List of wars involving Sudan

{{Redirect|Sudan War|the ongoing conflict in Sudan|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}{{Short description|Wars involving Sudan}}

This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Sudan and its predecessors.

Mahdist Sudan (1885–1899)

class="wikitable"
style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=200px\| Conflict ! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=160px\| Combatant 1 ! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=160px\| Combatant 2 ! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=320px\| Results
style="background:#efefef"\| Mahdist War (1881–1899) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flag\|Mahdist State}} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{plainlist \| {{flagcountry\|UKGBI}} {{}}{{flagcountry\|Khedivate of Egypt}} {{}}{{flagcountry\|British India}}{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/egypt-and-sudan\|title=Egypt and the Sudan \| National Army Museum\|website=www.nam.ac.uk}} {{}}{{flag\|Canada\|1868}}{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nile-expedition\|title=Nile Expedition\|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}{{Cite web\|url=https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/01/26/canadas-first-military-mission-overseas/\|title=Canada's first military mission overseas\|first=Radio Canada\|last=International\|date=26 January 2015}} {{}}{{flagicon\|New South Wales}} Colony of New South Wales{{Cite web\|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/sudan \|title=Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885\|date=28 July 2021}} {{flagcountry\|Kingdom of Italy}}{{cite book\|title=Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007 \|last=Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman \|year=2010 \|place=Washington, DC}} {{}}{{flagicon\|Kingdom of Italy}} Colony of Eritrea {{flagcountry\|Ethiopian Empire}} {{flag\|Congo Free State}}}} \|style="background:#FFD0D0"\| Defeat* Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910

class="wikitable"

style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=200px| Conflict

! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=160px| Combatant 1

! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=160px| Combatant 2

! style="background:black" rowspan="1" width=320px| Results

style="background:#efefef"| Mahdist War
(1881–1899)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Mahdist State}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{plainlist |

{{flagcountry|UKGBI}}
{{*}}{{flagcountry|Khedivate of Egypt}}
{{*}}{{flagcountry|British India}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/egypt-and-sudan|title=Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum|website=www.nam.ac.uk}}
{{*}}{{flag|Canada|1868}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nile-expedition|title=Nile Expedition|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/01/26/canadas-first-military-mission-overseas/|title=Canada's first military mission overseas|first=Radio Canada|last=International|date=26 January 2015}}
{{*}}{{flagicon|New South Wales}} Colony of New South Wales{{Cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/sudan |title=Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885|date=28 July 2021}}
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}{{cite book|title=Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007 |last=Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman |year=2010 |place=Washington, DC}}
{{*}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Colony of Eritrea
{{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire}}
{{flag|Congo Free State}}}}

|style="background:#FFD0D0"| Defeat

Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled
Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy
Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910

Post-independence (from 1956)

class="wikitable"
style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=200px\| Conflict ! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=160px\| Combatant 1 ! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=160px\| Combatant 2 ! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=320px\| Results
style="background:#efefef"\| First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon\|UK\|1956\|size=22px}}{{flagicon\|Egypt\|1922\|size=22px}} Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1955–1956) {{flagicon\|Sudan\|1956\|size=22px}} Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) {{flagicon\|Sudan\|1956\|size=22px}}{{flagicon\|Sudan\|size=22px}} Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1972) Combat support: {{flag\|Uganda\|size=22px}} (Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969){{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=151}} {{flagicon\|Libya\|1969\|size=22px}} Libyan Arab Republic (From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970){{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=166}} Non-combat support: {{flag\|United Arab Republic\|1958\|size=22px}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=166}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}} {{flag\|Soviet Union\|1955\|size=22px}}{{sfn\|OBallance\|1977\|p=119-120}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}} {{flag\|United Kingdom}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|China}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|Yugoslavia\|1946}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|East Germany}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|Czechoslovakia}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|Saudi Arabia\|1938}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flagicon\|Libya}} Kingdom of Libya (until 1969){{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|Algeria}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=155}} {{flag\|United States}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=165}} {{flag\|West Germany}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=165}} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Sudan Defense Force (1925-1956).svg\|size=22px}} SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Azania Liberation Front.svg\|size=22px}} ALF (1965–1970) {{flagicon image\|Sn anyaanya1.PNG\|size=22px}} Anyanya (from 1963){{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=72}} {{flag\|Israel}} (from 1969){{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|pp=79–82}}{{cite book\|last=Leach\|first=Justin\|title=War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process\|year=2012\|publisher=I.B.Tauris\|isbn=978-1780762272\|page=178}} Supported by: {{flag\|Ethiopian Empire\|name=Ethiopia\|size=22px}}{{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=89}}{{cite web\|last=Acig.org\|title=Sudan, Civil War since 1955\|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=47}} {{flag\|Uganda\|size=22px}} (from about 1970){{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=89}}{{cite book\|last=Johnson\|first=Douglas\|title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce\|year=2011\|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd\|isbn=978-1847010292\|pages=36–37}} {{flagicon\|COD\|1966\|size=22px}} Congo-Léopoldville{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=158}} {{flag\|Kenya}}{{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=89}} {{flag\|France}}{{sfnp\|Poggo\|2009\|p=163}} \|style="background:#E0D0FF"\| Stalemate Addis Ababa Agreement Establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region with various defined powers
style="background:#efefef"\| Lebanese Civil War (1976–1979) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon\|Arab League\|size=22px}} ADF {{flag\|Syria\|1980\|size=22px}} {{flag\|Saudi Arabia\|size=22px}} {{flag\|Sudan\|size=22px}} {{flag\|UAE\|size=22px}} {{flag\|Libya\|1972\|size=22px}} {{flag\|South Yemen\|size=22px}} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon image\|Flag of Lebanon.svg\|size=22px}} LF \|style="background:#E0D0FF"\| Withdrawal End of ADF mandate following the Hundred Days' War
style="background:#efefef"\| Iran–Iraq War (1982–1988)[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Iran-IraqWar_Part1_0.pdf Iran-Iraq War Timeline - Wilson Center] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911220456/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Iran-IraqWar_Part1_0.pdf \|date=2016-09-11 }}, p. 14 \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{Flagicon\|Iraq\|1963\|size=22px}} Iraq {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg\|size=22px}} MEK {{flagicon image\|Flag of Arabistan.svg\|size=22px}} DRFLA {{flagicon image\|Flag of KDP-I.png\|size=22px}} KDPI {{Flag\|Sudan\|size=22px}} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flag\|Iran\|size=22px}} {{flagicon image\|Former Flag of KDP.svg\|size=22px}} KDP {{flagicon image\|Flag of PUK.png\|size=22px}} PUK {{flagicon image	size=22px}} Badr Brigades \|style="background:#E0D0FF"\| Stalemate Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598
style="background:#efefef"\| Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{Flagicon\|Sudan\|size=22px}} Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Muraheleen {{flagicon\|Rwanda\|1962}} Ex-FAR and Interahamwe{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|p=377}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the South Sudan Defence Force.svg\|22px\|border}} SSDF {{Flagicon image\|Flag of South Sudan (2011–2023, tilted star).svg\|size=22px}} SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United{{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=137}} SSIM/A {{Flagicon image\|Nuer White Army Flag.svg\|size=22px\|border}} Nuer White Army {{Flagicon\|Uganda}} Ugandan insurgents: LRA{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|p=82}} WNBF{{sfnp\|Leopold\|2001\|pp=99–100}} UNRF (II){{sfnp\|Leopold\|2001\|pp=99–100}} {{flag\|Zaire}} {{small\|(1994–1997)}}{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|pp=376–377}}{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|pp=74, 82}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of Jihad.svg}} al-Qaeda {{small\|(1991–1996)}}{{sfnp\|Connell\|1998\|p=55}}{{sfnp\|de Waal\|2007\|p=12}}{{irrelevant citation\|date= January 2024}} {{flag\|Ba'athist Iraq\|name=Iraq}}{{efn\|Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;{{sfnp\|Bassil\|2013\|pp=168–169}} according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".{{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=147}} The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.{{sfnp\|Khalid\|2010\|p=348}} }} {{flag\|China}}{{efn\|Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.{{sfnp\|Khalid\|2010\|p=348}} }} Combat aid: {{flag\|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\|name=Libya}} {{small\|(1986–1991)}}Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, 2016.{{sfnp\|Bassil\|2013\|p=169}} {{flag\|Democratic Republic of the Congo\|1997\|size=22px\|name=DR Congo}} {{small\|(1998–2003)}} Non-combat aid: {{Flag\|Iran\|1983}}{{Google books \|id=ySUK3qoP-bsC \|title=Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 }} {{flag\|Belarus\|1995}} {{small\|(from 1996)}}{{Cite web\|url=https://newsland.com/post/686582-torgovlia-oruzhiem-i-budushchee-belorussii\|title=Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк \|website=newsland.com}}{{Cite web\|url=https://newsland.com/post/4228990-zavoiuet-li-belarus-pozitsii-na-globalnykh-rynkakh-oruzhiia\|title=Завоюет ли Беларусь позиции на глобальных рынках оружия? – Vechek\|website=newsland.com}} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{Flagicon image\|Flag of South Sudan (2011–2023, tilted star).svg\|size=22px}} SPLA SPLA-Mainstream{{sfnp\|Martell\|2018\|p=137}} SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng{{sfnp\|LeRiche\|Arnold\|2013\|p=101}} File:Flag of SSLM.svg SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces{{sfnp\|Plaut\|2016\|p=77}} File:Sn anyaanya1.PNG Anyanya II {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the Eastern Front.svg\|size=22px}} Eastern Coalition {{flagicon image\|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987).svg}} Derg {{small\|(until 1987)}}{{sfnp\|Vuylsteke\|2018\|p=6}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg}} PDR Ethiopia {{small\|(1987–1991)}}{{sfnp\|Vuylsteke\|2018\|p=6}} {{flagicon\|Ethiopia\|1996}} FDR Ethiopia {{small\|(1995–1998)}}{{sfnp\|de Waal\|2007\|p=12}} {{flag\|Eritrea}} {{small\|(1996–1998, 2002–2005)}}{{sfnp\|Plaut\|2016\|pp=77–78}} {{flag\|Uganda}} {{small\|(from 1993)}}{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|p=75}}[https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-07.htm "Military Support for Sudanese Opposition Forces."] Sudan. Retrieved 6 January 2016. Non-combat aid: {{flag\|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\|name=Libya}} {{small\|(1983–1985)}}Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.{{cite web \| url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-03.htm \| title=Sudan Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan }} {{flag\|Israel}}{{sfnp\|DeRouen\|Heo\|2007\|p=742}} {{flag\|Cuba}} {{small\|(until 1991)}}{{cite web \| url=https://www.occasionalwitness.com/Articles/20010426.htm \| title=Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki }} \|style="background:#E0D0FF"\| Stalemate Comprehensive Peace Agreement Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War
style="background:#efefef"\| First Congo War (1996–1997) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flag\|Zaire}} FAZ White Legion {{flag\|Sudan}}{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|pp=376–377}} {{flag\|Chad}}{{cite book\|first=Ésaïe\|last=Toïngar\|year=2014\|page=119\|title=Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict\|quote=In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.}} {{flagicon\|Rwanda\|1962}} Ex-FAR/ALiR {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Rwandan Democratic Movement.svg}} Interahamwe {{flagicon image\|Flag of the CNDD-FDD.svg}} CNDD-FDD{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|pp=116–118}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of UNITA.svg}} UNITA{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/congo/stories/052097.htm \|title=Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|first=Lynne \|last=Duke \|date=20 May 1997 \|page=A10 \|quote=Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces. \|url-status=live \|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224121909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/congo/stories/052097.htm \|archive-date=24 February 2011 }} {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Allied Democratic Forces.svg}} ADF{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|pp=375–377}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of Katanga.svg}} FLNC{{Sfn\|Reyntjens\|2009\|pp=112–113}} Supported by: {{flag\|France\|1974}} {{flag\|Central African Republic}} {{flag\|China}}{{Sfn\|Reyntjens\|2009\|pp=112}} {{flag\|Israel}}{{Sfn\|Reyntjens\|2009\|pp=112}} {{flag\|Kuwait}} (denied){{Sfn\|Reyntjens\|2009\|pp=112}} ---- Mai-Mai{{efn\|name=Mai-Mai\|Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|pp=117, 130, 143}} As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|p=130}} Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|p=143}} }} \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon\|Democratic Republic of the Congo\|1997}} AFDL {{flag\|Rwanda\|1962}} {{flag\|Uganda}}{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|pp=375–376}} {{flag\|Burundi}}{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/africa/april/15/zprotest.htm \|title=Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|first=Lynne \|last=Duke \|date=15 April 1997 \|page=A14 \|quote=Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt. \|url-status=live \|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224121909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/africa/april/15/zprotest.htm \|archive-date=24 February 2011 }} {{flag\|Angola}} {{Flagicon\|South Sudan\|size=22px}} SPLA{{sfnp\|Prunier\|2004\|pp=376–377}} {{flag\|Eritrea}}{{sfnp\|Plaut\|2016\|pp=54–55}} Supported by: {{flag\|South Africa}}{{cite book\|title="Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda\|page=8\|year=2001\|publisher=International Crisis Group\|quote= In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa}} {{flag\|Zambia}}{{Sfn\|Reyntjens\|2009\|pp=65–66}} {{flag\|Zimbabwe}} {{flag\|Ethiopia\|1996}}{{cite book\|first=Artur\|last=Usanov\|year=2013\|title=Coltan, Congo and Conflict\|page=36\|publisher=Hague Centre for Strategic Studies}} {{flag\|Tanzania}} {{flag\|United States}} (covertly){{sfnp\|Prunier\|2009\|pp=118, 126–127}} ---- Mai-Mai{{efn\|name=Mai-Mai}} \| style="background:#F88" \| AFDL victory Overthrow of the Mobutu regime Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president Beginning of Second Congo War
style="background:#efefef"\| War in Darfur (2003–2020) \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flag\|Sudan}} SAF Janjaweed RSF {{flagicon image\|Flag of Chad.svg}} Chadian rebel groups{{sfn\|Debos\|2016\|p=86}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of Libya.svg}} Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011){{cite web \|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201106010572.html \|title=Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya \|work=Sudan Tribune \|date=31 May 2011 \|via=allafrica.com \|access-date=8 December 2020 \|archive-date=3 June 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603061203/http://allafrica.com/stories/201106010572.html \|url-status=live }} Supported by: {{flag\|Libya}} (2011–2020){{cite web \| url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/12/17/the-sudanese-role-in-libya-2011/ \| title=The Sudanese Role in Libya 2011 \| date=17 December 2012 \| access-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231225450/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/12/17/the-sudanese-role-in-libya-2011/ \| url-status=live }} {{flag\|China}}{{cite news \| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/14/china.sudan#:~:text=China%20stands%20accused%20of%20twin,against%20the%20government%20in%20Khartoum \| title=What is China doing in Darfur? \| newspaper=The Guardian \| date=14 February 2008 \| last1=McGreal \| first1=Chris \| access-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231012907/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/14/china.sudan#:~:text=China%20stands%20accused%20of%20twin,against%20the%20government%20in%20Khartoum \| url-status=live }} {{flag\|Iran}} (until 2016){{cite web \| url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/sudanese-iranian-rapprochement-possible \| title=Is a Sudanese-Iranian rapprochement possible? \| access-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-date=31 December 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231013237/https://www.mei.edu/publications/sudanese-iranian-rapprochement-possible \| url-status=live }} {{flag\|Russia}}{{cite web \| title=Russia's footprint in Sudan \| website=Institute for the Study of Human Rights \| date=1 March 2022 \| url=https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/news/russia%27s-footprint-sudan#:~:text=Russia%20provided%20weapons%20to%20the,crackdown%20against%20anti-government%20protests \| access-date=7 April 2023 }}{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} {{Flag\|Belarus}}{{Cite web\|url=https://udf.by/news/economic/100206-top-10-obvineniy-belarusi-v-somnitelnyh-oruzheynyh-sdelkah.html\|title=Top-10 обвинений Беларуси в сомнительных оружейных сделках\|website=UDF.BY \| Новости Беларуси\|access-date=18 September 2019\|archive-date=26 March 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326202050/https://udf.by/news/economic/100206-top-10-obvineniy-belarusi-v-somnitelnyh-oruzheynyh-sdelkah.html\|url-status=live}} {{flagicon image\|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg}} Syria (2000s, alleged)Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2015). "Foreign Military Assistance" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 344–347. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0. \|style="background:#efefef"\| {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} SRF{{efn\|group=infobox\| Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.}} (2006–2020) {{flagicon image\|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} JEM (2003–2020) {{flagicon image\|Flag of SLM (al-Nur).svg}} SLA (some factions) (2003–2020) {{flagicon image

class="wikitable"

style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=200px| Conflict

! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=160px| Combatant 1

! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=160px| Combatant 2

! style="background:#CC1122" rowspan="1" width=320px| Results

style="background:#efefef"| First Sudanese Civil War
(1955–1972)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|UK|1956|size=22px}}{{flagicon|Egypt|1922|size=22px}} Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
{{flagicon|Sudan|1956|size=22px}} Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
{{flagicon|Sudan|1956|size=22px}}{{flagicon|Sudan|size=22px}} Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)
Combat support:
{{flag|Uganda|size=22px}}
(Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969){{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=151}}
{{flagicon|Libya|1969|size=22px}} Libyan Arab Republic
(From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970){{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=166}}
Non-combat support:
{{flag|United Arab Republic|1958|size=22px}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=166}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}
{{flag|Soviet Union|1955|size=22px}}{{sfn|OBallance|1977|p=119-120}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|China}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|Yugoslavia|1946}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|East Germany}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=1}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flagicon|Libya}} Kingdom of Libya (until 1969){{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|Algeria}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=155}}
{{flag|United States}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=165}}
{{flag|West Germany}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=165}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Defense Force (1925-1956).svg|size=22px}} SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Azania Liberation Front.svg|size=22px}} ALF (1965–1970)
{{flagicon image|Sn anyaanya1.PNG|size=22px}} Anyanya (from 1963){{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=72}}
{{flag|Israel}} (from 1969){{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=79–82}}{{cite book|last=Leach|first=Justin|title=War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process|year=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1780762272|page=178}}
Supported by:
{{flag|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopia|size=22px}}{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=89}}{{cite web|last=Acig.org|title=Sudan, Civil War since 1955|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=47}}
{{flag|Uganda|size=22px}} (from about 1970){{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=89}}{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Douglas|title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce|year=2011|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1847010292|pages=36–37}}
{{flagicon|COD|1966|size=22px}} Congo-Léopoldville{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=158}}
{{flag|Kenya}}{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=89}}
{{flag|France}}{{sfnp|Poggo|2009|p=163}}

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Stalemate

Addis Ababa Agreement
Establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region with various defined powers

style="background:#efefef"| Lebanese Civil War
(1976–1979)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Arab League|size=22px}} ADF

{{flag|Syria|1980|size=22px}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia|size=22px}}
{{flag|Sudan|size=22px}}
{{flag|UAE|size=22px}}
{{flag|Libya|1972|size=22px}}
{{flag|South Yemen|size=22px}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lebanon.svg|size=22px}} LF

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Withdrawal

End of ADF mandate following the Hundred Days' War

style="background:#efefef"| Iran–Iraq War
(1982–1988)[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Iran-IraqWar_Part1_0.pdf Iran-Iraq War Timeline - Wilson Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911220456/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Iran-IraqWar_Part1_0.pdf |date=2016-09-11 }}, p. 14

|style="background:#efefef"| {{Flagicon|Iraq|1963|size=22px}} Iraq
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg|size=22px}} MEK
{{flagicon image|Flag of Arabistan.svg|size=22px}} DRFLA
{{flagicon image|Flag of KDP-I.png|size=22px}} KDPI
{{Flag|Sudan|size=22px}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Iran|size=22px}}
{{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg|size=22px}} KDP
{{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png|size=22px}} PUK
{{flagicon image

size=22px}} Badr Brigades

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Stalemate

Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598

style="background:#efefef"| Second Sudanese Civil War
(1983–2005)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{Flagicon|Sudan|size=22px}} Sudan

Armed Forces
PDF
Army of Peace
Muraheleen
{{flagicon|Rwanda|1962}} Ex-FAR and Interahamwe{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|p=377}}

{{Flagicon image|Flag of the South Sudan Defence Force.svg|22px|border}} SSDF
{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Sudan (2011–2023, tilted star).svg|size=22px}} SPLA dissidents

SPLA-Nasir
SPLA-United{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=137}}
SSIM/A

{{Flagicon image|Nuer White Army Flag.svg|size=22px|border}} Nuer White Army
{{Flagicon|Uganda}} Ugandan insurgents:

LRA{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=82}}
WNBF{{sfnp|Leopold|2001|pp=99–100}}
UNRF (II){{sfnp|Leopold|2001|pp=99–100}}

{{flag|Zaire}} {{small|(1994–1997)}}{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|pp=376–377}}{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|pp=74, 82}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} al-Qaeda {{small|(1991–1996)}}{{sfnp|Connell|1998|p=55}}{{sfnp|de Waal|2007|p=12}}{{irrelevant citation|date= January 2024}}
{{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|name=Iraq}}{{efn|Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;{{sfnp|Bassil|2013|pp=168–169}} according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=147}} The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.{{sfnp|Khalid|2010|p=348}} }}
{{flag|China}}{{efn|Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.{{sfnp|Khalid|2010|p=348}} }}

Combat aid:
{{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}} {{small|(1986–1991)}}Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, 2016.{{sfnp|Bassil|2013|p=169}}
{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|1997|size=22px|name=DR Congo}} {{small|(1998–2003)}}

Non-combat aid:
{{Flag|Iran|1983}}{{Google books |id=ySUK3qoP-bsC |title=Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 }}
{{flag|Belarus|1995}} {{small|(from 1996)}}{{Cite web|url=https://newsland.com/post/686582-torgovlia-oruzhiem-i-budushchee-belorussii|title=Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк |website=newsland.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://newsland.com/post/4228990-zavoiuet-li-belarus-pozitsii-na-globalnykh-rynkakh-oruzhiia|title=Завоюет ли Беларусь позиции на глобальных рынках оружия? – Vechek|website=newsland.com}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Sudan (2011–2023, tilted star).svg|size=22px}} SPLA

SPLA-Mainstream{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=137}}
SPLA-Agar
SPDF
ALF
Titweng{{sfnp|LeRiche|Arnold|2013|p=101}}

File:Flag of SSLM.svg SSLM
NDA
Sudanese Alliance Forces{{sfnp|Plaut|2016|p=77}}
File:Sn anyaanya1.PNG Anyanya II
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Eastern Front.svg|size=22px}} Eastern Coalition
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987).svg}} Derg {{small|(until 1987)}}{{sfnp|Vuylsteke|2018|p=6}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg}} PDR Ethiopia {{small|(1987–1991)}}{{sfnp|Vuylsteke|2018|p=6}}
{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1996}} FDR Ethiopia {{small|(1995–1998)}}{{sfnp|de Waal|2007|p=12}}
{{flag|Eritrea}} {{small|(1996–1998, 2002–2005)}}{{sfnp|Plaut|2016|pp=77–78}}
{{flag|Uganda}} {{small|(from 1993)}}{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=75}}[https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-07.htm "Military Support for Sudanese Opposition Forces."] Sudan. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Non-combat aid:
{{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}} {{small|(1983–1985)}}Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-03.htm | title=Sudan Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan }}
{{flag|Israel}}{{sfnp|DeRouen|Heo|2007|p=742}}
{{flag|Cuba}} {{small|(until 1991)}}{{cite web | url=https://www.occasionalwitness.com/Articles/20010426.htm | title=Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki }}

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Stalemate

Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement
Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum
Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War

style="background:#efefef"| First Congo War
(1996–1997)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Zaire}}

{{flag|Sudan}}{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|pp=376–377}}
{{flag|Chad}}{{cite book|first=Ésaïe|last=Toïngar|year=2014|page=119|title=Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict|quote=In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.}}
{{flagicon|Rwanda|1962}} Ex-FAR/ALiR
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Rwandan Democratic Movement.svg}} Interahamwe
{{flagicon image|Flag of the CNDD-FDD.svg}} CNDD-FDD{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|pp=116–118}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} UNITA{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/congo/stories/052097.htm |title=Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Lynne |last=Duke |date=20 May 1997 |page=A10 |quote=Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces. |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224121909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/congo/stories/052097.htm |archive-date=24 February 2011 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Allied Democratic Forces.svg}} ADF{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|pp=375–377}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Katanga.svg}} FLNC{{Sfn|Reyntjens|2009|pp=112–113}}
Supported by:
{{flag|France|1974}}
{{flag|Central African Republic}}
{{flag|China}}{{Sfn|Reyntjens|2009|pp=112}}
{{flag|Israel}}{{Sfn|Reyntjens|2009|pp=112}}
{{flag|Kuwait}} (denied){{Sfn|Reyntjens|2009|pp=112}}

----

Mai-Mai{{efn|name=Mai-Mai|Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|pp=117, 130, 143}} As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=130}} Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.{{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=143}} }}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|1997}} AFDL
{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
{{flag|Uganda}}{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|pp=375–376}}
{{flag|Burundi}}{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/africa/april/15/zprotest.htm |title=Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Lynne |last=Duke |date=15 April 1997 |page=A14 |quote=Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt. |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224121909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/africa/april/15/zprotest.htm |archive-date=24 February 2011 }}
{{flag|Angola}}
{{Flagicon|South Sudan|size=22px}} SPLA{{sfnp|Prunier|2004|pp=376–377}}
{{flag|Eritrea}}{{sfnp|Plaut|2016|pp=54–55}}
Supported by:
{{flag|South Africa}}{{cite book|title="Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda|page=8|year=2001|publisher=International Crisis Group|quote= In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa}}
{{flag|Zambia}}{{Sfn|Reyntjens|2009|pp=65–66}}
{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
{{flag|Ethiopia|1996}}{{cite book|first=Artur|last=Usanov|year=2013|title=Coltan, Congo and Conflict|page=36|publisher=Hague Centre for Strategic Studies}}
{{flag|Tanzania}}
{{flag|United States}} (covertly){{sfnp|Prunier|2009|pp=118, 126–127}}

----

Mai-Mai{{efn|name=Mai-Mai}}

| style="background:#F88" | AFDL victory

Overthrow of the Mobutu regime
Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president
Beginning of Second Congo War

style="background:#efefef"| War in Darfur
(2003–2020)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Sudan}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Chad.svg}} Chadian rebel groups{{sfn|Debos|2016|p=86}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Libya.svg}} Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011){{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201106010572.html |title=Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya |work=Sudan Tribune |date=31 May 2011 |via=allafrica.com |access-date=8 December 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603061203/http://allafrica.com/stories/201106010572.html |url-status=live }}

Supported by:

{{flag|Libya}} (2011–2020){{cite web | url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/12/17/the-sudanese-role-in-libya-2011/ | title=The Sudanese Role in Libya 2011 | date=17 December 2012 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231225450/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/12/17/the-sudanese-role-in-libya-2011/ | url-status=live }}
{{flag|China}}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/14/china.sudan#:~:text=China%20stands%20accused%20of%20twin,against%20the%20government%20in%20Khartoum | title=What is China doing in Darfur? | newspaper=The Guardian | date=14 February 2008 | last1=McGreal | first1=Chris | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231012907/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/14/china.sudan#:~:text=China%20stands%20accused%20of%20twin,against%20the%20government%20in%20Khartoum | url-status=live }}
{{flag|Iran}} (until 2016){{cite web | url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/sudanese-iranian-rapprochement-possible | title=Is a Sudanese-Iranian rapprochement possible? | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231013237/https://www.mei.edu/publications/sudanese-iranian-rapprochement-possible | url-status=live }}
{{flag|Russia}}{{cite web | title=Russia's footprint in Sudan | website=Institute for the Study of Human Rights | date=1 March 2022 | url=https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/news/russia%27s-footprint-sudan#:~:text=Russia%20provided%20weapons%20to%20the,crackdown%20against%20anti-government%20protests | access-date=7 April 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Flag|Belarus}}{{Cite web|url=https://udf.by/news/economic/100206-top-10-obvineniy-belarusi-v-somnitelnyh-oruzheynyh-sdelkah.html|title=Top-10 обвинений Беларуси в сомнительных оружейных сделках|website=UDF.BY | Новости Беларуси|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326202050/https://udf.by/news/economic/100206-top-10-obvineniy-belarusi-v-somnitelnyh-oruzheynyh-sdelkah.html|url-status=live}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg}} Syria (2000s, alleged)Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2015). "Foreign Military Assistance" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 344–347. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} SRF{{efn|group=infobox| Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.}}
(2006–2020)

{{flagicon image|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} JEM (2003–2020)
{{flagicon image|Flag of SLM (al-Nur).svg}} SLA (some factions) (2003–2020)
{{flagicon image

} LJM (2010–11){{efn|group=infobox|Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf?DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf|title=Darfur Peace Agreement – Doha draft|work=Sudan Tribune|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121554/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/?DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of SLM (al-Nur).svg}} SLA (some factions)

SARC (2014–2020)

SLFA (2017–2020){{cite news|title=Three Darfur factions establish new rebel group|work=Sudan Tribune|date=7 July 2017|access-date=}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Darfur.svg}} SLA-Unity
SLMJ
{{flagicon image|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} JEM (Jali)

Supported by:

{{flag|South Sudan}}{{cite news|title=Al Bashir threatens to 'disarm Darfur rebels' in South Sudan|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/al-bashir-threatens-to-disarm-darfur-rebels-in-south-sudan|work=Radio Dabanga|date=29 April 2015|language=en|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064613/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/al-bashir-threatens-to-disarm-darfur-rebels-in-south-sudan|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}

{{flag|Chad}} (2005–2010){{cite web | url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/05/chad-and-darfur-after-bashir | title=Chad, and Darfur, After Bashir | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231014154/https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/05/chad-and-darfur-after-bashir | url-status=dead }}

{{flag|Eritrea}} (until 2008)[http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 Afrol News – Eritrea, Chad accused of aiding Sudan rebels] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629064002/http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 |date=29 June 2012 }} 7 de septiembre de 2007

{{flagdeco|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|1977}} Libya (until 2011)

{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQbSEifJvb4 |title=Sudan adjusting to post-Gaddafi era - YouTube |website=YouTube |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=2015-11-24 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805142419/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQbSEifJvb4 |archive-date=5 August 2012}} Sudan adjusting to post-Gaddafi era

{{flag|Uganda}} (until 2015){{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-13/uganda-signals-diplomatic-breakthrough-with-sudan-over-rebels|title=Uganda Signals Diplomatic Breakthrough With Sudan on Rebels|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=13 February 2015|access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-13/uganda-signals-diplomatic-breakthrough-with-sudan-over-rebels|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live}}

----

{{flagicon image|Flag of the African Union.svg|link=African Union}}{{flagicon|United Nations}} UNAMID (2007–2020)

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Stalemate

Intertwined with the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (Until 2020)
Comprehensive peace agreement signed with most rebel groups
Darfur Peace Agreement

|style="background:#efefef"| Invasion of Anjouan
(2008)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Organization of African Unity (1970–2002); Flag of the African Union (2004–2010).svg}} African Union

{{flag|Comoros}}
{{flag|Senegal}}
{{flag|Sudan}}
{{flag|Tanzania}}

Supported by:

{{flag|France|1974}} {{small|(logistical support)}}{{Cite news |author=AFP |title=African forces invade rebel Comoros island |url=http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MMAH-7D39UC?OpenDocument |work=ReliefWeb |date=March 25, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226053105/http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MMAH-7D39UC?OpenDocument |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}
{{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} {{small|(logistical support)}}
{{flag|United States}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Anjouan|1997}}

|style="background:#D0FFD0"| Victory

Mohamed Bacar flees to Mayotte
Autonomous government of Anjouan is replaced

|style="background:#efefef"| War in South Kordofan
(2011–2020)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Sudan}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} SRF (until 2020)

{{flagicon image|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} JEM
{{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} SPLM–N
{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg}} SLA{{cite news| url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/archive/sudan/darfur/darfurs-armed-groups/darfurs-armed-opposition-groups.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620230929/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/archive/sudan/darfur/darfurs-armed-groups/darfurs-armed-opposition-groups.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=June 20, 2016| title=Darfur's Armed Opposition Groups | work=Small Arms Survey| date=8 October 2012| access-date=13 September 2020}}

Alleged support:
{{flag|Ethiopia}}{{cite news|title=Ethiopia Is Arming South Kordofan Rebels says Ethiopian officer|website=durame.com|date=13 April 2012|url=http://www.durame.com/2012/04/ethiopia-is-arming-south-kordofan.html|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605173442/http://www.durame.com/2012/04/ethiopia-is-arming-south-kordofan.html|archive-date=5 June 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Stalemate

Comprehensive peace agreement signed between some rebel factions and the transitional government
Strongest rebel faction in South Kordofan and Blue Nile refuses to sign peace deal, continues opposition to government

|style="background:#efefef"| Heglig Crisis
(2012)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{Country|Sudan|size=22px}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|South Sudan}}
{{flagicon image|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} JEM{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf|title=The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development|last=McCutchen|first=Andrew|date=October 2014|page=19|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610103523/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf|url-status=dead}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} SPLM-N

|style="background:#D0FFD0"| Victory

South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig
Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/09/201292825052784872.html|title=Sudan-South Sudan peace accords hailed|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005114433/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/09/201292825052784872.html|archive-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live}}

|style="background:#efefef"| Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
(2015–)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Yemen|size=22px}} Hadi government
{{flagicon|South Yemen|size=22px}} Southern Movement
{{Country|Saudi Arabia|size=22px}}
{{Country|United Arab Emirates|name=United Arab Emirates|size=22px}}
{{Country|Bahrain|size=22px}}
{{Country|Kuwait|size=22px}}
{{Country|Qatar|size=22px}}
{{Country|Jordan|size=22px}}
{{Country|Morocco|size=22px}}
{{Country|Sudan|size=22px}}
{{Country|Egypt|size=22px}}
{{Country|Senegal|size=22px}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Yemen|size=22px}} Houthi government

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Ongoing

Houthis dissolve Yemeni government
Houthis take control of northern Yemen

|style="background:#efefef"| Al-Fashaga conflict
(2020–2022)

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Sudan}}

|style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Amhara}} Amhara militias
Alleged:
{{flag|Ethiopia}}
{{flag|Eritrea}}{{cite news|date=24 March 2021|title=Eritrea Forces Deployed in Disputed Sudan-Ethiopia Area, UN Says|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-24/eritrea-forces-deployed-in-disputed-sudan-ethiopia-area-un-says}}

|style="background:#E0D0FF"| Status quo ante bellum

Disengagement and de-escalation
Sudan recaptures all of the border territory with Ethiopia.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/31/sudan-regains-full-control-of-border-with-ethiopia-ministry|title=Sudan regains full control of border with Ethiopia: Ministry|work=Al Jazeera|date=31 December 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/15/sudanese-army-deployed-along-the-disputed-border-with-ethiopia/|title=Sudanese army deployed along the disputed border with Ethiopia|date=15 December 2021|website=Africanews.com}}
Sudan and Ethiopia agree to settle all disputes peacefully.{{Cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article267660/|title=Sudan, Ethiopia agreed to settle all disputes peacefully|work=Sudan Tribune|date=1 December 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=2 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202082512/https://sudantribune.com/article267660/|url-status=dead}}

|style="background:#efefef"|Sudanese civil war

(2023–present)

|style="background:#efefef"|

{{flagicon|Sudan}} Government of Sudan

{{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg}} Sudanese Armed Forces

{{ubl| {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Popular Defence Force.svg}} Popular Defence Forces{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/splm-n-and-popular-defense-forces|title=SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=14 October 2023|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105082211/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/splm-n-and-popular-defense-forces|url-status=live}}|Popular Resistance| {{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} SPLM-N (Agar){{cite news |date=6 August 2023 |title=Malik Agar reveals government-proposed roadmap to end Sudan's war |work=Sudan Tribune |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275848/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905000623/https://sudantribune.com/article275848/ |archive-date=5 September 2023}}| {{flagicon image|Flag of SLM (Tambour).svg}} SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023){{Cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur |language=en |work=Sudan Tribune |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905001443/https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |archive-date=5 September 2023}}
23px Joint Darfur Force (from November 2023) |23px JEM{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67450204 |title=Sudan civil war: Darfur's Jem rebels join army fight against RSF |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163046/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67450204 |url-status=live|author-first1=James|author-last1=Copnall|author-first2=Danai Nesta|author-last2=Kupemba|website=BBC News}} |{{flagicon image|Flag of SLM (Minnawi).svg}} SLM (Minnawi)}}

|style="background:#efefef"|

Government of Peace and Unity (from February 2025){{Cite web |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/africa-file-february-20-2025-m23-advance-continues-unchallenged-saf-grows-partnerships |title=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=21 February 2025 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221184606/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/africa-file-february-20-2025-m23-advance-continues-unchallenged-saf-grows-partnerships |url-status=live }}

{{flagicon image|Flag of the Rapid Support Forces (Sudan).png}} Rapid Support Forces
non-RSF Janjaweed militias
Tamazuj (from August 2023)
{{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025){{cite web |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/details-of-sudanese-rebels-forming-a-parallel-govt-last-night-in-nairobi/ |title=Details of Sudanese Rebels Forming a Parallel Govt Last Night in Nairobi |work=The Kenya Times |date=2025-02-23 |access-date=2025-02-23 }}

----

{{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025){{ubl| {{flagicon image|Flag of SLM (al-Nur).svg}} SLM (al-Nur){{cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article279993/|title=SLM-Abdel Wahid forces seize RSF camp in South Darfur|date=3 December 2023|website=Sudan Tribune|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204095110/https://sudantribune.com/article279993/|url-status=live}}}}

|style="background:#E0D0FF"|Ongoing

Rapid Support Forces occupy most of Darfur, and parts of Khartoum State, White Nile and Kordofan.{{cite web |last=van Linge |first=Thomas |date=2 November 2023 |title=Map of the Areas of Control in Sudan |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-of-the-areas-of-control-in-sudan |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110051648/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-of-the-areas-of-control-in-sudan |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Sudan war: RSF enters White Nile state and Sennar |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-rsf-enters-white-nile-state-and-sennar |website=Dabanga Radio TV Online |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228152503/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-rsf-enters-white-nile-state-and-sennar |url-status=live}}
SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan.{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-third-front-sudans-armed-rebel-movements-join-the-war-between-the-generals/|last=McGregor|first=Andrew|date=8 August 2023|title=The Third Front: Sudan's Armed Rebel Movements Join the War Between the Generals|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006203115/https://jamestown.org/program/the-third-front-sudans-armed-rebel-movements-join-the-war-between-the-generals/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://acleddata.com/2023/07/21/sudan-situation-update-july-2023-the-saf-faces-setbacks-as-armed-groups-overtake-territory-across-the-country/|last=Ali|first=Mahmoud|date=21 July 2023|title=Situation Update July 2023 Sudan: The SAF Faces Setbacks as Armed Groups Overtake Territory Across the Country 21 July 2023|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002125705/https://acleddata.com/2023/07/21/sudan-situation-update-july-2023-the-saf-faces-setbacks-as-armed-groups-overtake-territory-across-the-country/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://acleddata.com/2023/08/11/sudan-situation-update-august-2023-heightened-violence-in-kordofan-region-as-more-militia-groups-step-into-the-conflict/|last=Ali|first=Mahmoud|date=11 August 2023|title=Sudan: Heightened Violence in Kordofan Region as More Militia Groups Step Into the Conflict|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006202642/https://acleddata.com/2023/08/11/sudan-situation-update-august-2023-heightened-violence-in-kordofan-region-as-more-militia-groups-step-into-the-conflict/|url-status=live}}
SLM (al-Nur) control parts of Darfur
Since 26 September 2024, the RSF loses much of the Butana

Bibliography

First Sudanese Civil War:

Assefa, Hizkias. 1987. Mediation of Civil Wars, Approaches and Strategies – The Sudan Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Eprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955 – 1972. David and Charles, London. 1974. {{ISBN|0-7153-6221-6}}.
Johnson, Douglas H. 1979. "Book Review: The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972 by Edgar O'Ballance". African Affairs 78 (310):132–7.
O'Ballance, Edgar. 1977. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. (Faber and Faber edition {{ISBN|0-571-10768-0}}).
Poggo, Scopas Sekwat. 1999. War and Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1955–1972. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Notes

References

Sources

{{cite book

|last = Bassil

|first = Noah

|title= The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jGUhbENElWsC&q=iraq

|date= 2013

|publisher= I.B. Tauris

|location= London; New York

|isbn= 978-1780760858

}}

{{Cite journal

|title = Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact. Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan

|url= https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0898%20Report.pdf

|last= Connell

|first= Dan

|date = August 1998

|journal = Human Rights Watch

|issue = 4 (A)

|volume = 10

}}

{{cite book| last = Debos| first = Marielle| title = Living by the Gun in Chad. Combatants, Impunity and State Formation| publisher = Zed Books| edition = Revised, Updated, and Translated |orig-date=1st pub. 2013 | translator = Andrew Brown |date = 2016| location = London| isbn = 978-1-78360-532-3}}
{{cite book|last1=DeRouen |first1=Karl R. |first2=Uk |last2=Heo |title=Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II |volume=1 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO}}
{{Cite journal

|title = Sudan: international dimensions to the state and its crisis

|url= https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-occasional-papers/OP3-Sudan-International-Dimensions-to-the-State-and-its-Crisis.pdf

|last= de Waal

|first= Alex

|date = April 2007

|journal = Occasional Papers (Crisis States Research Centre)

|issn = 1753-3082

|issue = 2

}}

{{cite book

|last= Khalid

|first= Mansour

|title= War & Peace in the Sudan

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=quYrBgAAQBAJ

|date= 2010

|orig-year=1st pub. 2003

|publisher= Routledge

|location= London; New York

|isbn= 978-0-7103-0663-0

}}

{{cite book

|last1= LeRiche

|first1= Matthew

|last2= Arnold

|first2= Matthew

|year= 2013

|title= South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence

|location= Oxford

|publisher= Oxford University Press

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OAQqBgAAQBAJ

|isbn=978-0-19-933340-0

}}

{{cite book

|last = Leopold

|first = Mark

|chapter = 'Trying to Hold Things Together?' International NGOs caught up in an Emergency in North-Western Uganda, 1996–97

|editor1= Ondine Barrow

|editor2= Michael Jennings

|title= The Charitable Impulse: NGOs & Development in East & North-East Africa

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=We7L5DWKYeoC

|date= 2001

|publisher= James Curry Ltd; Kumarian Press

|location= Oxford, Bloomfield

|pages= 94–108

|isbn= 9781565491373

}}

{{cite book|last= Martell|first= Peter|year= 2018|title= First Raise a Flag|location= London|publisher= Hurst & Company|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xrSXDwAAQBAJ&q=First+Raise+a+Flag|isbn= 978-1849049597}}
{{cite book|ref={{harvid|OBallance|1977}}|author=O'Ballance, Edgar|date=1977|title=The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972.|place=London|publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=0-571-10768-0}}
{{cite book|last = Plaut|first = Martin|title= Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8jDgAAQBAJ|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-066959-1|year=2016}}
{{cite book|first1=Scopas|last1=Poggo|title=The First Sudanese Civil War Africans, Arabs, And Israelis In The Southern Sudan, 1955-1972|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2009|isbn=9780230607965|url=https://archive.org/details/the-first-sudanese-civil-war-africans-arabs-and-israelis-in-the-southern-sudan-1955-1972}}
{{Cite journal |title = Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)|last= Prunier|first= Gérard|date = July 2004|journal = African Affairs|doi = 10.1093/afraf/adh050|issue = 412|volume = 103|pages = 359–383|jstor = 3518562}}
{{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=2009 |title=Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp93kUfdhC0C |isbn=978-0-19-970583-2 }}
{{Cite book |last=Reyntjens |first=Filip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVxJX6ycG8C |title=The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-11128-7 }}
{{Cite journal

|url = https://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/briefing-papers/HSBA-BP-Fertit.pdf

|title = Identity and Self-determination: The Fertit Opposition in South Sudan

|last= Vuylsteke

|first= Sarah

|date = December 2018

|journal = HSBA Briefing Paper

|publisher = Small Arms Survey

|location = Geneva

}}

External links

Second Sudanese Civil War:

[https://web.archive.org/web/20060719012357/http://www.cfr.org/publication/7714/africa.html Background Q & A: The Darfur Crisis], Esther Pan, Council on Foreign Relations, cfr.org
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060725230358/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=340 Price of Peace in Africa: Agreement in Sudan Between Government and Rebel]
[http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Photojournalist's Account] – Displacement of Sudan's second civil war
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_sudan_trek/html/1.stm In pictures: Sudan trek – of returning refugees after the war], BBC, 14 June 2005
[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/30/AR2005073000653.html With Peace, Sudan Faces Hard Choices], Washington Post, 28 July 2005
[http://www.nubamountains.com/ The Nuba Mountains Homepage]
[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2011/6/21/ACNS4883 Bishop calls for Churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to Sudan violence on 26 June 2011] – leading up to the 9 July expected day of new independence for the Southern Sudan.

War in Darfur:

[http://passionofthepresent.org/ Sudan: Passion of the Present], includes list of web news and resources
Rashdan, Abdelrahman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217130841/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1189064903771&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout FAQs on Darfur]IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
[http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/darfur%20report.html Darfur Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324101024/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/darfur%20report.html |date=2007-03-24 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110217125617/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1234631424592&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Analyzing Darfur's Conflict of Definitions: Interview with Prof. Mahmood Mamdani]. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615194314/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2841004.ece "Khartoum bashing"]: an article in the [http://www.the-tls.co.uk/ TLS] by Justin Willis, 7 November 2003
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303113210/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/state.php?id_state=205 Rule of Law in Armed Conflict – Sudan]
[http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/sudan/peacebuilding-organisations/sirc/ Insight on Conflict, SIRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020055616/http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/sudan/peacebuilding-organisations/sirc/ |date=2011-10-20 }}
[http://smallarmssurveysudan.org/ The Small Arms Survey – Sudan]
[http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Photojournalist's Account] – Displacement caused by the genocide in Darfur
[http://www.odi.org.uk/hpg/papers/hpgbrief28.pdf ODI HPG Policy Brief: Humanitarian Advocacy in Darfur: the challenge of neutrality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122044647/http://www.odi.org.uk/hpg/papers/hpgbrief28.pdf |date=2009-01-22 }}
[https://archive.today/20090419222529/http://english.islamstory.com/article.php?id=2037 Darfur Story]: an article in [https://web.archive.org/web/20121028215254/http://english.islamstory.com/ Islam Story] by Dr Ragheb Elsergany, 16 March 2009
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511190421/http://conversations.psu.edu/episodes/leeann_dereus Genocide – A Penn State Conversation about Darfur]
[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darfur/ "On our Watch"]: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/view/ PBS Frontline] documentary
[https://archive.today/20121212130853/http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?w36 Darfuri Children's Drawings] at the [http://lib.usf.edu University of South Florida]
[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/darfur/darfur-overview.html Crisis in Darfur, Sudan, Web Archive, 2006] from the U.S. Library of Congress

{{Africa topic|List of wars involving|title=Lists of wars involving African countries}}

Sudan

Wars

List of wars involving Sudan

Mahdist Sudan (1885&ndash;1899)

Post-independence (from 1956)

See also

Bibliography

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Mahdist Sudan (1885–1899)