebuilt Crenides
  • Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv)
  • Pistyros, founded by colonists from ThasosReadings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, 2006, page 232: A GREEK TRADING POST IN THRACE"... Maronea, Apollonia, and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros."
  • Sirra, founded by Philip II of Macedon, rebuilt town of the Siriopeoni, modern Serres
  • Skapte Hyle
  • Skotoussa
  • Tristolos

=Thrace, from Nestos to Hebros=

  • Abdera, founded by colonists from KlazomenaiThe Histories, by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a..."
  • Ainos (Poltymbria) founded by colonists from Alopeke, Mytilene, and KymeAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 870: "Colonists from Mytilene and Kyme founded Ainos"
  • Bergepolis, founded by colonists from Abdera
  • Doriskos
  • Drys, founded by colonists from Samothrace
  • Dikaia, founded by colonists from SamosThe Histories by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a ..."
  • Kypsela
  • LarissaBack Matter: "... sites identified solely by coins' location site Thessaly, Atrax, Kieron, Larissa, Thrace, Ainos, Bizye, Byzantium, Deultum, Maroneia, Mesembra, Pantalia..."
  • Maroneia, founded by colonists from Chios
  • Menebria, founded by colonists from SamothraceHammond Concise Atlas of World History by Geoffrey Barraclough, 2001, Index, "Mesembria/Greek Colony" on a town named Melsambria, modern Nessebar
  • Orthagoria
  • Sale, founded by colonists from Samothrace
  • Stryme, founded from colonists from ThasosThe Histories, by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, page 451: "... most westerly of which is Mesembria; the next place is Stryme, a town belonging to the Thasians. ..."
  • Zone, founded by colonists from Samothrace

=Inland Thrace=

  • Alexandropolis MaedicaAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 892
  • Beroea, founded by Philip II of MacedonWomen and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations, by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214: "Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region, by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19: "Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)"Philip of Macedon, by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98: "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."{{sfn|Velkov|1977|p=128}} in 342 BC
  • Plovdiv (Philippopolis), today's city of Plovdiv in Bulgaria, founded by Philip II of Macedon in a town formerly called Eumolpias.From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richa Tomlinson, 1992, page 8: "...this means, a Macedonian city established in a non-Macedonian area (Philippopolis in Thrace, for example) becomes a means of establishing a..."
  • Stanimachos, founded by colonists from Istiaia, modern Asenovgrad
  • Pistiros,An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895: "The emporion of Pistiros was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated piston the Thracian coast" founded by Pistyrians from the coast

=Thracian Chersonesos=

  • Aegospotami (Aegospotamos)An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 903: "Aigos potamoi is called a deserted polichne by Strabo and a polis by Steph.Byz."
  • Alokopennesos, founded by colonists from Aeolis
  • Araplos
  • Callipolis
  • Chersonesos (Agora), founded by colonists from Athens
  • Derris
  • Elaious, founded by colonists from Athens
  • Ide
  • Kardia, founded by colonists from AthensAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 636: "In the archaic period Athens colonised Sigeion, Elaious, Chersonesus, Paktye, Sestus, Kardia..."
  • Kressa
  • Krithotai, founded by colonists from Athens
  • Limnae, founded by colonists from MiletusThe Penguin Historical atlas of Ancient Greece by Robert Morkot, page 48{{cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg |title=Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis |access-date=27 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125221629/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg |archive-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}
  • Madytos, founded by colonists from Lesbos
  • Pactya, founded by colonists from Athens
  • Paion
  • Sestos, founded by colonists from LesbosAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 910: "Sestos was colonised by Lesbians"

=Propontic Thrace=

  • AthyraAncient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2, Dēmētrios V. Grammenos, {{ISBN|1-4073-0110-1}}, 2007, page 1182{{sfn|Velkov|1977|p=124}}
  • Byzantion, founded by colonists from Megara on a town called Lygos, modern Istanbul
  • Bisanthe, founded by colonists from SamosAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 914: "Bisanthe was a colony founded by the Samians"
  • Daminon TeichosAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 918
  • ErgiskeAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 913
  • Heraclea (Perinthus){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
  • Heraion, founded by colonists from SamosAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 919: "Heraion Teichos was a colony of Samos"
  • Lysimachia{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
  • Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese), founded by colonists from Athens
  • Orestias, rebuilt
  • Perinthus, founded by colonists from Samos
  • Rhaedestus{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}, founded by colonists from Samos
  • Serrion Teichos
  • Selymbria, modern Silivri in European Turkey, of Thracian etymology
  • Tyrodiza,a town near Perinthus, Xerxes' commissariat there: Hdt. 7.25An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 912: "The European coast of Propontis was settled by Megarians and Samians.By 480 four colonies are recorded; viz from the east to the west, Megarian Byzantion and Selymbria and Samian Perinthos and Bisanthe along with two smaller and presumably dependant settlements, Tyrodiza and Heraion." of Thracian etymology

=West Pontic coast=

  • Aegyssos, modern Tulcea{{sfn|Grumeza|2009|p=132}}
  • Aquae Calidae
  • Ahtopol, founded by colonists from Athens
  • Anchialos, modern Pomorie, founded by colonists from Appolonia
  • Apollonia, modern Sozopol, founded by IoniansAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, Index
  • Berga, founded by colonists from Thasos
  • Bizone, founded by colonists from Miletus, modern Kavarna
  • Krutoi, modern Balchik founded by Miletian colonists
  • Dionysopolis, modern Balchik, founded by colonists from Miletus
  • Heliopolis, modern Obzor
  • Histria, founded by colonists from Miletus
  • Kallatis (Callatis), founded from colonists from Herakleia Pontike,An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 934: "Kallatis was colonized by Herakleia" modern-day Mangalia, Romania
  • Mesembria, modern Nesebar, settled during the 6th century BC by Dorians from Megara
  • Odessos, modern Varna, founded by colonists from MiletusA Companion to Archaic Greece, by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 2009, page 337: "... On the western shore, Odessos was founded by the Milesians, and the expansion of existing Greek cities in the western ..."
  • Nikonion, founded by colonists from Istros
  • Salmydessos (from IE *salm-udes, "salty water"; cf. Greek álmē, "sea water, brine"; ýdos, "water")Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147
  • Tomis, modern Constanta, rebuilt Scythian town

=Other=

  • Aison{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
  • Brea, founded by colonists from Athens,
  • Gazoros
  • Heraclea SinticaThe Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC, by D. M. Lewis, page 469: "Philip's new foundation at Heracle Sintica" on a tribe of the Sintoi tribe
  • Kossaia{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Persian

  • Boryza (city)The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, by George Cawkwell, 2006, page 58: "... 'The lands beyond the sea' Persian city, Boryza' on the Black Sea coast (FGH t Fí66) but that ..."An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 891, "Note that the only one which is explicitly called a polis by Hekataios is Boryza (fr.166) and here we learn that it is a polis inhabited by Persians i.e not by Greeks or Thracians."
  • Doriscus

Roman

File:Balkans 6th century.svg

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Celtic

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See also

{{portal|Poetry}}

Notes

{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite book

|last = Grumeza

|first = Ion

|author-link = Ion Grumeza

|title = Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C

|year = 2009

|publisher = Hamilton Books

|isbn = 978-0-7618-4465-5

|quote = The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenia), Suvidava (Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava(Topalu), Carsium(Harsova), Durostorum(Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others...

}}{{better source needed|date = February 2015}}

  • {{cite web

|last=Olteanu

|first=Sorin

|title=Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section

|url=http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm

|language=ro, en

|work=Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum

|access-date=8 December 2010

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm

|archive-date=16 July 2011

}}{{self-published inline|date = February 2015}}

  • {{cite book

|last = Schütte

|first = Gudmund

|author-link = Gudmund Schütte

|title = Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes

|url = https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich

|year = 1917

|publisher = H. Hagerup

|location = Copenhagen

}}

  • {{cite book

|last1 = Taylor

|first1 = Timothy

|title = Northeastern European Iron Age

|publisher = Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files

|year = 2001

|isbn = 978-0-306-46258-0

}}

  • {{cite book

|last = Velkov

|first = Velizar Iv

|author-link = Velizar Iv Velkov

|title = The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials)

|publisher = Hakkert

|year = 1977

|isbn = 90-256-0723-3

}}

{{refend}}

External links

{{commons|Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians}}

{{commons|Dacia and Dacians}}

  • {{cite web|last1=Durdinov|first1=Ivan|title=The Language of the Thracians|url=http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_8.html}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm Sorin Olteanu's Project: Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section]
  • [http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/thrac/thrac_8.html Duridanov's paper on Thracian toponyms]
  • [http://members.iinet.net.au/~igmaier/702-2pla.pdf Placenames in the Compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd)]
  • [http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm Lists of Dacian fortresses, towns and citadels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420021451/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm |date=20 April 2017 }}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091119012745/http://people.usd.edu/~clehmann/pir/dacia.htm Dacia]
  • [http://www.maparchive.org/data/media/3/prov_dacia_III.jpg Dacian Map]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • [https://archive.today/20130105092517/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/thracians/ Thracians and Dacians]
  • [http://home.exetel.com.au/thrace/ Thracians 700-46 BC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930220610/http://home.exetel.com.au/thrace/ |date=30 September 2011 }}

{{Dacian cities}}

{{Dacia topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Cities in Thrace And Dacia}}

Category:Geography of ancient Thrace

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