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Malayic languages#Languages

{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}

{{Infobox language family

|name=Malayic

|region=Maritime Southeast Asia

|familycolor=Austronesian

|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian

|fam3=disputed:
Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo

|fam4=Malayo-Chamic

|protoname=Proto-Malayic

|child1=(disputed)

|glotto=mala1538

|glottorefname=Malayic

|map=Malayic languages.svg

|mapsize=300px

|mapcaption=Historical distribution of the Malayic languages in Maritime Southeast Asia (including Malay-based creoles):

{{legend|orange|The Ibanic, Western Malayic Dayak (Kanayatn/Kendayan-Salako) subgroups, and southern Malayic Dayak varieties.}}

{{legend|red|Other Malayic varieties; genetic relationships between them are still unclear (most often left unclassified).}}

}}

The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family.{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733 |doi-access=free |jstor=27868100 |hdl=11343/122869 |hdl-access=free }} The two most prominent members of this branch are Indonesian and Malay. Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia and has evolved as a standardized form of Malay with distinct influences from local languages and historical factors.{{Cite book |title= Indonesian language for Higher Education (eng) |last1=Nurdjan |first1=Sukirman |last2= Firman|first2=Mirnawati|year=2016|publisher= Aksara Timur|location=Indonesia |isbn= 978-602-73433-6-8|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiurDwAAQBAJ |access-date=30 Dec 2020}}{{citation|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-7608561/badan-bahasa-tegaskan-bahasa-indonesia-dan-melayu-berbeda/amp|title=Badan Bahasa Tegaskan Bahasa Indonesia dan Melayu Berbeda!|work=Detik|language=id}} Malay, in its various forms, is recognized as a national language in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.{{cite book |author=Asmah Haji Omar |author-link=Asmah Haji Omar |title=Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |publisher=Mouton de Gruyte |year=1992 |isbn=3-11-012855-1 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael J. |editor-link=Michael Clyne |location=Berlin & New York |pages=403–4 |chapter=Malay as a pluricentric language |quote=Singapore has maintained the name Malay or bahasa Melayu...}} The Malayic branch also includes local languages spoken by ethnic Malays (e.g. Jambi Malay, Kedah Malay), further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra, Indonesia (e.g. Minangkabau) and Borneo (e.g. Banjarese, Iban) even as far as Urak Lawoi in the southwestern coast of Thailand.

The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra.{{Cite book |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |editor-last=Bellwood |editor-first=Peter |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.22459/a.09.2006 |editor-last2=Fox |editor-first2=James J. |editor-last3=Tryon |editor-first3=Darrell |doi-access=free}}

History

The term "Malayic" was first coined by {{harvcoltxt|Dyen|1965}} in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. {{harvcoltxt|Nothofer|1988}} narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:

The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.

Languages

Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. The following list only includes Malayic languages as traditionally spoken by the respective ethnic groups, for non-traditional languages, see Malay trade and creole languages.

=Borneo=

=Sumatra=

=Malay Peninsula=

=Java=

=South China Sea=

Subgrouping

=Internal classification=

While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages is still disputed.

==Adelaar (1993)==

Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.{{sfn|Adelaar|1993|p=568}}

{{tree list}}

{{tree list/end}}

==Ross (2004)==

Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:{{sfn|Ross|2004|pp=106–108}}

{{tree list}}

  • Malayic
  • Western Malayic Dayak (Kendayan, Salako)
  • Nuclear Malayic (all other lects)

{{tree list/end}}

This classification was mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).

==Anderbeck (2012)==

Following {{harvcoltxt|Tadmor|2002}}, Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about the dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago. He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal, Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano.{{sfn|Anderbeck|2012|p=284}}{{efn|As with Adelaar, Anderbeck reckons the difficulty in assigning absolute subgrouping within Malayic subfamily, and suggests an alternative approach which is "to dissolve the Malay node and keep everything in the Malayic group".}}

{{tree list}}

  • Malayic
  • Ibanic
  • Kendayan/Selako
  • Keninjal
  • Malayic Dayak
  • Urak Lawoi'
  • Duano
  • Malay (including all other Malayic varieties)

{{tree list/end}}

Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.{{efn|This classification is still in use in the current 22nd edition (2019).{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019}}}}

==Smith (2017)==

In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=197}}

{{tree list}}

{{tree list/end}}

==''Glottolog''==

Glottolog 5.1 classifies the Malayic languages into several groups, namely:{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mala1538|title=Malayic (mala1538)|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2024-12-05}}

{{tree list}}

{{tree list/end}}

=Position within Austronesian=

The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:{{sfn|Adelaar|2005|p=358}}

{{tree list}}

{{tree list/end}}

Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:{{sfn|Blust|2010}}{{sfn|Smith|2017|pp=364–365}}

{{tree list}}

{{tree list/end}}

The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations, while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence.

See also

{{Portal|Language|Indonesia}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

=Citations=

{{Reflist}}

=Bibliography=

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{cite book |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |year=1992 |title=Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119 |location= Canberra |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University|hdl=1885/145782 |hdl-access=free}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |year=1993 |title=The Internal Classification of the Malayic Subgroup |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=566–581 |jstor=620695 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00007710|s2cid=162636623 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=Alexander |year=2005 |title=Malayo-Sumbawan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=357–388 |jstor=3623345 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0027|s2cid=246237112 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Anderbeck |first=Karl |year=2012 |title=The Malayic speaking Orang Laut: Dialects and directions for research |journal=Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=265–312 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307763519 |access-date=26 May 2019}}
  • {{cite book |year=2006 |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Bellwood |last2=Fox |first2=James J. |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell |author-link3=Darrell Tryon |title=The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |url=https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=458826}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=44–118 |jstor=40783586 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0060|s2cid=145459318 }}
  • {{cite journal|title=A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages|surname=Dyen|given=Isidore|author-link=Isidore Dyen|year=1965|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|issue=Memoir 19}}
  • {{cite book |year=2019 |editor-last1=Eberhard |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-first3=Charles D. |editor-last3=Fennig |chapter=Malayic |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |chapter-url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/malayic |edition=22}}
  • Nothofer, Bernd. 1975. The reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic. (Verhandelingen van het KITLV, 73.) The Hague: Nijhoff.
  • {{cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |year=1988 |chapter=A discussion of two Austronesian subgroups: Proto-Malay and Proto-Malayic |editor1=Mohd. Thani Ahmad |editor2=Zaini Mohamed Zain |title=Rekonstruksi dan cabang-cabang Bahasa Melayu induk |pages=34–58 |series=Siri monograf sejarah bahasa Melayu |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |title=The History of Jakarta Malay |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=34 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=87–97 |doi=10.2307/3623113 |jstor=3623113}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Malcolm D. |year=2004 |chapter=Notes on the prehistory and internal subgrouping of Malayic |editor1=John Bowden |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |title=Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology |pages=97–109 |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University}}
  • {{cite thesis |last=Smith |first=Alexander |year=2017 |title=The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification |type=Ph.D. Dissertation |location=University of Hawai{{okina}}i at Mānoa |url=http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMITH_Alexander_Final_Dissertation.pdf |access-date=26 May 2019}}
  • {{cite conference |last=Tadmor |first=Uri |year=2002 |title=Language contact and the homeland of Malay |conference=The Sixth International Symposium of Malay/Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 6), Bintan Island, 3–5 August 2002}}

{{Refend}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

{{Languages of Malaysia}}

{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Borneo}}

Category:Languages of Indonesia

Category:Languages of Malaysia

Category:Malayo-Chamic languages