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List of historical capitals of Vietnam

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{{More citations needed section|date=March 2025}}

This list of historical capitals of Vietnam includes former capital cities as well as the current capital of Vietnam which is Hanoi in time order. The capitals in bold indicate those of independent periods while the capitals in italic indicate those of occupied or invaded periods.

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!Capital

!Period

!Nation

!Era

!Palace

!Current location

Ngàn Hống2879 – ? BCrowspan="2" | Xích QuỷHồng Bàng dynasty - Kinh Dương VươngunknownHồng Lĩnh mountain, Hà Tĩnh province
Nghĩa Lĩnh? – 2524 BCHồng Bàng dynasty - Lạc Long QuânunknownNghĩa Lĩnh mountain, Phú Thọ province
Phong Châu2524–258 BCVăn LangHồng Bàng dynasty - Hùng kingunknownPhú Thọ province
Cổ Loa {{Cite book |last=Miksic |first=John N. |title=Ancient Southeast Asia |last2=Geok |first2=Yian Goh |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7 |series=Routledge World Archaeology |location=Florence |page=111}}257–208 BCÂu LạcThục dynastyCổ Loa CitadelĐông Anh district, Hanoi
Panyu207–111 BCNanyueTriệu dynastyNanyue PalaceGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
Leilou111-106 BCrowspan="2" colspan="2"| First Era of Northern DominationunknownBắc Ninh province
Guangxin106 BC-40 ADunknownWuzhou, Guangxi, China
Mê Linh40–43 ADLingnanTrưng sistersunknownMê Linh district, Hanoi
Guangxin43-210rowspan="3" colspan="2"| Second Era of Northern DominationunknownWuzhou, Guangxi, China
Panyu210-226?Nanyue PalaceGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
Longyuan226?-544rowspan="2"| Long Biên Palacerowspan="2"| Long Biên district, Hanoi or Bắc Ninh province (uncertain)
Long Uyên544–602Vạn XuânEarly Lý dynasty
Jiaozhi (district)602-607?rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Third Era of Northern Dominationunknownbetween Đuống River and Thái Bình River
Songping607?-713unknownHanoi
Vạn An713–722Annam (under Tang domination)Mai Hắc ĐếunknownNam Đàn district, Nghệ An province
Songping722-779colspan="2"| Third Era of Northern Dominationunknownrowspan="3"| Hanoi
Tống Bình779-791Annam (under Tang domination)Phùng Hưngunknown
Songping791-866rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Third Era of Northern Dominationunknown
Dalou866-905rowspan="2"| Đại La Citadelrowspan="2"| Ba Đình district, Hanoi
Đại La905–938rowspan="2"| JinghaiKhúc clan and Dương clan
Cổ Loa939–968Ngô dynastyCổ Loa CitadelĐông Anh district, Hanoi
rowspan="3"| Hoa Lư {{Cite book |last=Rough Guides |first= |url=https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=IuDtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT444&dq=historical+capitals+of+Vietnam&hl=vi&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF-OWr46eMAxVXklYBHQ35D4gQuwV6BAgJEAg |title=The Rough Guide to Vietnam |date=2015-04-14 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-241-21409-1 |language=en}}968–980rowspan="3"| Đại Cồ ViệtĐinh dynastyrowspan="3"| Hoa Lư Citadelrowspan="3"| Hoa Lư city, Ninh Bình province
980–1009Early Lê dynasty
1009 – 1010Later Lý dynasty
rowspan="2"| Thăng Long1010 – 1225rowspan="2"| Đại ViệtLater Lý dynastyrowspan="2"| Imperial Citadel of Thăng Longrowspan="2"| Hanoi
1226–1440Trần dynasty
Tây Đô1400–1407Đại NguHồ dynastyHo CitadelVĩnh Lộc district, Thanh Hóa province
Mô Độ1407–1409Jiaozhi (under Ming domination)Later Trần dynastyunknownYên Mô district, Ninh Bình province
Dongguan1407-1427colspan="2"| Fourth Era of Northern Dominationrowspan="3"| Imperial Citadel of Thăng Longrowspan="3"| Hanoi
rowspan="2"| Đông Kinh1428–1527rowspan="2"| Đại ViệtLê dynasty – early period
1527–1592Mạc dynasty
Vạn Lại1533–1597Đại Việt – southern regionLê dynasty – warlord periodVan Lai CitadelThọ Xuân district, Thanh Hóa province
Cao Bình1592–1677Đại Việt – northern regionMạc dynastyBan Phu CitadelCao Bằng city, Cao Bằng province
rowspan="2"| Đông Kinh1597–1789Đại ViệtLê dynasty – warlord periodImperial Citadel of Thăng Longrowspan="2"| Hanoi
1597–1787Đại Việt – Outer RegionTrịnh lordsPalace of Trịnh Lords
Phú Xuân1678–1777Đại Việt – Inner RegionNguyễn lordsPalace of Nguyễn LordsPhú Xuân district, Huế
Qui Nhơn1778–1793rowspan="2"| Đại Việtrowspan="2"| Tây Sơn dynastyEmperor CitadelAn Nhơn town, Bình Định province
Phú Xuân1786–1802unknownPhú Xuân district, Huế
Huế1802–1945Viet Nam, later Dai NamNguyễn dynastyImperial City of HuếPhú Xuân district, Huế
Saigon1887–1901rowspan="2"| French Colonial Erarowspan="2"| Indochinese FederationGovernor-General PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Hanoi1902–1954Indochinese Governor-General PalaceHanoi
Saigon1945colspan="2"| Indochina under Japanese OccupationGovernor-General PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Huế1945VietnamEmpire of VietnamImperial City of HuếPhú Xuân district, Huế
Hanoi1945–1976Vietnam, later North VietnamDemocratic Republic of VietnamPresidential PalaceHanoi
rowspan="4"| Saigon{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85109-960-3 |editor-last=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |edition=2nd |volume=III |location=California |pages=1010–1011 |chapter=Saigon}}1945-1954French OccupationIndochinese FederationGovernor-General Palacerowspan="4"| Ho Chi Minh City
1946–1949Cochinchina (under French Occupation)Autonomous Republic of CochinchinaGia Long Palace
1949–1955rowspan="2"| South VietnamState of Vietnam under French military presenceNorodom Palace
1955–1975Republic of Vietnam under U.S. military presenceIndependence Palace
Tây Ninh1969-1972rowspan="4"| South Vietnamrowspan="4"| Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamnoneTây Ninh province
Lộc Ninh1972–1973noneLộc Ninh fistrict, Bình Phước province
Cam Lộ1973-1975noneCam Lộ district, Quảng Trị province
Saigon1975-1976Independence PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Hanoi1976 – presentVietnamSocialist Republic of VietnamPresidential Palacecurrent capital

Some secondary unofficial capitals also existed throughout Vietnamese history. These secondary capitals were established by dynasty founders merely as symbolic capitals to pay tribute to their ancestors.

References

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