Mandaean calendar

Each month (iahra or yahra{{rp|220}}) is named after a constellation (manzalta{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Semitic Studies|volume=62|issue=1|date=Spring 2017|doi=10.1093/jss/fgw044 |publisher=Oxford University Press|title=The Origin and Meaning of Mandaic|first=Charles G.|last=Häberl |pages=77-91 }}). The Mandaic names of the twelve constellations of the Zodiac are derived from common Aramaic roots. As with the seven planets, the constellations, frequently known as the trisar ({{langx|myz|ࡕࡓࡉࡎࡀࡓ}}, "The Twelve") or trisar malwašia ("Twelve Constellations") in Mandaic texts,{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}} are generally not viewed favorably since they constitute part of the entourage of Ruha, the Queen of the World of Darkness, who is also their mother.{{cite book|last=Bhayro|first=Siam|title=Hellenistic Astronomy |chapter=Cosmology in Mandaean Texts|publisher=Brill|date=2020-02-10|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml|access-date=2021-09-03|pages=572–579|doi=10.1163/9789004400566_046|isbn=978-90-04-24336-1 }}

There is also another alternative set of names for the Mandaean months cognate with the month names found in the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars.

Each month consists of exactly 30 days. The Parwanaya festival comes between the 8th month (Šumbulta) and 9th month (Qaina) to make up for 5 extra days in the solar calendar.

Due to a lack of a leap year included in the Mandaean calendar, dates change by one day every four years with respect to the Gregorian calendar. Currently, for example in 2022 CE, Sarṭana, meaning Cancer, corresponds to December / January in the Gregorian calendar, instead of June / July.

The hours of the day are counted starting at dawn (ṣipra),{{rp|75}} although Mandaeans formerly counted the hours of the day starting at sunset or evening (paina). In Mandaic, a 24-hour day is known as a yuma, daytime as ʿumama, and nighttime as lilia.{{cite journal|last=Häberl|first=Charles|title=The Mandaean Day|journal=Academia Letters|date=2021-01-07|doi=10.20935/al122}} An hour is called a šaia, 5 minutes is called a šuša, and a minute is called a pigia.{{rp|218-219}}

Some days are considered to be auspicious, while others are ominous (mbaṭṭal).

The days of the week are as follows. Habšaba (Sunday) is considered to be the first day of the week.

The four seasons are as follows, with the year starting with winter. The three months of each season, given below, are also referred to in Mandaic as the beginning, middle, or end of the season.{{cite book | last=Häberl | first=Charles | url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781800856271 | title=The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire | location=Liverpool | publisher=Liverpool University Press | date=2022 | doi=10.3828/9781800856271 | doi-broken-date=31 December 2024 | isbn=978-1-80085-627-1}}{{rp|17}}

• sitwa (winter): Daula, Nuna, ʿmbra
• abhar (spring): Taura, Ṣilmia, Ṣarṭana
• giṭa (summer): Aria, Šumbulta, Qaina
• paiz (autumn): Arqba, Hiṭia, Gadia

A Mandaean year is called a šidta.{{rp|219}}

The Mandaean calendar is calculated from the year that Adam was born,{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}} or approximately 443,370 BCE. Charles G. Häberl calculates the date 18 July 2019 CE corresponds to 1 Dowla 481,343 AA (AA = after the creation of Adam).{{cite journal|title=Of Calendars—and Kings—and Why the Winter is Boiling Hot|author=Charles G. Häberl|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|date=13 January 2021|volume=31|issue=3 |page=535-544|doi=10.1017/S1356186320000759 }} The latter half of 2024 would correspond to 481,348 AA.

All Mandaean years consist of exactly 365 days (12 regular months of 30 days each, plus the 5 intercalary days of the Parwanaya). Since Mandaean months do not have leap years accounted for every four years, seasons "slip back" and will not correspond to the same Gregorian months over time.{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}

A chronology of the world according to Book 18 of the Right Ginza is as follows.{{cite book | last=Häberl | first=Charles | url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781800856271 | title=The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire | location=Liverpool | publisher=Liverpool University Press | date=2022 | doi=10.3828/9781800856271 | doi-broken-date=31 December 2024 | isbn=978-1-80085-627-1}}{{rp|269-271}}

• 216,001 AA – first cataclysm: destruction and pestilence
• 372,001 AA – second cataclysm: flame and fire
• 472,001 AA – third cataclysm: flood
• 478,001 AA – founding of Jerusalem
• 478,401 AA – birth of Jesus (Ešu Mšiha)
• 479,853 AA – rise of the Arab kings
• 530,001 AA – green waters; final cataclysm; Bil (Jupiter) assumes the throne of Ptahil.
• 530,043 AA – the end of the worlds: Ur (Leviathan) devours Tibil and the planets, while "splendor and light" (ziwa u-nhura) are created.

According to Book 18 of the Right Ginza, there are four epochs (or eras; {{langx|myz|dara}}{{rp|215}}) of the world, which is given a duration of 480,000 years.{{cite book|last=Lidzbarski|first=Mark|date=1925|title=Ginza: Der Schatz oder Das große Buch der Mandäer|location=Göttingen|publisher=Vandenhoek & Ruprecht|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41563ucmf_2}}{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}

1. Epoch of Adam and Hawa: 1st generation of humans (216,000 years; 30 generations according to Right Ginza Book 1)
2. Epoch of Ram and Rud: 2nd generation of humans (156,000 years; 25 generations according to Right Ginza Book 1)
3. Epoch of Šurbai and Šarhabʿil: 3rd generation of humans (100,000 years; 15 generations according to Right Ginza Book 1)
4. Epoch of Noah and his wife Nuraita/Nhuraita (current and final epoch): 4th generation of humans (remaining years, which would be 8,000 years if taking the 480,000 years into account)

Mandaean festivals are:{{cite web|url=https://mandaeansynod.org.au/mandaean-calendar.html|website=Mandaean Synod of Australia|title=Mandaean Calendar|access-date=3 November 2021}}

• Parwanaya: Five days that Hayyi Rabbi created the angels and the universe. The 5 epagomenals (extra days) inserted at the end of every Šumbulta (the 8th month) constitute the Parwanaya intercalary feast.
• Dehwa Daimana or Dehwa Daymaneh (Dihba ḏ-Yamana, Dihba Daimana, or Dihba Rba ḏ-Daima): Birthday of John the Baptist. Children are baptized for the first time during this festival.{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}{{rp|28}}
• Kanshiy u-Zahly: New Year's Eve
• Dehwa Rabba: New Year's Day
• Feast of the Great Shishlam ({{langx|myz|ࡃࡉࡄࡁࡀ ࡖࡔࡉࡔࡋࡀࡌ ࡓࡁࡀ|links=no}}) or Nauruz Zūṭa ({{lang|myz|ࡍࡀࡅࡓࡅࡆ ࡆࡅࡈࡀ}}): Little New Year, on the 6th-7th days of Daula, corresponding to Epiphany in Christianity. The Night of Power takes place on the night of the 6th day (similar to Qadr Night), during which the heavenly gates of Abatur are open to the faithful. Priests visit Mandaean households and give them myrtle wreaths to hang on their houses for the rest of the year to protect against evil. The households also donate alms to the priests.
• Dehwa Hanina ({{langx|myz|ࡃࡉࡄࡁࡀ ࡄࡀࡍࡉࡍࡀ|translit=Dihba Hanina|links=no}}) or Dehwa Ṭurma (Dihba ḏ-Tirma): the Little Feast, begins on the 18th day of Taura. This holiday commemorates the ascension of Hibil Ziwa from the underworld to the Lightworld. The feast lasts for three days. On the first day, Mandaean families visit each other and have a special breakfast of rice, yogurt, and dates. Baptisms are performed, and the dead are commemorated with lofani (ritual meals).
• Ead Fel ({{langx|myz|ࡐࡉࡋ|translit=Fil|links=no}}): Crushed dates with roasted sesame seeds (shoshma{{cite web | title=Sydney 2014 Masbuta 08: Shoshma (Sesame) | website=The Worlds of Mandaean Priests | date=2014-03-01 | url=https://mandaeanpriests.exeter.ac.uk/items/show/54 | access-date=2023-12-16}}) are eaten.
• Abū al-Harīs ({{langx|ar|أبو الهريس|links=no}}) or Ashoriya ({{langx|myz|ࡀࡔࡅࡓࡉࡄ|translit=Ašurih|links=no}}), "day of remembrance": on the 1st day of the 6th month, Sarṭana.{{rp|17}} Day of remembrance for the drowned people of Noah's flood. Grains and cereals are eaten as part of a special lofani. Mandaeans believe that on this day, Noah and his son Sam made the food of forgiveness of sins for the souls of those who died in the flood. The food of forgiveness consists of seven grains representing the seven days of the week, and from the grounding of these seven grains came the name Abū al-Harīs. (See Ashure or Noah's pudding.)

Below is an example of a calendar year for the Mandaean year 445375, which corresponds to the Gregorian calendar years 2005–2006 or Jewish calendar year 5766 (Gelbert 2005: 274).{{cite book|last=Gelbert|first=Carlos|title=The Mandaeans and the Jews|publisher=Living Water Books|publication-place=Edensor Park, NSW|year=2005|isbn=0-9580346-2-1|oclc=68208613}} Fasting ({{langx|myz|ࡑࡀࡅࡌࡀ|translit=ṣauma}}) is practiced on some days.

Below are some Mandaean holiday dates for 2024:{{cite web|title=Universal Calendar Project|website=Universal Calendar Project|date=2024-03-18|url=https://letterly.github.io/calendar.html|access-date=2024-03-18}}

• March 13-17 – Parwanaya
• May 17 – Dehwa Daymaneh
• July 15 – Kanshiy u-Zahly
• July 16 – Dehwa Rabba
• October 14 – Ead Fel
• October 31 – Dehwa Hanina
• December 13 – Ashoriya (Abu al-Haris)

Every four years, the dates are shifted back by one day, since the Mandaean calendar lacks a leap day. As a result, Mandaean holiday dates for 2028 are:

• March 12-16 – Parwanaya
• May 16 – Dehwa Daymaneh
• July 14 – Kanshiy u-Zahly
• July 15 – Dehwa Rabba
• October 13 – Ead Fel
• October 30 – Dehwa Hanina
• December 12 – Ashoriya (Abu al-Haris)

Dakhil Shooshtary, an Iranian-American Mandaean, was known for making Mandaean calendars.{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=1800 Years of Encounters with Mandaeans|date=2023|location=Piscataway, NJ|publisher=Gorgias Press|series=Gorgias Mandaean Studies|volume=5|issn=1935-441X|isbn=978-1-4632-4132-2}}{{rp|xxxii}}

• Assyrian calendar
• Babylonian calendar
• Iranian calendars
• Hebrew calendar
• Intercalary month (Egypt)

{{Reflist}}

• [https://mandaeansynod.org.au/mandaean-calendar.html Mandaean calendar] from the Mandaean Synod of Australia

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