London Underground S7 and S8 Stock

File:S stock northwood.JPG

The S designation stands for suburban,{{cite web |title=Research Guide No 19: A Brief History of the Hammersmith and City Line |url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/research-guide-no-19-a-brief-history-of-the-hammersmith-and-city-line.pdf |website=tfl.gov.uk |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=4 July 2023 |page=5 |date=23 September 2013 |quote=In 2012, the first of the new generation of S (suburban) stock trains was introduced }} following the practice of designating sub-surface London Underground stock with a letter associated with its intended route—A Stock on the Metropolitan line to Amersham, C Stock on the Circle line, and D Stock on the District line.

Part of Bombardier's Movia family, the stock consists of 192 trains, with 133 S7 seven-car trains for the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines, and 59 S8 eight-car trains for the Metropolitan line.{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Four Lines Modernisation |url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/four-lines-modernisation |access-date=15 May 2021 |publisher=Transport for London |quote=A fleet of 192 modern, air-conditioned, walk-through S-stock trains run across the Circle, Hammersmith & City, District and Metropolitan lines.}}{{Cite news |last=Hewitt |first=Sam |date=3 February 2017 |title= Final 'S' Stock delivered but work goes on – Rail Express |url= https://www.railexpress.co.uk/583/final-s-stock-delivered-but-work-goes-on/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Rail Express |quote=The 192nd and final 'S' Stock train was delivered to London Underground on November 10, more than 6½ years after the first pre-production train arrived. The fleet, which has taken nine years to deliver from the signing of the contract, is made up of 59 eight-car units that operate on the Metropolitan Line and 133 seven-car trains that operate across the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines.}} The order was said to be the biggest single rolling-stock order in Britain at a cost of £1.5 billion.

S Stock trains have faster acceleration than previous models, at {{Convert|1.3|m/s2|mph/s|abbr=on}}; their top speed of {{Convert|62|mph||abbr=on|order=flip}} is {{Convert|8|mph||abbr=on|order=flip}} slower than A Stock, but faster than C and D Stocks.{{Cite web |date=4 February 2015 |title=Saluting the success of S-Stock S7s and S8s |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/trains/current-trains/saluting-the-success-of-s-stock-s7s-and-s8s |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=railmagazine.com |language=en |quote=While the S-Stock has a faster acceleration than the older stock it has replaced, its overall top speed is slower, by 8mph. However, this is still faster than the C-Stock and D-Stock it has replaced on the H&C Line and is replacing on the District Line.}} During the period of dual operation with both old and new trains, the stock had its performance capped to match that of the older trains in order to comply with signalling constraints and avoid bunching of the service. S8 stock trains seat 306 passengers compared with 448 for A Stock, a reduction of 32%, but can accommodate 25% more standing passengers (1,226 compared with 976) and have dedicated space for wheelchairs.

{{As of|2017}}, the fleet is significantly more reliable than older trains, averaging around {{convert|110000|km|abbr=on}} between failures{{Cite web|date=11 January 2016|title=S Stock – 191 all out {{!}} RailStaff|url=https://www.railstaff.co.uk/2016/01/11/s-stock-191-all-out/|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Railstaff|language=en-GB}}{{Cite web|last=Hawkins|first=John|date=January 2017|title=LU Train reliability|url=https://www.lurs.org.uk/02%20nov%2017%20LU%20TRAIN%20RELIABILITY.pdf|access-date=5 March 2021}} – around seven times further than A Stock and C Stock trains, and three times further than D Stock.

The voltage has been increased from nominal 630 volts to 750 volts. This allows for better performance and also for the increased power demands of air-conditioned, fully motored-axle trains, and allow the trains to return energy to the network through regenerative braking.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/21815.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229052317/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/21815.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2013|title=S stock {{!}} Transport for London|date=29 December 2013|access-date=12 March 2018}}

From 2016, the fleet has been converted to use communications-based train control (CBTC) as part of the Four Lines Modernisation. Upon completion of the project, there will be more frequent service as well as faster journey times.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Four Lines Modernisation |url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/four-lines-modernisation |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Transport for London}}{{Cite magazine |date=1 December 2022 |title=THIRD TIME LUCKY FOR SUB-SURFACE RESIGNALLING |url=https://www.modernrailways.com/article/third-time-lucky-sub-surface-resignalling |access-date=2023-04-30 |magazine=Modern Railways}} {{As of|2023}}, trains are manually operated on most of the Metropolitan line and about half of the District line; the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines are fully automatic.{{Cite magazine |title=4LM PROGRESS BUT SCOPE CUT |url=https://www.modernrailways.com/article/4lm-progress-scope-cut |access-date=17 January 2023 |magazine=Modern Railways}}

File:Door not in use indicator S7.JPG

The S Stock is air-conditioned throughout: the sub-surface tunnels (unlike deep-level tube lines) allow the exhausted hot air to disperse, and two-thirds of the sub-surface network is in the open air. The stock has regenerative brakes, returning around 20% of their energy to the network and thus increasing energy efficiency.

File:Articulate section S stock.JPG between cars]]

End external displays show two lines of text: the top line for the destination, and the bottom for the line. Internally, it has larger dot matrix indicators (DMIs) than D Stock (A and C Stock lacked DMIs). The DMIs show destination and line, and can display other messages such as safety notices. There are also DMIs on the exterior, with text alternating between destination and line, and on S8 Stock the stopping pattern (fast, semi-fast or all stations). The S8 Stock is the first on the Metropolitan line with dot-matrix indicators and automated voice announcements. Unlike the deep-tube stock, the DMIs are ceiling-hung rather than on the wall.

The air-conditioning system, the first on London Underground trains, is supplied by Mitsubishi and has two circuits so that if one fails there is still 50% capacity. Open gangways from car to car (similar to London Overground's Class 378) allow passengers to move from crowded cars to ones with more room, provide extra room for standing, and create a sense of security. CCTV enables the driver to see into every car, while track-to-train video links give the driver a view of the train exterior before leaving a station. There is a fold-out set of steps in each driver's cab to allow fast evacuation in an emergency.

The S stock has cantilevered seating for easy cleaning and accessible storage of bags. The seating configurations are different between the two models of trains: the S7 Stock, used on inner city lines with higher passenger traffic, has longitudinal seating throughout, while the S8 Stock, used for the longer journeys from the outer suburbs, has a mix of transverse and longitudinal seating, with four wheelchair spaces per train. S7 Stock trains are {{convert|117.45|m|ftin}} long, while the S8 trains measure {{convert|133.68|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.

To prevent accidental pressing of emergency alarms, there are flaps over the alarm buttons next to wheelchair spaces.

Although S Stock trains can operate on all four sub-surface lines, S8 trains are used on the Metropolitan line and S7 trains are used on the other three lines. Selective door operation is used at certain stations that are shorter than the train. S7 Stock has seven cars per train, while S8 Stock has eight.

As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities, on 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, the walk-through S Stock train was elected by Londoners as one of the 10 favourite transport design icons.{{cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Danielle |url=http://www.timeout.com/london/blog/transported-by-design-vote-for-your-favourite-part-of-london-transport-080415 |title=Transported By Design: Vote for your favourite part of London transport |publisher=Timeout.com |date=4 August 2015 |access-date=14 July 2017}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced |title=London's transport 'Design Icons' announced |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331004853/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced |archive-date=31 March 2016}}

Following the implementation of the London Underground Public Private Partnership (PPP) in 2003, the Metronet consortium became responsible for the infrastructure on the District, Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines.{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Metronet Brochure 2005 |url= http://www.metronetrail.com/webfiles/Publications/Brochure%202005.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061031091812/http://www.metronetrail.com/webfiles/Publications/Brochure%202005.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2006 |access-date=7 March 2021 |publisher= Metronet (British infrastructure company)}} As part of the consortium, Bombardier Transportation would design, build and maintain new trains for these lines.{{Cite press release |date=7 April 2003 |title=Bombardier Wins Transportation Supply Contract Worth $7.9 Billion Cdn for the London Underground in U.K. |url= https://bombardier.com/en/media/news/bombardier-wins-transportation-supply-contract-worth-79-billion-cdn-london-underground |location= Montreal |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher= Bombardier}} 190 trains would be built by Bombardier at Derby Litchurch Lane Works – 40 trains for the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines, 78 trains for the District line, and 72 trains for the Metropolitan line. All the trains would be built to the same design, saving on parts and maintenance costs for Metronet. The only difference would be the length of the train, given different platform lengths on different lines.{{Cite web|title=Our Plans / Rolling Stock / Rolling out new trains|url=http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1079446073890|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824100854/http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1079446073890 |archive-date=24 August 2004 |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher= Metronet}} The first train was planned to enter service on the Metropolitan line by 2009, with all trains in service by 2015.

In December 2006, Metronet and London Underground unveiled the completed design, with air-conditioning and walk through carriages for the first time on the Underground.{{Cite web |date=6 December 2006 |title=Metronet reveals look of future Underground trains |url= http://metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1165400503609 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071020211858/http://metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1165400503609 |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher= Metronet}}{{Cite press release |date=6 December 2006 |title=TfL Commissioner reveals plans to upgrade Circle, District, Hammersmith and City and Metropolitan lines |url= https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2006/december/tfl-commissioner-reveals-plans-to-upgrade-circle-district-hammersmith-and-city-and-metropolitan-lines |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher= Transport for London}} London Underground also announced that 40 additional cars had been ordered from Metronet/Bombardier at a cost of £105 million. This would allow for a seventh carriage on Circle and Hammersmith & City line trains, unifying the fleet with the District line trains.

In July 2007, Metronet, the private consortium responsible for the infrastructure for the sub-surfaces lines, collapsed due to financial difficulties.{{Cite news |date=18 July 2007 |title=Metronet calls in administrators |publisher=BBC News |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6903977.stm |access-date=7 March 2021}} Following negotiations with Bombardier to allow for continued delivery of 2009 Stock and S Stock trains, TfL took ownership of Metronet in May 2008.{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Robert |date=1 April 2008 |title=Metronet resolves contract dispute |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a1e9f7ec-001a-11dd-825a-000077b07658 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211181254/https://www.ft.com/content/a1e9f7ec-001a-11dd-825a-000077b07658 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2020 |work=Financial Times |location=London }}{{Cite news |date=27 May 2008 |title=Metronet's takeover is complete |publisher=BBC News |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7421014.stm |access-date=7 March 2021}} A mockup of the train was shown off to the public in September 2008.{{Cite press release |date=25 September 2008 |title=Transport for London unveils new air-conditioned Tube trains |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2008/september/transport-for-london-unveils-new-airconditioned-tube-trains |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Transport for London}}

From March 2009, trains were tested prior to delivery at Old Dalby Test Track in Leicestershire, preventing the need for weekend or evening closures of lines in London to test trains.{{Cite press release |date=21 October 2009 |title=First air-con Tube train arrives as TfL Board approves Business Plan to safeguard critical transport investment |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/october/first-aircon-tube-train-arrives-as-tfl-board-approves-business-plan-to-safeguard-critical-transport-investment |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Transport for London}} The first train was delivered to London Underground in October 2009. Built at Bombardier's Derby Litchurch Lane Works, trains were constructed at a rate of six a week at the height of production.{{Cite news |date=2 May 2015 |title= Saluting the success of S-Stock S7s and S8s |url= https://www.railmagazine.com/trains/current-trains/saluting-the-success-of-s-stock-s7s-and-s8s |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=Rail |location= Peterborough}}

In 2015, TfL ordered an additional S8 train as part of the Croxley Rail Link at a cost of £15.5{{nbsp}}million, taking the total ordered to 192. The final set was delivered 10 November 2016.{{Cite web|date=April 2016|title=TfL's quarterly finance, investment and operational performance reports – Quarter 4 2015/16|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/londonassembly/meetings/documents/s58517/06d%20-%20TfL.pdf|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Greater London Authority|publisher=Transport for London|quote=Production of the last of the 192 trains (an additional train was added to the order for the Metropolitan line extension project) in the S-Stock fleet has been completed.}} The extension to the Metropolitan line was cancelled in 2017.{{Cite web|date=10 October 2017|title=MD2170 Metropolitan Line Extension (MLX) – TfL Funding|url=https://www.london.gov.uk//decisions/md2170-metropolitan-line-extension-mlx-tfl-funding|access-date=8 March 2021|website=London City Hall}}

File:Amersham Bombardier S8 Surface Stock Metropolitan line 1.jpg

File:London Underground Metropolitan Line S Stock - 7593144062.jpg

S8 Stock was initially tested overnight between {{stl|LUL|Amersham}} and {{stl|LUL|Watford}} via the Watford North Curve from 9 November 2009. Driver training began in early January 2010, and the first train entered revenue service on 31 July 2010, shuttling between Wembley Park and Watford.

By 27 June 2011, S8 Stock was running along the whole Metropolitan line. Deliveries were suspended by Transport for London in November 2011 due to concerns over reliability. A number of trains were delivered to London Underground's Neasden Depot, but were not accepted to enter service. Deliveries resumed in mid-December 2011.

In August 2012, London Underground confirmed that strap handles would be introduced on S8 Stock, in response to passenger complaints over the height of the handrails as compared with A Stock.

By 15 September 2012, all 58 S8 trains had been delivered to Neasden Depot. The A Stock trains were completely withdrawn 11 days later.{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaystoday.com/2012/09/26/a-stock-the-end/ |title=A Stock last day on the Metropolitan Line |date=26 September 2012 |work= Railways Today |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119095624/http://www.railwaystoday.com/2012/09/26/a-stock-the-end/ |archive-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=dead }} In November 2012, it was reported that 37 of the new trains would be sent back to Bombardier for urgent modification at Bombardier's cost, and that drivers were unhappy with their cabs. An additional S8 train was later delivered, as part of the subsequently cancelled Croxley Rail Link project.

There were also three additional eight-car trains called an S7+1 in use on the Metropolitan Line while the eight-car S8 trains were returned for engineering modifications and ATC fitment. These trains were formed of a seven-car S7 and an additional car from another S7, forming an eight-car train. These trains, however, retained the all-longitudinal seating of the S7, and thus could be distinguished from the remaining S8s. Two of these trains were modified back to seven-car trains and transferred for service on the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City Lines in 2018.{{cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=Modernisation of the District, Metropolitan, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines, and Automatic Train Control Contract |url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/board-20150701-part-1-item15-four-lines-modernisation.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427085243/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/board-20150701-part-1-item15-four-lines-modernisation.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=Transport for London}}

File:Old and New trains, Hammersmith station.jpg in July 2013]]

The first trains entered service on 6 July 2012, from Hammersmith to Moorgate. S7 trains are longer than the C69 and C77 trains they replaced (seven cars and {{convert|117.45|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long instead of six cars and {{convert|93|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long), so some station platforms had to be lengthened to allow for S7 operations. For stations where this has proved physically impossible, such as {{stl|LUL|Baker Street}}, the trains use their selective-door-opening capability whereby the doors at the end of the train will not open.

On 4 December 2012, an S7 train went east of Moorgate to Barking for testing. This was the first time an S7 train had been seen in peak hours. S7 Stock began operating a full service from Hammersmith to Barking on 9 December 2012. The line was completely operated with S7 stock from 11 February 2014.

File:Bombardier S Stock Circle line Wood Lane.jpg

File:Bombardier S Stock Circle line Interior 1.jpg

The S7 Stock entered service on the Circle line on 2 September 2013,{{cite web |url=http://www.globalrailnews.com/2013/09/03/s-stock-trains-take-to-circle-line/ |title=S Stock trains take to Circle line |work=Global Rail News |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042330/https://www.globalrailnews.com/2013/09/03/s-stock-trains-take-to-circle-line/ |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=dead }} and completely replaced the C Stock trains on the line by 11 February 2014.

The Circle line's C Stock were replaced ahead of the District line's D Stock, as they were described by London Underground as being "in an increasingly poor state", and the D Stock had been extensively refurbished between 2005 and 2008.{{cite news |title=District pips Circle to the post |work=Modern Railways |volume=70 |issue=781 |page=12 |date=October 2013}}

File:D Stock and S Stock side by side on last day of D Stock operation.jpg train next to an S7 Stock train at Ealing Broadway station on 21 April 2017.]]

The District line was the last line to be fully served by the S7 Stock, due to its existing D78 Stock being newer than other trains that the S7 Stock was ordered to replace, as well as its most recent refurbishment in 2005. The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the line between Olympia and West Ham on 2 September 2013.

On 6 February 2014, the S7 Stock started running between Wimbledon and Edgware Road. The S7 Stock started services to Ealing Broadway on 13 June 2014, and on 17 June saw the start of commercial service to Richmond. On 16 January 2015, the S7 Stock began running to Upminster. Withdrawal of the D78 Stock began on 19 January. In November 2016, the last of 192 S stock trains were completed by Bombardier and handed over to London Underground.{{Cite web|date=24 November 2016|title=London Underground receives final S Stock train|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/modes/london-underground-receives-final-s-stock-train/43575.article|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Railway Gazette International|language=en}}

The D78 Stock was completely replaced by the S7 with the withdrawal of the final unit from service on 21 April 2017.{{cite news |last=Chandler |first=Mark |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/catch-the-d-train-buffs-descend-on-tube-to-catch-last-ever-classic-d-stock-district-line-services-a3520901.html |title=Catch the D: Train buffs descend on Tube to catch last old-style D stock District line service |work=Evening Standard|location=London |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826151511/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/catch-the-d-train-buffs-descend-on-tube-to-catch-last-ever-classic-d-stock-district-line-services-a3520901.html |archive-date=26 August 2020}}

The S7 Stock received the Class 499/5 designation on the TOPS system in order to operate on the District line between Gunnersbury and Richmond, and between East Putney and Wimbledon, as these track sections are owned by Network Rail.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

From 2016, the Four Lines Modernisation project has been converting the four sub-surface lines to automatic train operation using communications-based train control. Upon completion of the project, there will be more frequent service as well as faster journey times. The section between Latimer Road and Hammersmith was the first to be switched over to automatic operation on 10 March 2019, with further extensions being implemented in stages called Signal Migration Areas (SMA); as of January 2023 the first six SMA areas have been implemented. Due to various reasons such as funding and technical difficulties, District line automation where it shares tracks with Network Rail or Piccadilly line services has been scaled back until further notice. {{As of|2023}}, trains are manually operated on most of the Metropolitan line and about half of the District line; the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines are fully automatic.

• On 21 June 2020, a Metropolitan line service formed of eight carriages, alias S8 Stock was involved in a near miss incident at {{rws|Chalfont & Latimer||Chalfont & Latimer station}}. A Chiltern Railways train, formed of two British Rail Class 165 diesel multiple units, failed to stop at a danger signal and the trains were in danger of a head-on collision. The two trains stopped {{convert|23|m|ft}} apart.{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005167/R042021_210726_Chalfont___Latimer.pdf |title=Signal passed at danger and subsequent near miss, Chalfont & Latimer station 21 June 2020 |publisher=Rail Accident Investigation Branch |accessdate=26 July 2021 }}

Each car has a five-digit number: the second digit identifies the type of car, the last three digits the set number (001–116, 301–568). A-end cars have odd numbers; D-end even numbers. 25nnn cars replace 23nnn cars on trains equipped with de-icing equipment.

• 2009 Stock, a deep-level train built by Bombardier Transportation for the Victoria line
• Movia, a family of metro trains built by Bombardier Transportation

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202235955/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/66598/response/170252/attach/5/S%20Stock%20information%20sheet%20July%202010.pdf S Stock data sheet]
• [http://www.londonreconnections.com/2012/in-pictures-the-s7-in-passenger-service/ Article about the new S7 trains entering service onto the Hammersmith and City Line]

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S7 and S8 Stock

Category:Bombardier Transportation multiple units

Category:Train-related introductions in 2010

Category:750 V DC multiple units

S7 Stock

S7 Stock

S7 Stock