Manila Chinese Cemetery

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Prior to the establishment of the Manila Chinese Cemetery, Chinese who observed Buddhism had their burial grounds on a hill slope in Bangkusay, Tondo, near San Lazaro Hospital. In 1843, the Governor-General authorized the Chinese to establish a cemetery in La Loma. It was founded by Lim Ong and Carlos L. Palanca (Tan Quien-Sien) in the 1850s.{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/518095/did-you-know-manila-chinese-cemetery|title=Did you know: Manila Chinese Cemetery|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=November 1, 2013|accessdate=August 15, 2022}} It was also enlarged on its present site in 1863 when Ong, the gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the Chinese community in Binondo, purchased land in La Loma to provide a decent burial ground for Catholic and non-Catholic Chinese. It would also cater outcasts of society (like those that died from contagious diseases and people who are political enemies of the Spanish Crown) excluded from the nearby La Loma Cemetery's consecrated grounds. It was also later expanded in 1878 by Don Mariano Fernando Yu Chingco, a subsequent gobernadorcillo, when he bought land worth {{₱|14,000}} to expand the cemetery from the Dominican Provincial which used to own the Hacienda de La Loma from which the cemetery was built. This cemetery catered the poor Chinese who could not afford to return to China to bury or send their dead.{{cite web|url=https://tulay.ph/2020/02/04/the-manila-chinese-cemetery/|title=The Manila Chinese Cemetery|author=Go Bon Juan|date=February 4, 2020|accessdate=August 15, 2022|website=Tulay}}

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Built in 1878, the Chong Hock Tong Temple ({{zh|c=崇福堂|p=Chóngfútáng|poj=Chông-hok-tông}}), prior to its demolition in 2015,{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/news/demolished-manilas-oldest-chinese-temple/|title=Exclusive! Demolished: Manila's oldest Chinese temple, it was 137 years old|last=Yu|first=Anson|date=March 21, 2015|website=Coconuts Manila|publisher=Coconuts Media|location=Manila|access-date=August 27, 2020}} was the oldest pre-War Chinese memorial temple in Manila. Its architecture was reminiscent of (but not as elaborate as) southern Fujian temples, as well as those in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, & Taiwan, with their colorful friezes and uniquely upturned eaves; a unique feature were its lateral belfries appended at each end, an obvious Christian influence.{{cite journal|last1=Chu|first1=Richard T.|last2=Ang-See|first2=Teresita|editor-last=Salmon|editor-first=Claudine|date=October 15, 2016|title=Toward a History of Chinese Burial Grounds in Manila during the Spanish Colonial Period|url=https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/pdf/283|journal=Archipel|issue=92|pages=63–90|doi=10.4000/archipel.283|access-date=August 30, 2020|doi-access=free}}

Its demolition on March 15, 2015, by the cemetery's management body Philippine Chinese Charitable Association (PCCA), supposedly due to termite damage, was denounced by heritage conservationists as a violation of R.A. 10066 (National Heritage Act of 2009), despite not being declared by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) as a historical landmark.{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/news/there-was-violation-says-heritage-conservation-society-demolition-137-year-old-chong-hock/|title=‘There was a violation,’ says Heritage Conservation Society on demolition of 137-year-old Chong Hock Tong Temple|last=Ong|first=James P.|date=March 22, 2015|website=Coconuts Manila|publisher=Coconuts Media|location=Manila|access-date=August 28, 2020}} The PCCA countered, claiming that the temple was on private property.{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/news/temple-demolition-was-not-illegal-says-group-managing-chong-hock-tong-temple/|title=Temple demolition was not illegal, says group managing Chong Hock Tong Temple|last=Yu|first=Anson|date=March 23, 2015|website=Coconuts Manila|publisher=Coconuts Media|location=Manila|access-date=August 27, 2020}}

Supposedly the temple was to be rebuilt in a similar manner by a team of Taiwanese craftsmen & artisans, but was actually reconstructed as an all-stone edifice by mainland Chinese builders, which was then unveiled in a ceremony on June 14, 2017.{{cite web|url=https://www.flw.ph/thread-224419-1-1.html|script-title=zh:马尼拉华侨义山崇福堂举行重建落成典礼（多图）|date=June 15, 2017|website=菲龙网|publisher=菲龙网新闻部|location=Manila|language=zh|access-date=August 28, 2020}}

It is the only Chinese memorial temple to simultaneously host Taoist, Buddhist, & Christian services, the three major religious beliefs of the Filipino Chinese community. A unique feature that reflects this religious syncretism is the main altar laden with figures of the crucified Christ, the Virgin Mary, Catholic saints, Taoist Deities, Lord Buddha, Amitabha & prominent Buddhist Bodhisattvas (such as Guanyin, Mahāsthāmaprāpta, & Kṣitigarbha).{{cite web|url=http://tulay.ph/2019/11/12/syncretism-as-identity-catholicism-and-chinese-religions-in-the-philippines/|title=Syncretism as identity: Catholicism and Chinese religions in the Philippines|last=Dy|first=Ari C.|date=November 12, 2019|website=Tulay 橋|publisher=Tulay Fortnightly|access-date=August 29, 2020}}

Image:Liatseetong.jpg

Liat See Tong Temple ({{zh|c=烈士堂|p=Lièshìtáng|poj=Lia̍t-sǐ-tông|l=Martyrs Hall}})

was built in the early 1950s in honor of the 10 Chinese community leaders{{cite web|url=https://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/manila-chinese-cemetery/|title=Manila Chinese Cemetery|last=Martinez|first=Glenn|date=October 22, 2010|website=Traveler on Foot|publisher=WordPress|access-date=August 28, 2020}} who were executed by the Japanese during World War II.

Due to heightened anti-Japanese sentiment among the Chinese stemming from the Second Sino-Japanese War (preceded in 1931 by the Mukden Incident & the immediate Japanese invasion of Manchuria), the Japanese were wary of the potential trouble the Chinese might cause; as soon as Japan invaded the Philippines, one of their first activities after occupation was the rounding up & subsequent execution of prominent Chinese community leaders.

Above the entrance beam is the dedicatory quote, "May their noble spirits ever endure" ({{zh|t=浩氣長存|s=浩气长存|p=Hàoqì chángcún|poj=Hōⁿ-khì tiông-chûn}}).

Kong Tek Tong Hall ({{zh|c=功德堂|p=Gōngdétáng|poj=Kong-tek-tông}}) serves as a columbarium for less-affluent burials. Their services extend to the cemetery's perimeter wall niches, where usage is free of charge.

Located in front of Chong Hock Tong Temple, to which he is credited for financing its construction, the Carlos Palanca Memorial honors Carlos L. Palanca, Born June 06, 1844 (Tan Quien-Sien){{efn|Also known as Tan Chuey-Liong or Tan Chuey-Leong ({{zh|t=陳最良|s=陈最良|p=Chén Zuìliáng|poj=Tân Chòe-liông}}), and Tan Chueco/Tanchueco ({{zh|t=陳最哥|s=陈最哥|poj=Tân Chòe-ko}}).{{cite book|last=Chu|first=Richard T.|date=2010|title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s|location=Leiden & Boston|publisher=E. J. Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17339-2}}}} ({{zh|t=陳謙善|s=陈谦善|p=Chén Qiānshàn|poj=Tân Khiam-Siān}}), illustrious 19th-century Chinese community leader and businessman. It was through his efforts as gobernadorcillo that the cemetery & Chong Hock Tong Temple were built; as only baptized Catholics were permitted burial in the city cemeteries (like the nearby La Loma Cemetery), the need arose for the non-Christian Chinese (termed by the Spanish authorities as Chino infieles, "infidel Chinese") to have their own cemetery.

The Manila Chinese Cemetery Renovation Memorial ({{zh|t=整建華僑義山紀念碑|s=整建华侨义山纪念碑|p=Zhěngjiàn Huáqiáo Yìshān Jìniànbēi|poj=Chéng-kiàn Hôa-kiâo Gī-san Kì-liām-pi}}) is located adjacent to the front of Liat See Tong Hall.{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/hr/2017/11-02/8366499.shtml|script-title=zh:通讯：菲华度“亡人节”华侨义山家族聚会祭祖|last=关|first=向东|editor-last=何|editor-first=路曼|date=November 2, 2017|website=中国新闻网|publisher=China News Service|location=Manila|language=zh|access-date=August 30, 2020}}

Image:Dating_Libingan_ni_Apolinario_Mabini_1903_NHCP_Historical_Marker.png

Located along a street named in his honor (馬美爾路), Apolinario Mabini's former burial site is marked by a triangular pyramid on a raised pedestal, symbolic of his Masonic beliefs (hence his original interment at the cemetery in 1903); and a historical marker by the NHCP (then the "Philippine Historical Committee") affixed in 1963. His remains were exhumed in this place and transferred to the Mausoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución. Years later, it was reburied in his hometown at Tanauan, Batangas.

Built in 1948 by the Filipino Chinese community, the Dr. Clarence Kuangson Young Memorial ({{zh|t=楊光泩總領事暨殉軄館員紀念碑|s=杨光泩总领事暨殉职馆员纪念碑|p=Yáng Guāngshēng Zǒnglǐngshì jì Xùnzhí Guǎnyuán Jìniànbēi|poj=Iông Koang-soⁿ Chóng-léng-sū kap Sūn-chit Koán-oân Kì-liām-pi|l=Consul-General Yang Guangsheng and Consulate Staff Killed in their Lines of Duty Memorial}}) pays tribute to the martyrdom of Dr. Clarence Kuangson Young (楊光泩; August 8, 1900 – April 17, 1942), former Consul General (1939–1942) of the Republic of China to the Philippine Islands, and his 7 consular staff members,According to the English-language plaque on the memorial, their names are:

1. Consul Muh Chieh-wen (莫介恩, 1893-17 April 1942)
2. Consul Chu Shao-peng (朱少屏, 1881-17 April 1942)
3. Consul Yao Tzu-shiu (姚竹修, 1907-17 April 1942), Attached Consul to the Manila Consulate General
4. Consul Hsiao Tong-ming (蕭東明, 1906-17 April 1942), Attached Consul to the Manila Consulate General
5. Consul Yang Ching-sho (楊慶壽, 1917-17 April 1942), Attached Consul to the Manila Consulate General
6. Chancellor Lu Ping-chih (盧秉樞, 1912-17 April 1942), and
7. Diplomatic Cadet Wang Kong-wei (王恭瑋, 1920-17 April 1942) who refused General MacArthur's offers of evacuation as it was their diplomatic duty to protect the overseas (Chinese) community, and that they will not leave their posts without any authorization.

The 8 diplomats were among the first of the Chinese community to be rounded up by the Japanese authorities, and after 3 months of incarceration, continuous threats,Among the Japanese demands were:

• Allegiance to the Wang Jingwei regime for their own safety, as the Japanese recognized neither the authority of the Republic of China nor of its wartime-Chongqing Government
• Voluntary reporting of the Chinese community leaders to the concentration camps, to avoid adversarial attacks
• Recruitment within three months of all overseas Chinese (recorded from 1937 to 1941) under Japan's National Mobilization Law
• A ₱24 million "donation" from the Chinese community in support of the government's war effort (in response to an earlier ₱12 million donation towards the Chongqing Government) suppression, & torture, were eventually massacred and buried within the cemetery grounds.All eight collectively comprise China's "Nine Diplomat Martyrs of the Anti-Japan Resistance" ({{zh|c=抗日外交九烈士|p=Kàngrì Wàijiāo jiǔ Lièshì|poj=Khòng-li̍t Gōa-kau káu Lia̍t-sǐ}}).
  After the War, the intact remains were exhumed and, after being flown back to China in July 1947, were solemnly interred in Chrysanthemum Terrace Park (菊花台), Nanjing on September 3, 1947, together with the 9th diplomat martyr Cho Huan Lai (卓還來), 6 May 1912-6 July 1945), Consul General (1940–1945) of the Republic of China to North Borneo.

At the memorial base is a plaque bearing Dr. Clarence Kuangson Young's name, title, & calligraphy by Chiang Kai-shek bearing the elegiac couplet, "Allegiance towards lofty ideals" ({{zh|c=効忠成志|p=xiàozhōng chéng zhì|poj=hāu-tiong chhiâⁿ chì}}).

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Located at the corner of Consul General Young (光泩跆) & Matandang Sora{{efn|The cemetery's road signage appears as "Chun Chin Road (尊親路)", named in honor of Mariano Fernando (or Fernandez) Yu Chingco ({{zh|t=楊尊親|s=杨尊亲|p=Yáng Zūnqīn|poj=Iûⁿ Chun-chhin}}, hispanized as "Yu Chingco" or "Yu-Chingco" ({{zh|t=楊親哥|s=杨亲哥|poj=Iûⁿ-chhin-ko}})), who as gobernardorcillo in 1876 sent a petition to the Governor-General seeking permission for further expansion of the La Loma Cemetery, which was conditionally approved in 1877. The land subsequently bought from the Dominican Order in 1878 eventually became the current Manila Chinese Cemetery.}} Roads, the complex consists of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese War Memorial ({{zh|t=菲律濱華僑抗日烈士紀念碑|s=菲律滨华侨抗日烈士纪念碑|p=Fēilǜbīn Huáqiáo Kàngrì Lièshì Jìniànbēi|poj=Hui-li̍p-pin Hôa-kiâo Khòng-li̍t Lia̍t-sǐ Kì-liām-pi|l=Philippine Overseas Chinese Anti-Japan Resistance Martyrs Memorial}}) stele built in 1979, & behind it the much larger Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese War Memorial Hall ({{zh|t=菲律濱華僑抗日紀念館|s=菲律滨华侨抗日纪念馆|p=Fēilǜbīn Huáqiáo Kàngrì Jìniànguǎn|poj=Hui-li̍p-pin Hôa-kiâo Khòng-li̍t Kì-liām-koán|l=Philippine Overseas Chinese Anti-Japan Resistance Memorial Hall}}). These structures commemorate the combined resistance efforts of the Filipino & Chinese communities during World War II.

Two historical markers from the NHCP commemorating the Wha-Chi guerilla forces (1994{{cite web|url=https://renz15.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/rare-glimpse-philippine-chinese-anti-japanese-war-memorial-hall-manila-chinese-cemetery/|title=Rare Glimpse of Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese War Memorial Hall within Manila Chinese Cemetery|last=Chan|first=Lawrence|date=September 12, 2019|website=Collectors' Connection|publisher=WordPress|access-date=August 28, 2020}} & 2005) are affixed on each side of the entrance of the Memorial Hall.

Along Consul General Young Road is Sun Yat-sen's personal motto, "What is under heaven is for all"{{cite web|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/菲亡人節-華人入境隨俗掃墓.html|script-title=zh:菲亡人節 華人入境隨俗掃墓|last=林|first=行健 (Emerson Lim)|date=October 31, 2010|website=Yahoo奇摩新聞|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Central News Agency|location=Manila|language=zh|access-date=August 27, 2020}} ({{zh|t=天下為公|s=天下为公|p=tiānxià wéi gōng|poj=thian-hā ûi kong|l=A public and common spirit ruled all under the sky}}) inscribed on the street-facing rear wall of a private plot.

Built in 1974 and located behind Liat See Tong Temple, the August 2, 1968, Ruby Tower Memorial ({{zh|t=渝美八二慘案紀念碑|s=渝美八二惨案纪念碑|p=Yúměi Bāèr Cǎnàn Jìniànbēi|poj=Lû-bí Poeh-nn̄g Chhám-àn Kì-liām-pi}}) is dedicated to the 260 mostly Filipino-Chinese victims who perished in the collapse of the Ruby Tower building in Doroteo Jose corner Teodoro Alonzo Streets Santa Cruz, Manila during the 1968 Casiguran earthquake.

Save for a portion of the first & second floors at its northern end (presently preserved as a separate memorial hall to the victims), the entire six-story building collapsed, triggering allegations of poor design & construction, as well as use of low-quality building materials, Today Stand Memorial Hall in memory of the victims of earthquake.

According to a study of around 30,000 gravestones in the Manila Chinese Cemetery with marked birthplaces or ancestral cities of the interred, 89.26% were from within the Southern Min region in Southern Fujian province, while 9.86% were from Cantonese regions in Guangdong (Canton) province. More specifically on those of the Southern Min region, 65.01% hailed from Jinjiang ({{zh|t=晉江|poj=Chìn-kang|labels=no}}) [from coastal Quanzhou], 17.25% from Nan’an ({{zh|t=南安|poj=Lâm-oaⁿ|labels=no}}) [from coastal Quanzhou], 7.94% from Xiamen ({{zh|t=廈門|poj=Ē-mn̂g|labels=no}}) (Xiamen city proper), 2.90% from Hui’an ({{zh|t=惠安|poj=Hūi-oaⁿ|labels=no}}) [from coastal Quanzhou], 1.52% from Longxi ({{zh|t=龍溪|poj=Liông-khe|labels=no}}) [within Longhai, coastal Zhangzhou], 1.21% from Siming ({{zh|t=思明|poj=Su-bêng|labels=no}}) [within Xiamen], 1.14% from Quanzhou ({{zh|t=泉州|poj=Choân-chiu|labels=no}}) (Quanzhou city proper), 1.10% from Tong’an ({{zh|t=同安|poj=Tâng-oaⁿ|labels=no}}) [from coastal Xiamen], 0.83% from Shishi ({{zh|t=石狮|poj=Chio̍h-sai|labels=no}}) [from coastal Quanzhou], 0.57% from Yongchun ({{zh|t=永春|poj=Éng-chhun|labels=no}}) [from inland Quanzhou], and 0.53% from Anxi ({{zh|t=安溪|poj=An-khoe|labels=no}}) [from inland Quanzhou].

• Dee C. Chuan (1888–1940), founder of the first Chinese bank in the Philippines (Chinabank), the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper Chinese Commercial News; as well as the war-time resistance group "Philippine Chinese Resist-the-Enemy Association"[http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node2796/node2882/node2896/node3248/node3255/userobject6ai239699.html 菲律宾华侨援助抗敌委员会] ({{zh|t=菲律賓華僑援助抗敵委員會|s=菲律宾华侨援助抗敌委员会|p=Fēilǜbīn Huáqiáo Yuánzhù Kàngdí Wěiyuán huì|poj=Hui-li̍p-pin Hôa-kiâo Oan-chō͘ Khòng-tia̍k Úi-oân Hōe|l=Philippine Overseas Chinese Assistance Against the Enemy Association}}), known simply by its shortened name "Khong Tiak Hue" ({{zh|t=抗敵會|s=抗敌会|p=Kàngdí huì|poj=Khòng-tia̍k Hōe|l=Resist the Enemy Association}}) that campaigned for a Japanese trade boycott in the Philippines
• Ma Mon Luk (1896–1961), Chinese cuisine restaurateur known for Mami soup; along with his 2 wives
• Brig. Gen. Vicente P. Lim (1888–1944), Filipino Brigadier General during World War II
• Family of G.A. Cu Unjieng Mausoleum - Guillermo A. Cu-Unjieng, Sr. (邱允衡; Qiu Yunheng (November 26, 1866-October 17, 1953 age 87) founder of The Yek Tong Lin Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. (renamed Phil. First Insurance Co., Inc. & The Yek Tong Lin Loan Co., Ltd. Together with Franciso "Paco" R. Osorio, Sr.) and wife Dominga Ayala-CuUnjieng (August 4. 1877-December 2, 1957); Plato Chan (March 14, 1930-January 18, 2006) illustrator of The Good-Luck Horse and Anne Chu Chan (September 17, 1928-October 28, 2010); Victoria Fe A. Cu-Unjieng (September 27, 1918-July 24, 1997); His Sister-In-Law Florentina Coronado (March 14, 1846-June 14, 1938); Guillermo died at San Pedro, Laguna; his father Eduardo Pistolera Cu-Jike (邱季科) was born on January 01, 1867 in Quo Shang (厝上); his mother was born on 5 November 1837 as Zhang Ge-Niang (張格娘) - Guillermo was among the group of 11 Filipino-Chinese businessmen invited by founder Dee C. Chuan to a dinner of Orient Business Club, to establish Chinabank which opened on Aug. 16, 1920.
• Family of Domingo Yu Chu Mausoleum - Lily Monteverde's parents Domingo Yu Chu, Profetiza Buban Yu and Bienvenido Yu

File:Apolinario_Mabini_Pyramid_01.jpg|Apolinario Mabini Pyramid

File:Carlos_Palanca_Memorial_02.jpg|Capitan Carlos L. Palanca Memorial

File:Chinese_Soldiers_Tomb_01.jpg|Chinese Soldiers Tomb

File:Chinese_Youth_Arch_of_Heroes_02.jpg|Chinese Youth Arch of Heroes

File:Clarence_Kuangson_Young_Memorial_01.jpg|Clarence Kuangson Young Memorial

File:Henry_H._Sy_and_Tan_O_Sia_-_Adrian_Sy_%26_Encarnacion_Sy_(Garcia)_Mausoleum_01.jpg|Henry H. Sy and Tan O Sia - Adrian Sy & Encarnacion Sy (Garcia) Mausoleum

File:James_Huang_Mausoleum_02.jpg|James Huang Mausoleum

File:José_Teehankee_Julia_Ong_Sangroniz_Family_Grave_02.jpg|José Teehankee - Julia Ong Sangroniz Family Grave

File:The_Kong_Tek_Tong_Hall_02.jpg|Kong Tek Tong Hall

File:Ma_Mon_Luk_Mausoleum_01.jpg|Ma Mon Luk Mausoleum

File:The_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery_Crematorium_24.jpg|Manila Chinese Cemetery Crematorium

File:The_Dee_C._Chuan_Mausoleum_09.jpg|Dee C. Chuan Mausoleum

File:Domingo_Yu_Chu_Mausoleum_22.jpg|Domingo Yu Chu Mausoleum

File:Patricio_Luis_Lim_Mausoleum_01.jpg|Patricio Luis Lim Mausoleum

File:Family_of_G.A._Cu_Unjieng_Mausoleum_04.jpg|Family of G.A. Cu Unjieng Family Mausoleum

File:Luis_Co_Chi_Kiat_Mausoleum_10.jpg|Luis Co Chi Kiat Mausoleum (of the family that founded Puregold)

File:Mausoleum_of_Ang_Ya_De_Sy_Sieng_Suy_01.jpg|Mausoleum of Ang Ya De Sy - Sy Sieng Suy (Sy En)

File:Philippine_Chinese_Anti-Japanese_War_Memorial_Complex_02.jpg|Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese War Memorial Complex

File:Binondo_District_of_Manila_28.jpg|Philippine-Chinese Charitable Association, Inc.

File:Ruby_Tower_Memorial_01.jpg|Ruby Tower Memorial

File:United_States_Chinese_Volunteers_in_the_Philippines_Memorial_02.jpg|United States Chinese Volunteers in the Philippines Memorial

File:Dominga_Ayala1.jpg|Dominga Ayala CuUnjieng, wife of Guillermo A. Cu-Unjieng, Sr. (邱允衡; Qiu Yunheng

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{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605225645/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/may/17/yehey/top_stories/20060517top9.html Chinese cemetery was a bloody battleground]
• [http://blog.rocesfamily.com/2005/11/today-is-all-saints-day.html Cemeteries are a time capsule of RP history, culture]
• [https://tulay.ph/2020/10/30/architecture-of-the-manila-chinese-cemetery/ Architecture of Manila Chinese Cemetery]
• {{commonscat-inline}}

{{Manila cemeteries}}

{{Manila landmarks}}

Category:Chinese cemeteries

Category:Cemeteries in Metro Manila

Category:Landmarks in the Philippines

Category:Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz, Manila