Luther Simjian

Simjian was born in Aintab, Ottoman Empire to Armenian parents on January 28, 1905.{{efn|"An obituary on Sunday about Luther G. Simjian [...] referred imprecisely to his nationality. While he was born in Turkey, he was of Armenian descent."}}{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=196}} His father, George, was an insurance broker working for an Austrian company. His mother, Josephine (née Zaharian) died when he was only a few months old. His father later remarried and he had two half-sisters. Simjian lived in Aintab until the age of nine. In 1915, during the Armenian genocide, the Simjian family fled to Aleppo, Syria, only to return to Aintab in 1920. His stepmother and half-sisters were killed in Marash. Simjian fled to Beirut, then to France and eventually to the United States by the end of 1920. He first settled in New Haven, Connecticut, living with an uncle. He found a job coloring photographs. He graduated from the Booth Preparatory School in New Haven.

Simjian began working as a technician at the Yale School of Medicine in a work-study position at the photography lab.{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=196}} While initially having been inclined to pursue medical education, he eventually decided to pursue photography. In his position of a medical photographer, Simjian "took pictures of specimens, made lantern slides for doctors, and showed the slides for class lectures." In 1928 Simjian founded and became the first director of the photography department at the Yale School of Medicine, which he headed until 1934. After resigning from Yale, he moved to New York City and took courses at Columbia University "that he felt would be useful in the promotion of his inventions, focusing on business education, writing, and international banking."

File:Simjian Self-focusing camera.png

Simjian's interest in portrait photography led to him inventing a self-photographing camera (PhotoReflex). He was inspired to invent it from his unhappiness with the repetitive nature of yearbook portraits.{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=199}} In 1929 he applied for patent for the "Pose-reflecting system for photographic apparatus."{{cite web |title=US1830770A: Pose-reflecting system for photographic apparatus |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1830770A/ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}}{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=200}} It was covered early on by the Popular Science magazine in 1929.{{cite journal |title=Automatic Photographer Lets You Pose Yourself |journal=Popular Science Monthly |date=September 1929 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FigDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Yale+School+of+Medicine+%22photography%22+simjian&pg=PA69 69] }} It allowed the "subject to look into a mirror and see the framed pose the camera would take." To manufacture the new product, Simjian collaborated with Sperry Gyroscope to set up PhotoReflex, a company named after the camera itself. In 1931 the camera was introduced at the Wanamaker's department store in New York City contained within a portrait cabinet. Within the booth, people could see the "reflexive production of images of the self in real time."{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=199}} It was widely covered in the press at the time.{{cite journal |title=Pose Yourself For Your Portrait |journal=Scientific American |date=September 1931 |volume=145 |issue=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23379/page/n187/mode/1up 177]|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0931-177 |bibcode=1931SciAm.145..177. }}Nation's Business - Volume 19 - Page 19. 1931 "... proper lighting effects. Self-photography is now possible by means of the so-called “photo-reflex” device perfected by Luther Simjian of Yale University. The image of the subject is seen in a mirror in the exact size it will be in the finished print."Photo-era Magazine - Volume 67 - Page 52. 1931 "... invited guests by Luther J. Simjian, director of the photographic laboratory of the School of Medicine at Yale University. Although the studio and apparatus embody new ideas in photography, Mr. Simjian says that the most important advance ..."The Popular Science Monthly - Volume 119 - Page 46. 1931 "A studio in which you can pose your own portrait was demonstrated in New York City recently by its inventor, Luther G. Simjian, photographic director of the Yale medical School. Visitors enter a small room alone and try the effect of different ..."

The self-photographing camera led to the invention of the autofocus (self-focusing) camera by Simjian. He applied for patent in June 1931 and was granted one for the "Self-focusing camera" in July 1932.{{cite web |title=Self-focusing camera: US1866581A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1866581A/ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}} It "changed the whole photography industry," but he did not "receive much money for his autofocusing invention, but he did get publicity. He eventually sold the rights to the PhotoReflex camera and name but reserved the rights to use the technology for non-photographic applications."

In June 1934 he was granted a patent for a color X-ray machine. He had applied for it in March 1932. He had "conceived the idea at Yale while trying to improve the quality of lecture slides. He decided to apply the new technology of television to X-ray images. Scanning was done in three separate colors, each of which could be enhanced as necessary, and the three scans could then be recombined to form a colored image. The separate scans could also be sent through a wire to another location for analysis. This transformed the field of X-ray technology." This was reported by Time Magazine and The Literary Digest in July 1934.{{cite magazine |title=Medicine: Colored X-Rays |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,769932,00.html |magazine=Time |date=July 9, 1934}}{{cite journal |title=Science Snap-shots |journal=The Literary Digest |date=July 14, 1934 |volume=118 |issue=11 |page=16 |quote=Combining the X-ray with television, and adding improvements of his own, Luther G. Simjian, young inventor of photographic devices, has produced an X-ray capable of showing the organs of the body in color..}}

Simjian thereafter traveled to Europe and established a laboratory in London and Miroflex, a company to produce the PhotoReflex camera. However, his plans were disrupted by World War II as the focus of production shifted from commercial to military.

In 1939 Simjian founded Reflectone Corporation (later renamed to Reflectone Electronics, Inc.) in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop and manufacture his inventions. He served as president and chairman of Reflectone until he sold the company to Universal Match Corporation in 1961. Under his leadership, the company achieved "significant commercial success."

One of the first inventions in Reflectone was a rotating chair with a movable mirror to be used for women when applying cosmetics. "The user could sit in front of a vanity mirror, rotate on this chair and continue to see the back of her head while keeping both hands free." The chair was marketed as Reflectone Mirror Chair and was a "small commercial success." Also during his time at Reflectone, Simjian invented a method to develop a photo "immediately while still preserving the negative."

File:Simjian Training apparatus.png

During World War II, Simjian invented a training apparatus for aviators. It was the "first flight simulator of its kind." He filed for patent in February 1943 and was granted a patent for it in January 1946.{{cite web |title=Training apparatus: US2392781A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2392781A/ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}} It was a "mechanism used for training aviators in identifying aircraft or ships, in determining the speed of movement of aircraft, direction of movement, and other related factors that are important in combat flying." "He designed the three-dimensional device using synchronized mirrors similar to those on his PhotoReflex camera and mirror chair, an airplane model, and controlled lighting. By remotely changing the speed and angles of the model plane while the pilot or gunner watched through a sight, the instructor could produce the effect of flight, thus training the student to identify an enemy aircraft and judge its motion."

During the war, Reflectone sold over 2,000 of these devices to the U.S. military. The company grew exponentially to manufacture the orders for this trainer with the number of employees rising from three to over 100 and to 250 by 1950. The War Department credited the device "with having contributed to the success of the air war." Simjian considered it his "most significant invention of the era because of the many lives it saved." He received a citation from Admiral Bill Halsey saying his device had saved thousands American servicemen's lives.

Reflectone moved its operations to Tampa, Florida, in 1980 and was sold to BAE Systems (British Aerospace) for $90 million in 1997, and renamed BAE Systems Flight Simulation and Training. As of 1997 the company still made "full-flight simulators for commercial and military aircraft." In 2001 BAE Systems sold the subsidiary to CAE Inc. (Canadian Aviation Electronics) for $80 million.{{cite news |title=BAE sells former Reflectone to Canada's CAE |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bae-sells-former-reflectone-to-canadas-cae/36171.article |work=FlightGlobal |agency=(via Flight International) |date=20 February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208134256/https://www.flightglobal.com/bae-sells-former-reflectone-to-canadas-cae/36171.article |archive-date=8 February 2020}}

After Reflectone, Simjian founded General Research Inc. and Command Automation Inc., the latter was a research and development lab in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. His later inventions were increasingly diverse and eclectic. He noted: "One thing I discovered about myself in the early days of my life is that I can't stick with just one idea for too long." Between 1956 and 1963, he received some 75 patents, making it his most prolific period.

File:Simjian Prompting device.png

Simjian held a patent on the teleprompter. However, he is not its sole inventor.{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=196}} Its invention is usually credited to Hubert Schlafly, an engineer working with CBS and Fred Barton, an actor, who developed a mechanical cueing device in the 1950s. Simjian and Jess Oppenheimer, the creator and producer of the classic sitcom I Love Lucy, improved it and replaced it with an optical teleprompter. Hayward wrote that the advantage of the optical teleprompter proposed by Simjian and Oppenheimer was "its ability to break down the division between the viewer and person on camera by allowing for direct eye contact on the part of the presenter with the camera aperture."{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=197}} The prompting device was applied for patent in 1955 and it was granted in 1957.{{cite web |title=US2796801A: Prompting device |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2796801A/ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}} Hayward argues that:{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=198}}

{{quote frame|In this way, Simjian's contribution must be interpreted as more than simply a contribution to the technological infrastructure of television, but a material shift in those techniques which structure norms about how to present oneself while on screen as natural and comfortable before physically absent audiences.}}

Simjian invented what has been described as a precursor of the automated teller machine (ATM).{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Matt |title=1967: First Cash Dispenser |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/1967-first-cash-dispenser-392981/ |website=Guinness World Records |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163725/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/1967-first-cash-dispenser-392981/ |archive-date=1 January 2020 |date=19 August 2015 |quote=Pre-dating the lot was Luther Simjian's Bankograph, trialled in the US by the City Bank of New York as early as 1961. Unpopular with customers, the machine, essentially a deposit box without a cash-dispensing facility, survived no longer than six months. }} For this, Simjian is often considered the inventor of the ATM{{cite news |last1=Boot |first1=Max |authorlink1=Max Boot |title=Sorry, Tucker Carlson, but there are plenty of reasons diversity really is America's strength |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/09/12/sorry-tucker-carlson-but-there-are-plenty-of-reasons-why-diversity-really-is-americas-strength/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 13, 2018 |quote=The list of indispensable inventions from immigrants includes the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), the electric escalator (David Lindquist), basketball (James Naismith), blue jeans (Levi Strauss) and ATMs (Luther George Simjian). }}{{efn|According to Bátiz-Lazo and Reid, it is James Goodfellow who holds the "first and perhaps most compelling claim to the original innovation," which was filed in 1966. It was Goodfellow's invention that "clearly had a profound influence on the industry as a whole."}} or that he first introduced the concept.{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Pins and needle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2005/jan/20/accounts.saving |work=The Guardian |date=20 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163944/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2005/jan/20/accounts.saving |archive-date=1 January 2020 |quote=...on atmmachine.com. In fact it is not. The relevant section says: "Who invented the idea of an ATM? We believe it was Luther George Simjian. Who invented the ATM as we know it? We have to think it was James Goodfellow in Scotland for holding a patent date of 1966. Who invented the free-standing ATM design we recognise today? We think it was John D White for Docutel in the US." }}{{cite news |last1=McRobbie |first1=Linda Rodriguez |title=The ATM is Dead. Long Live the ATM! |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/atm-dead-long-live-atm-180953838/ |work=Smithsonian |date=January 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101164205/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/atm-dead-long-live-atm-180953838/ |archive-date=1 January 2020|quote=Professor Bernardo Batiz-Lazo, professor of business history and bank management at Bangor University, and the co-author of a book on the history of the ATM. [...] Moreover, ATM innovation had a number of clear predecessors. Batiz-Lazo pointed to American Luther George Simjian's invention of the Bankograph in 1960, machine that would allow bank customers to deposit checks and cash into a machine and that spent a short time in the lobby of a New York bank...}} The entry on Simjian in the American National Biography noted that he is "sometimes referred to as the 'father of the ATM' because he introduced the idea behind these now-ubiquitous machines." According to history.com, "Many experts believe that the first automated banking machine was the creation" of Simjian. According to Konheim, Simjian "came up with the idea of creating a 'hole-in-the wall machine' that would allow customers to make financial transactions."{{sfn|Konheim|2016|p=3}} Hayward notes that Simjian's role in the invention of the ATM is disputed, however, he is recognized as the "inventor of a photomechanical automated banking terminal," popularly known as the Bankograph.{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=202}}

File:US3039582A Subscriber controlled apparatus.png

Simjian was granted over 20 patents for the Bankograph. His "Apparatus for collecting an article for deposit" (filed in 1958) was granted in late March 1960.{{cite web |title=US2930296A: Apparatus for collecting an article for deposit |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2930296A/en?oq=2930296 |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}} It was covered by the New York Times, which described it as a "robot bank teller that gives the depositor a picture of the money he puts in. There can never be any question as to the number and bills to be credited to his account."{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Stacy V. |title=Robot Bank Teller Is Invented To Give Photograph as a Receipt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/02/archives/robot-bank-teller-is-invented-to-give-photograph-as-a-receipt.html |work=The New York Times |date=April 2, 1960}} Simjian filed for a patent for "Subscriber controlled apparatus" in 1959.{{sfn|Konheim|2016|pp=1, 3}}{{cite web |title=US3039582A: Subscriber controlled apparatus |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3039582A/en?oq=US3039582+ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}} In 1960 Simjian filed for patent a device that incorporated an ATM photographing the deposited check.{{sfn|Konheim|2016|p=3}}{{cite web |title=US3038157A: Deposit exchange machine including image recording means |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3038157A/en?oq=+3%2c038%2c157 |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}}

Described as "less than a full-function ATM,"{{sfn|Konheim|2016|p=3}} the Bankograph was an automatic deposit machine that accepted cash and check deposits at all times. A camera inside the machine took snapshots of the deposits, copies of which were given to the customers as receipts. He introduced it to the wider public in 1961,{{cite web |title=ATMs |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/story/176 |publisher=Computer History Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231162902/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/story/176 |archive-date=31 December 2019}} when it was placed in a few City Bank of New York bank lobbies for six months. The company discontinued its use due to limited appeal. Simjian wrote in his autobiography: "It seems the only people who were using the machines were a small number of prostitutes and gamblers who didn't want to deal with tellers face to face. And the bank said there were not enough of them to make the deal lucrative." Hayward argues that the Bankograph was ultimately a failure "because of its evasion of established norms of visuality associated with banking at the time."{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=202}} Konheim described it as "perhaps the first ATM"{{sfn|Konheim|2016|p=1}} and "an early and not-very-successful prototype of an ATM."{{sfn|Konheim|2016|p=3}} The New York Times wrote in 1998 that it was his most famous invention and "the basis for the now-ubiquitous A.T.M., from which he never made a penny."{{cite news |last1=Bandon |first1=Alexandra |title=The Lives They Lived; Make It New |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/04/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-make-it-new.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 4, 1998 |page=40}}

The authors of a 2009 study in the journal Marketing Science credited Simjian with the first concept (1957), the first patent (1957), and the first prototype (1960) of the ATM, which they listed as a radical innovation, but credited De La Rue Instruments with mico-commercialization, the first sale of an innovation (1967), and Docutel with macro-commercialization, the first year a firm sells the innovation to a broad market (1969).{{cite journal |last1=Golder |first1=Peter N. |last2=Shacham |first2=Rachel |last3=Mitra |first3=Debanjan |title=Innovations' Origins: When, By Whom, and How Are Radical Innovations Developed? |journal=Marketing Science |date=January–February 2009 |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=170 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884229 |publisher=Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences|doi=10.1287/mksc.1080.0384 |jstor=23884229 |url-access=subscription }}

Simjian's other inventions included an indoor computerized golf practice range (1960s), an exercise bicycle that massages the rider (1973), a golf training aid to improve putting (1981),{{Cite patent|number=US4278254A|title=Golf putting device|gdate=1981-07-14|invent1=Simjian|inventor1-first=Luther G.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4278254A/en?oq=us4278254}} a remotely accessed automatic postage meter (1981){{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Stacy V. |title=Postage Meter Controlled, By a Coded Bank Check |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/28/business/patents-postage-meter-controlled-by-a-coded-bank-check.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 28, 1981}} that was purchased by Pitney Bowes, a meat tenderizing method, golf balls, cooking devices, the use of ultrasound as an anticounterfeiting device, an athletic shoe, and a bandage. He also revisited and improved some of his earlier inventions. His eyesight declined significantly in his last years. However, he still made inventions with his last patent being granted several months before his death, in March 1997.

Simjian spoke Arabic and French, and English with a "thick accent". His interests included golf, backgammon, Mark Twain's works, porcelains, and Middle Eastern food.

Simjian became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1929, nine years after his arrival."Connecticut, District Court Naturalization Indexes, 1851-1992," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKYT-W2K5 : 16 March 2018), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing roll 16, NARA microfilm publication M2081 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 2,380,555."United States, New England Petitions for Naturalization Index, 1791-1906," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VX5T-4BZ : 4 March 2021), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing Connecticut, NARA microfilm publication M1299 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 34; FHL microfilm 1,429,704.

He married Gladys (née Cannon) in April 1936."New York, New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1940," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:244G-G9L : 10 February 2018), Luther G. Simjian and Gladys L. Cannon, 15 Apr 1936; citing Marriage, Manhattan, New York, New York, United States, New York City Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 1,674,326. They had met at a party in New York's Greenwich Village in 1935. They had two children: Maryjo Garre and Ronald Simjian.

Simjian died aged 92 on October 23, 1997, at his beachfront apartment in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.{{cite news |title=DIED: Eclectic inventor |url=http://archive.macleans.ca/article/1997/11/17/passages |work=Maclean's |date=November 17, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231165347/http://archive.macleans.ca/article/1997/11/17/passages |archive-date=31 December 2019}}

The American National Biography describes him as a "pioneer in photographic and optical inventions."

Simjian avoided publicity and never became a public figure. He was "so private few people would recognize his name," wrote Ardy Friedberg in the Sun-Sentinel in 1997. Simjian self-published Portions of an Autobiography in 1997 just before his death.{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=196}} During his seven-decade long career as a professional inventor, Simjian received over 200 American and foreign patents. After his death, he was compared to Thomas Edison.World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc. - 1998, p. 176 "Simjian, Luther G. (1905-October 23), inventor regarded as "the second Thomas Edison," who held more than 200 patents that included the automated teller machine and the self-focusing camera..." Times Union wrote on his death: "Simjian was Jeffersonian, Edisonian, da Vincian — take your pick. His motley inventions enriched life and gave jobs to untold thousands."{{cite news |title=Simjian: The man is everywhere |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpQ_AAAAIBAJ&dq=luther+simjian&pg=PA4&article_id=6144,900009 |work=Times Union |date=November 5, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731073222/https://books.google.am/books?id=KpQ_AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=luther+simjian&article_id=6144,900009&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8mIqFga-AAxXsQvEDHYQ2Ag4Q6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=luther%20simjian&f=false |archive-date=31 July 2023 |page=4A}}

Friedberg described his life as "a bona fide American success story". His long-time patent agent, Ervin Steinberg, noted that Simjian was "one of the most prolific inventors of [the 20th] century." Hayward argued that his "career as an inventor highlights the extent to which the optical retains significance in the contemporary era."{{sfn|Hayward|2013|p=196}}

• The Award of Appreciation from the State of Florida, 1961
• In June 1963 the Science Digest magazine named Simjian Inventor of the Month.Science Digest (1963) Volume 54, Issue 6, page 56. "Luther G. Simjian has 132 U.S. patents to his credit. The Science Digest Inventor of the Month is also president of Reflectone Electronics, and is on the board of Universal Match Corp."
• In 1978 Simjian received the Eli Whitney Award by the Connecticut Patent Law Association (currently the Connecticut Intellectual Property Law Association, CIPLA) "in recognition of significant contribution to law or science."{{cite web |title=Eli Whitney Award |url=https://cipla.net/eli-whitney-award/ |website=cipla.net |publisher=Connecticut Intellectual Property Law Association (CIPLA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020171742/http://cipla.net/eli-whitney-award/ |archive-date=20 October 2016 |quote=1978 Luther G. Simjian}}
• In 2019 Simjian was inducted into the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame. His "numerous inventions [...] have advanced technology throughout Florida theme parks." For that occasion, he was named by Rep. Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) on House floor on July 24, 2019.{{cite journal |last1=Bilirakis |first1=Gus |authorlink1=Gus Bilirakis |title=Florida Inventors Hall of Fame 2019 Inductees |journal=Congressional Record |date=July 24, 2019 |page=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200101095446/https://www.congress.gov/116/crec/2019/07/24/CREC-2019-07-24-pt1-PgE976.pdf E976]}}

;Notes

{{notelist}}

;Citations

{{reflist|2|refs=

{{cite web |title=University of Florida computer graphics pioneer and chemistry professor among 2019 inductees into Florida Inventors Hall of Fame |url=https://news.ufl.edu/2019/03/uf-2019-inventors-hof/ |publisher=University of Florida, Gainesville |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101093213/https://news.ufl.edu/2019/03/uf-2019-inventors-hof/ |archive-date=1 January 2020 |date=March 26, 2019}}

{{cite web |title=2019 Inductees: Luther George Simjian |url=https://www.floridainvents.org/luther-george-simjian/ |website=floridainvents.org |date=25 March 2019 |publisher=Florida Inventors Hall of Fame |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101100155/https://www.floridainvents.org/luther-george-simjian/ |archive-date=1 January 2020}}

{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Elizabeth H. |editor1-last=Carnes |editor1-first=Mark C. |title=American National Biography |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198606697|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1302651 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wZczV8ZxgL4C&dq=George+Simjian&pg=PA514 514-516] |chapter=Simjian, Luther}}

{{cite news |last1=Gilpin |first1=Kenneth N. |title=Luther Simjian Is Dead at 92; Held More Than 200 Patents |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/02/business/luther-simjian-is-dead-at-92-held-more-than-200-patents.html |work=New York Times |date=November 2, 1997 |page=45}}

{{cite web |title=X-ray observation apparatus: US1961713A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1961713A/ |website=patents.google.com |publisher=Google Patents}}

{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Robert |last2=Wertheimer |first2=Linda |authorlink1=Robert Siegel |authorlink2=Linda Wertheimer |title=Simjian Obit |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1037645 |website=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101104920/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1037645 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |date=November 3, 1997}}

{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |last2=Reid |first2=Robert J.K. |title=2008 IEEE History of Telecommunications Conference |chapter=Evidence from the patent record on the development of cash dispensing technology |date=2008 |pages=110–114 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |doi=10.1109/HISTELCON.2008.4668724 |isbn=978-1-4244-2530-3 |s2cid=1155127 |chapter-url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9461/1/MPRA_paper_9461.pdf }}

{{cite web |title=Automated Teller Machines |url=https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/automated-teller-machines |publisher=History.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101164440/https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/automated-teller-machines |archive-date=1 January 2020 |date=April 20, 2010}}

{{cite news |last1=Friedberg |first1=Ardy |title=Edison of Our Time |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-11-10-9711090203-story.html |work=Sun-Sentinel |date=November 10, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231160638/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-11-10-9711090203-story.html |archive-date=31 December 2019}}

{{cite news |last1=Maines |first1=John |title=Luther George Simjian, Prolific Inventor |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-10-26-9710250157-story,amp.html |work=Sun-Sentinel |date=October 26, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231160448/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-10-26-9710250157-story,amp.html |archive-date=31 December 2019}}

{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Helen |title=Luther Simjian |url=https://apnews.com/4b2cd337d58c25c08d22dec412a9c8b8 |work=Associated Press |date=November 3, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231163121/https://apnews.com/4b2cd337d58c25c08d22dec412a9c8b8 |archive-date=31 December 2019}}

}}

;Bibliography

• {{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=Mark |title=ATMs, Teleprompters and Photobooths: A Short History of Neoliberal Optics |journal=New Formations |date=Winter 2013 |volume=80-81 |issue=15 |pages=194–208 |doi=10.3898/NewF.80/81.11.2013 |s2cid=143945774 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Konheim |first1=Alan G. |authorlink=:de:Alan Konheim |title=Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols |journal=Journal of Cryptographic Engineering |date=2016 |volume=6 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 |s2cid=1706990 }}

• {{cite web |title=Luther George Simjian |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/luther-george-simjian |website=lemelson.mit.edu |publisher=Lemelson-MIT Program. Massachusetts Institute of Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101095734/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/luther-george-simjian |archive-date=1 January 2020}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030318175313/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/simjian.html Inventor of the Week Archive] - MIT: Picture of Simjian in article
• [http://www.photoreflex.com/ Photoreflex web site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simjian, Luther}}

Category:1905 births

Category:1997 deaths

Category:Businesspeople from Gaziantep

Category:Armenian inventors

Category:20th-century American inventors

Category:American manufacturing businesspeople

Category:American people of Armenian descent

Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States

Category:Armenians from the Ottoman Empire

Category:Pioneers of photography