Macapá
{{Short description|Capital city of Amapá, Brazil}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Macapá
| settlement_type = Municipality
| official_name = Municipality of Macapá
| nickname = "A Capital do Meio do Mundo" ("The Capital of the Middle of the World")
| motto = "Macapá, cidade forte" ("Macapá, fortress city")
| image_skyline = Macapá Montage (2021).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = From the top, clockwise: Marco Zero of Ecuador; Floriano Peixoto Square; Main Church of São José de Macapá; Fortress of São José de Macapá; Trapiche Eliezer Levy and Central Market; Rim of Macapá; city center view.
| image_flag = Bandeira de Macapá.svg
| image_seal = Brasão de Macapá.svg
| image_map = Brazil Amapa Macapa location map.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Macapá in the State of Amapá
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil
| pushpin_relief = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_name1 = North
| subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Amapá}}
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Antônio Furlan (Cidadania)
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = February 4, 1758
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 6407.12
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_note =
| population_total = 442,933
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_footnotes = [https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ap/macapa/panorama IBGE 2020]
| population_urban =
| timezone = BRT
| utc_offset = −3
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|0|0|0|N|51|3|59|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 12
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 68900-001 a 68914-999
| area_code_type = Area code
| area_code = +55 96
| blank_name = HDI (2010)
| blank_info = 0.733 – high{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
}}
| website = {{URL|www.macapa-ap.com.br}}
| footnotes =
}}
Macapá ({{IPA|pt-BR|makaˈpa|-|LL-Q5146 (por)-Perci Hong-Macapá.wav}}) is a city in Brazil with a population of 512,902 (2020 estimate),{{cite web |title=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|url=http://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2018/estimativa_dou_2018_20181019.pdf |year=2018 |quote=2018 Estimates of Population |access-date=March 6, 2019 |language=pt-BR }} and is the capital of Amapá state in the country's North Region, located on the northern channel of the Amazon Delta near its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. The city is on a small plateau on the Amazon in the southeast of the state of Amapá. The only access by road from outside the province is from the overseas French department of French Guiana, although there are regular ferries to Belém, Brazil. Macapá is linked by road with some other cities in Amapá. The equator runs through the middle of the city, leading residents to refer to Macapá as "The capital of the middle of the world." It covers {{convert|6407.12|km2|mi2}} and is located northwest of the large inland island of Marajó and south of the border with French Guiana.
History
Macapá is a corruption of the Tupi word macapaba, or "place of many bacabas", the fruit of the local palm tree. The Spaniard Francisco de Orellana claimed the region in 1544 and called it Nueva Andalucía (New Andalusia). The modern town began as the base of a Portuguese military detachment, stationed there in 1738. On February 4, 1758, Sebastião Veiga Cabral, the illegitimate child of the military governor of Trás-os-Montes, Sebastião Veiga Cabral, founded the town of São José de Macapá, under the authority of the governor of Pará, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado. The fortress of São Joselito de Macapá was first laid out in 1764, but took 18 years to complete, due to illness among the Indian workers, and numerous escapes made by black slaves. Macapá experienced an intense hurricane in the Summer of 1811 causing extensive damage to the fortifications there but leaving much of the city intact. Around 1834 Macapá a strange, month-long storm caused flooding upwards of six inches a day for the region. Macapá was elevated to city status in 1854.
Macapá gained international notoriety in December 2001 when international yachtsman Peter Blake, from New Zealand, was murdered while anchored on his explorer yacht Seamaster in Macapá port.{{cite web |title=Sir Peter Blake Murdered |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/423466/70205 |work=TV NZ |access-date=June 6, 2013}} According to Business Insider, Macapá is the 69th most violent city in the world, with 26.06 homicides per 100,000 people.{{cite news |title=The Most Violent Cities In The World |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2013-11#45-macap-brazil-had-3206-homicides-per-100000-residents-6 |access-date=November 30, 2013 |newspaper=Business Insider |date=November 27, 2013 |author=Pamela Engel |author2=Christina Sterbenz |author3=Gus Lubin}}
Demography
Macapá has a population of 499,163 in its metropolitan area, the 3rd largest in the North Region. The city alone accounts for sixty percent of the population of state of Amapá and 3.50% of the population of the entire northern region of Brazil. According to the 2010 census, the city has a population of 397,913, of which 97.92% live in urban areas and 2.08% live in rural districts. With an area of {{convert|6563|km2|mi2}}, the population density of Macapá is approximately 60.62 inhabitants per km2.
Transportation
Macapá has a few roads to other cities in Brazil but is mainly connected to the rest of the country by air and sea. Macapá is located {{Convert|345|km|mi}} from Belém, but the cities are separated by the large inland island of Marajó and have no direct highway connections; the city is accessible only by boat or airplane. Macapá is connected to French Guiana by the Brazilian federal highway BR-156, which runs north of the city through the Amazonian jungle. The city is connected with the rest of the North Region via the following highways: the AP-010, linking Macapá to Santana to the southwest; the AP-030, linking to the city of Mazagão; the BR-156, linking the south of Amapá and Laranjal do Jari to the northern town of Oiapoque.{{cite web|url=http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/br-156/gbr-156.htm |title=BR – 156|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912233518/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/br-156/gbr-156.htm|access-date=April 5, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2012}} The Oyapoque River Bridge has been open to traffic since March 20, 2017, linking Brazil and French Guiana by road for the first time.
=Airport=
Macapá International Airport (officially: Aeroporto Internacional de Macapá – Alberto Alcolumbre) is located {{Convert|3|km|mi}} from the city center and serves as a vital link between Macapá and other cities in Brazil. Commercial flights connect Macapá to Belém, Brasília, Fortaleza, Recife Airport, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and São Paulo. The airport traces its history to a small air base built by the United States during World War II to secure strategic bases in the South Atlantic region.
Economy
File:Vista do centro de Macapá.jpg
Macapá is an economic center of northern Brazil and serves as a commercial hub of the state of Amapá. Gold, iron, lumber, manganese, oil, timber, and tin ore from the interior of the state pass through Amapá on to Port of Santana in the neighboring municipality of Santana.
It is the fifth wealthiest city in northern Brazil, with a GDP of R$2,826,458,000 (2005). The city has a notably high rate of economic growth{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} and a per capita income of R$7,950 (2005).
Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and the primary language taught in schools. English and French are also part of the official high school curriculum.
=Educational institutions=
- Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP)
- Universidade Estadual do Amapá (UEAP)
- Instituto Federal do Amapá (IFAP)
- Faculdade de Macapá (Fama)
- Faculdade de Tecnologia do Amapá (META)
- Instituto Macapaense do Melhor Ensino Superior (IMMES)
- Faculdade Seama
Landmarks
===Fortress of St. Joseph===
{{anchor|fort}}
File:Fortaleza São José de Macapá.jpg
The fortress of St. Joseph is a Vauban-style star fort built between 1764 and 1782 to replace two previous fortifications located in the city. It was built to safeguard the northern extremity of Brazil and to control the Amazon Delta. It is one of the main sights of the city of Macapa.
=Marco Zero monument=
File:Linha do Equador Macapá AP,Brasil - panoramio.jpg
The {{ill|Marco Zero (Macapá)|lt=Marco Zero monument|pt}} was built to mark the position of the equator in the city and to show the passage of the sun. At the spring and the autumn equinox the sun rises and sets on the line of the equator and shines on the monument along the Avenue Equatorial, which runs for a mile due east of it.
=Milton Corrêa stadium=
The Estádio Milton Corrêa, usually known as the Zerão ("Big Zero", from its position with the midfield line exactly on the equator), is a multi-purpose stadium located in central Macapá on the R. Ilvaldo Alves Veras east of the university (UNIFAP).
The stadium has a maximum capacity of 10,000 people and was built in 1990.
It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of several local teams.
Geography
The municipality contains the {{convert|111|ha|adj=on}} Parazinho Biological Reserve, created in 1985 to protect an island in the Amazon River.{{citation|ref={{harvid|REBIO do Parazinho – ISA}}|language=pt |title=REBIO do Parazinho |publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/4971 |access-date=November 5, 2016}}
It contains the {{convert|21676|ha|adj=on}} Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area, created in 1992 to protect an area near the urban center from city sprawl, and to protect the culture of the traditional inhabitants.{{citation |date=December 9, 2013 |language=pt |ref={{harvid|Novos conselheiros da Area de Protecao ... SEMA}} |title=Novos conselheiros da Area de Protecao Ambiental do Rio Curiau sao empossados |publisher=SEMA: Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente (AP) |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/noticia/novos-conselheiros-da-area-de-protecao-ambiental-do-rio-curiau-sao-empossados|access-date=November 6, 2016}}
It contains the {{convert|137|ha|adj=on}} Fazendinha Environmental Protection Area, created in 2004.{{citation |ref={{harvid|APA da Fazendinha – ISA}} |language=pt |title=APA da Fazendinha |publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/2652 |access-date=November 5, 2016}}
=Climate=
The Macapá region includes large tracts of tropical rainforest and experiences relatively high rainfall. Macapá features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification, with a lengthy wet season from December through July, and a relatively short dry season that covers the remaining four months. However, a noticeable amount of rain is observed even during the dry season, a trait common to a number of other areas with this climate. Average temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year, hovering around {{convert|23|C|F}} in the mornings and {{convert|31|C|F}} in the afternoon.
{{anchor|Climate}}
{{Weather box
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Macapá (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1967–present)
|temperature colour =
|humidity colour =
|Jan record high C = 36.0
|Feb record high C = 35.0
|Mar record high C = 39.3
|Apr record high C = 38.3
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 37.0
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 36.6
|Nov record high C = 39.6
|Dec record high C = 38.0
|year record high C = 39.6
|Jan record low C = 19.6
|Feb record low C = 20.4
|Mar record low C = 21.1
|Apr record low C = 20.2
|May record low C = 21.4
|Jun record low C = 21.0
|Jul record low C = 20.2
|Aug record low C = 21.0
|Sep record low C = 21.0
|Oct record low C = 21.0
|Nov record low C = 21.0
|Dec record low C = 20.4
|year record low C = 19.6
| Jan high C =30.9
| Feb high C =30.2
| Mar high C =30.4
| Apr high C =30.7
| May high C =31.3
| Jun high C =31.8
| Jul high C =32.1
| Aug high C =32.8
| Sep high C =33.4
| Oct high C =33.8
| Nov high C =33.4
| Dec high C =32.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =26.6
| Feb mean C =26.2
| Mar mean C =26.4
| Apr mean C =26.6
| May mean C =27.0
| Jun mean C =27.1
| Jul mean C =27.2
| Aug mean C =27.9
| Sep mean C =28.5
| Oct mean C =28.8
| Nov mean C =28.7
| Dec mean C =27.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C =23.6
| Feb low C =23.5
| Mar low C =23.7
| Apr low C =24.0
| May low C =24.2
| Jun low C =24.0
| Jul low C =23.9
| Aug low C =24.3
| Sep low C =24.3
| Oct low C =24.4
| Nov low C =24.3
| Dec low C =24.0
| year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation mm =268.1
| Feb precipitation mm =369.3
| Mar precipitation mm =400.1
| Apr precipitation mm =376.4
| May precipitation mm =308.4
| Jun precipitation mm =252.4
| Jul precipitation mm =203.9
| Aug precipitation mm =96.3
| Sep precipitation mm =25.4
| Oct precipitation mm =22.7
| Nov precipitation mm =58.1
| Dec precipitation mm =144.6
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan precipitation days =16.6
| Feb precipitation days =19.5
| Mar precipitation days =22.3
| Apr precipitation days =21.3
| May precipitation days =20.5
| Jun precipitation days =18.2
| Jul precipitation days =16.3
| Aug precipitation days =9.1
| Sep precipitation days =3.2
| Oct precipitation days =2.0
| Nov precipitation days =3.9
| Dec precipitation days =9.4
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity =84.5
| Feb humidity =87.1
| Mar humidity =87.2
| Apr humidity =87.2
| May humidity =86.2
| Jun humidity =84.1
| Jul humidity =82.1
| Aug humidity =78.0
| Sep humidity =73.1
| Oct humidity =71.0
| Nov humidity =72.5
| Dec humidity =78.1
| year humidity =
| Jan dew point C =24.2
| Feb dew point C =24.2
| Mar dew point C =24.3
| Apr dew point C =24.6
| May dew point C =24.8
| Jun dew point C =24.7
| Jul dew point C =24.4
| Aug dew point C =24.5
| Sep dew point C =24.1
| Oct dew point C =23.9
| Nov dew point C =24.0
| Dec dew point C =24.2
|Jan sun = 158.1
|Feb sun = 117.1
|Mar sun = 120.9
|Apr sun = 125.8
|May sun = 164.5
|Jun sun = 198.9
|Jul sun = 234.3
|Aug sun = 267.6
|Sep sun = 273.6
|Oct sun = 285.3
|Nov sun = 254.9
|Dec sun = 215.0
|year sun = 2416.0
| Jan light = 12.1
| Feb light = 12.1
| Mar light = 12.1
| Apr light = 12.1
| May light = 12.1
| Jun light = 12.1
| Jul light = 12.1
| Aug light = 12.1
| Sep light = 12.1
| Oct light = 12.1
| Nov light = 12.1
| Dec light = 12.1
| year light=
| Jan uv =6
| Feb uv =6
| Mar uv =6
| Apr uv =6
| May uv =7
| Jun uv =7
| Jul uv =7
| Aug uv =7
| Sep uv =7
| Oct uv =7
| Nov uv =7
| Dec uv =6
| year uv =
|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010)
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| title = Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| title = Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| title = Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043829/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| title =Insolação Total (horas)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas |title=Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia |language=pt |access-date=November 15, 2018}}
|source 2=Meteo Climat (record highs and lows){{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1349-Macapa.php |title=Station Macapa |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=November 15, 2018}} and Weather Atlas (UV index){{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/macapa-climate|title=Macapá, Brazil – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=June 28, 2019}}
}}
=Subdivisions=
File:Pôr do Sol no Bailique.jpg
The municipality is subdivided in five districts:{{cite web|url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ap/macapa/historico |title=Macapá |website=IBGE|access-date=April 1, 2021|language=pt}}
- Macapá, the city proper
- Bailique
- Carapanantuba
- Fazendinha
- {{ill|São Joaquim do Pacuí|pt}}
In 1992, the villages of Curiaú de Dentro, Curiaú de Fora, Casa Grande, Curralinho and Mocambo in the municipality of Macapá were recognised as quilombos, settlements by escaped slaves, resulting in the establishment of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area.{{cite journal|journal=Biota Amazônia |issn=2179-5746|location=Macapá|volume=3|issue=3|year=2013|language=pt |last1=Lima e Silva |first1=Raullyan Borja |last2=Freitas |first2=João da Luz |last3=Moreira dos Santos |first3=João Ubiratan |last4=Picanço Souto|first4=Raimundo Nonato |title=Caracterização agroecológica e socioeconômica dos moradores da comunidade quilombola do Curiaú |url=http://www.iepa.ap.gov.br/biblioteca/artigo/2015/caracterizacao-agroecol-sociocon-quilombola-curiau.pdf|access-date=April 4, 2021|page=113|doi=10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n3p113-138|doi-access=free}}
See also
{{Portal|Brazil}}
References
{{reflist|2|refs=
{{cite book |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf |title=per capita income |publisher=IBGE |location=Macapá, Brazil |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |access-date=July 18, 2007 |year=2005 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002024524/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2008 }}
{{cite book |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf
|title=GDP |publisher=IBGE |location=Macapá, Brazil |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |access-date=July 18, 2007 |year=2005 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002024524/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2008 }}
}}
External links
{{Sister project links|Macapá|voy=Macapá}}
- City website: [http://www.macapa.ap.gov.br/ Cidade de Macapá] in Portuguese
{{Brazil topics}}
{{Capitals of Brazilian states}}
{{Municipalities of Amapá}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macapa}}
Category:Populated places in Amapá
Category:Populated places established in 1758