Mano (gesture)

File:Core Value.JPG commemorating the {{lang|tl|mano po}} gesture]]

{{quote|"Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos. Chapter XVI.

...As among them it is not courtesy to remain standing before a person whom they respect, they seat themselves upon the ground, or rather on their heel-bones. Seated in this way, with head uncovered and the potong thrown like a towel over the left shoulder, they talk with their superiors. The mode of salutation upon entering or meeting anyone is as follows: They draw the body together and make a low reverence, raising one or both hands to the face, and placing them upon the cheeks; they next sit down waiting for the question that may be put to them, for it is considered bad manners to speak before one is spoken to..." — Fr. Pedro Chirino, Relacion de Islas Filipinas {{cite book |title= The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 | volume=12 | last=Blair | first=Emma | year=1906 | publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15022/15022.txt}}|author=Edited by Emma H. Blair and James A. Robertson|title="The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume XII" (1904)}}

{{quote|"422. The natives of these islands employ innumerable other elegancies and courtesies, now in actions, now in words, now in names and titles, which they apply to themselves; these are various according to the difference of the provinces, and are too numerous to mention, for they are ceremonial, and they value their ceremonies highly. No one will pass in front of another, without asking permission, and in order to pass, he doubles the whole body with the most profound bow, at the same time lifting one foot in the air, and doubling the knee and lifting both hands to the face. If one has to talk to any person of higher rank, he shows all reverence and squats down [pone en cuclillas], with raised face, and waits thus, until he is asked his reason for coming; for to speak without being questioned would be a point of bad breeding." — Fr. Juan de San Antonio, Cronicas (1738){{cite book |title= The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 | volume=40| last=Blair | first=Emma | year=1906 | publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30253/30253-h/30253-h.htm#xd0e4848src}}|author=Edited by Emma H. Blair and James A. Robertson|title="The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume XL" (1906)|source=Chapter XLI}}

{{further|Hand-kissing}}The custom of mano, although the name itself originates from Spanish, actually dates from pre-colonial times. As a result later on to modern times, Filipinos adopted this tradition as a sign of respect to one’s elders through the “mano”, lit. 'hand' in Spanish.{{Cite web |last=Mariano |first=Milbert |date=1997 |title=The Filipino Ritual of Showing Respect to Elders by the Salutation of the Mano |url=http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Milbert_Mariano/MANO/origins.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325114758/http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Milbert_Mariano/MANO/origins.html |archive-date=March 25, 2014}} A similar custom is also followed by neighboring countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. In these countries, however, the custom is called salim originating from Arabic. Salim is also done in the family to respect elder family members and relatives. Salim is also a normal gesture done in traditional Islamic society to respect the ulama (religious elite/scholars).{{Cite web| url=https://asiancustoms.eu/greetings-in-indonesia/ | title=Greetings in Indonesia | date=May 6, 2016 | website=asiancustoms.eu | language=en-US | access-date=March 7, 2019}}

File:NationalConsecrationtotheImmaculateHeartofMaryjf0001 11.JPG Luis Antonio Tagle extending a {{lang|tl|mano}} gesture to a member of the congregation after mass at the San Fernando de Dilao Church]]

In today's Philippine setting, the mano is still used by Filipinos as a sign of respect to their elders. It is usually done when the elder is seen for the first time in the day or upon entering a house or gathering. There is no age limit for the usage of the mano, but it is usually practiced on those older by at least one generation. So it applies to parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents; but not older cousins or siblings.

By offering your hand to mano, you are allowing yourself to be subservient to the elder to accept their blessing and wisdom. It is considered impolite if one does not exercise the custom of pagmamano when entering the home of an elder or after seeing them at a gathering.{{cite journal| last=Cafe | first=D. P. | date=2022 | title=The Transcultural Identity of Japanese-Filipino Children in Tokyo, Japan | journal=International Journal of Social Science Research and Review | volume=5 | issue=10 | pages=93–110 | doi=10.47814/ijssrr.v5i10.565 | s2cid=252886610 | doi-access=free }}

The respect for elders stems from the high value of family in Filipino culture. Filipinos are loyal to their family, such that the elderly live in the homes of their children or/and grandchildren to be taken care of, and the nursing home business is almost nonexistent in the Philippines. By having the elderly live at home, you are respecting their value in the family.{{cite web| url=http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_culture/common_family_traits.html | title=Philippine Culture – Common Family Traits | website=Philippinecountry.com | access-date=May 19, 2016}}{{cite web| url=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/philippines/pro-family_customs.htm | title=Filipino Family Customs | website=Asianinfo.org |access-date=May 19, 2016}}

Though the mano po gesture is usually practiced on one's parents, grandparents, uncles, and aunts, it is not restricted to one’s relatives. Godparents are often greeted this way as well. During foreign Latin Occupation times, Catholic priests were also greeted like this, alongside the European practice of hand-kissing, and this still continues today often after a Catholic Mass, though the latter has fallen out of use.

The reason why Filipinos mano elders although they are not necessarily a relative is due to the value of family. Filipinos call older non-relatives "grandfather/mother, aunt, uncle, etc." even when they are not actually related in this way. By addressing elders in this way, you are acknowledging their age and the respect you need to show them. It is considered to be disrespectful to call an elder just by their first name, typical to the rest of Asian societies. Filipinos treat friends and acquaintances like family.{{cite book| last=Castañeda | first=F. R. | date=2007 | chapter=Filipinos in Spain | title=In de Olde Worlde: Views of Filipino Migrants in Europe | page=283 | editor-first=Filomenita Mongaya | editor-last=Hoegsholm | location=Quezon City | publisher=Philippine Social Science Council and Philippine Migration Research Network | url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8a070327a32cc211bda471099e38fc87bff125f9#page=282 | accessdate=February 2, 2023 }}

The mano po gesture is usually followed by a response of "God bless you" or "May the Lord have mercy on you" by the elder; the sign of the cross may be made over the recipient. The latter response of "May the Lord have mercy on you" is used when the pagmamano is performed with both hands to ask for an elder's pardon and forgiveness. With both hands, the younger person takes the elder's hands and lifts them to the forehead to formally ask forgiveness for an offence. This may be done while kneeling and weeping and is the highest form of the pagmamano.{{cite web| last=Chupungco | first=Anscar J. | date=2003 | title=Inculturation of Worship: Forty Years of Progress and Tradition | website=scholar.valpo.edu | publisher=Valparaiso University | url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=ils_papers | accessdate=February 2, 2023 }}

The beso is a common greeting in the Philippines similar to the mano. The beso-beso is a cheek-to-cheek kiss. The beso is more commonly used amongst the upper classes as a greeting to relatives and close friends, but is not reserved for an older person unlike the mano.{{Cite journal| last=Garvida | first=M. M. | date=2013 | title="Conyo talk": the affirmation of hybrid identity and power in contemporary Philippine discourse | journal=Lingue e Linguaggi | volume=8 | pages=23–34 }}

Similar to the mano po gesture, po and opo are also distinctly Filipino ways of showing respect to one's elders.{{cite web| url=http://www.english-to-tagalog.com/Filipino-values.html | title=Filipino values and concepts | website=English-to-tagalog.com | access-date=May 19, 2016}} The po is usually affixed to the end of sentences or phrases when one is addressing someone older than him or her. For example, paumanhin in Filipino means sorry. To an elder, one would say paumanhin po, The word po alone has origins as a respectful honorific but in contemporary times, it does not carry its past implications anymore besides its contemporary meaning to add formality as a sign of respect. This is why it is always affixed to mano (as mano po) when one is requesting the blessing of an elder.{{cite web| url=http://www.filipinoplanet.com/filipino-traditions.html | title=Filipino Traditions and Customs | website=FilipinoPlanet.com | access-date=January 6, 2014 }}

• Filipino values
• Philippine kinship
• Filipino styles and honorifics

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Commons category inline}}

{{Gestures}}

Category:Philippine traditions

Category:Tagalog words and phrases

Category:Gestures of respect

Category:Greetings