List of butterflies of India (Coeliadinae)
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File:YG Common Awl Hasora badra.jpg
A total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the subfamily Coeliadinae (family Hesperiidae), or the awls, awlets and awlkings, as they are commonly called, are found in India. These are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests, mostly evergreen, and have dicotyledonous host plants. The vividly marked, smooth, cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae. These skippers tend to synchronise egg-laying followed by migration, sometimes to sub-optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host plants.
The awls and related genera have long, narrow forewings, rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus. The adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings. They have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye. The eyes are large, an adaptation to the crepuscular habits of this species.
Checklist
=''Badamia'' – brown awl=
- Brown awl, Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775)Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/badamia/index.html Page on genus Badamia.]{{LepIndex |id=181283 |name=Badamia exclamationis}}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
=''Bibasis'' – diurnal awlets=
Note: Bibasis contains just three diurnal species, of which only one occurs in India; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to Burara. The species now shifted to Burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from Bibasis, within which many authors have formerly included them.Vane-Wright and de Jong (2003) (see TOL web pages on [http://tolweb.org/Bibasis/94259/2007.02.21 genus Bibasis] and [http://tolweb.org/Burara/94260/2007.02.21 genus Burara] in the [http://tolweb.org/ Tree of Life Web Project])
=''Burara'' – crepuscular awlets=
- Pale green awlet, Burara gomata (Moore, 1866),{{LepIndex |id=181338 |name=Bibasis gomata}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis gomata.
- Small green awlet, Burara amara (Moore, 1866),{{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}{{LepIndex |id=181329 |name=Bibasis amara}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis amara.
- Plain orange awlet, Burara anadi de Nicéville, 1883{{LepIndex |id=181331 |name=Bibasis anadi}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis anadi.
- Orange awlet, Burara harisa (Moore, 1866),{{LepIndex |id=181346 |name=Bibasis harisa}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis harisa.
- Orange-striped awl, Burara jaina (Moore, 1866),{{LepIndex |id=181367 |name=Bibasis jaina}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis jaina.
- Branded orange awlet, Burara oedipodea (Swainson, 1820),{{LepIndex |id=181375 |name=Bibasis oedipodea}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis oedipodea.
- Green awlet, Burara vasutana Moore, 1866{{LepIndex |id=181396 |name=Bibasis vasutana}}. Retrieved 16 October 2007. formerly Bibasis vasutana.
=''Choaspes'' – awlkings=
- Indian awlking, Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843){{LepIndex |id=182420 |name=Choaspes benjaminii}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera – page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/choaspes/index.html Choaspes.]TOL web page on genus [http://www.tolweb.org/Choaspes/94261 Choaspes]
- Branded awlking, Choaspes plateni (Staudinger, 1888){{LepIndex |id=182432 |name=Choaspes plateni}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Similar awlking, Choaspes xanthopogon (Kollar, 1844){{LepIndex |id=182441 |name=Choaspes xanthopogon}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.The common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis (vide Evans (1932)) which is not recognised as a valid species by [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/choaspes/index.html Savela] and by TOLWeb (ref its page on genus [http://tolweb.org/Choaspes/94261/2007.02.21 Choaspes]). Taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon.
- Hooked awlking, Choaspes furcata Evans, 1932{{LepIndex |id=182427 |name=Choaspes hemixanthus ssp. furcata}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.The species is considered to be furcata by LepIndex, and as furcatus by [http://www.tolweb.org/Choaspes/94261 TOLWeb]. [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/choaspes/index.html Savela] gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change. Accordingly it is being retained as furcata, with furcatus as redirect, pending the availability of a proper reference.
=''Hasora'' – awls=
- Slate awl, Hasora anura de Nicéville, 1889Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/hasora/index.html Page on genus Hasora.]{{LepIndex |id=184001 |name=Hasora anura}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.TOL [http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 web page on genus Hasora]
- Common banded awl, Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780)Hasora alexis (Fabricius, 1775) is a synonym of H. chromus vide {{LepIndex|id=184016 |name=Hasora chromus}}{{LepIndex |id=184015 |name=Hasora chromus}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- White banded awl, Hasora taminatus (Hübner, 1818){{LepIndex |id=184094 |name=Hasora taminatus}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Yellow banded awl, Hasora schoenherr (Latreille, 1824){{LepIndex |id=184086 |name=Hasora schoenherr}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Common awl, Hasora badra (Moore, 1857){{LepIndex |id=184003 |name=Hasora badra}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Plain banded awl, Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870){{LepIndex |id=184119 |name=Hasora vitta}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Large banded awl, Hasora khoda (Mabille, 1876){{LepIndex |id=184035 |name=Hasora khoda}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Violet awl, Hasora leucospila (Mabille, 1891)Evans in The Identification of Indian Butterflies, (1932) (ser no I 1.9, pp 224) records it as occurring in the Nicobars.{{LepIndex |id=184048 |name=Hasora leucospila}}. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- Green awl, Hasora salanga (Plötz, 1885)Evans in The Identification of Indian Butterflies, (1932) (ser no I 1.10, pp 224) records it as occurring in the Nicobars.{{LepIndex |id=184084 |name=Hasora salanga}}. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
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This list forms part of the full List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae) which itself is part of the complete List of butterflies of India.
See also
Cited references
{{reflist}}
References
- {{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932 }}
- {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647 }}
- {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
- Watson, E. Y. (1891) Hesperiidae indicae. Vest and Co. Madras.
- {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
Online
- {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |accessdate=2016-10-15 }}
- Brower, Andrew V. Z. and Warren, Andrew, (2007). Coeliadinae Evans 1937. Version 21 February 2007 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Coeliadinae/12150/2007.02.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/.
- {{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ |title=Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera }}
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