Mapai

{{Infobox political party

| colorcode = {{party color|Mapai}}

| name = Workers' Party of the Land of Israel

| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Script/Hebrew|מפלגת פועלי ארץ ישראל}}}}

| logo = Mapaisymbol.svg

| logo_size = 90px

| leader = {{nowrap|David Ben-Gurion (1930–54)}}
Moshe Sharett (1954–55)
David Ben-Gurion (1955–63)
Levi Eshkol (1963–68)

| leader1_title = Founders

| leader1_name = David Ben-Gurion
Yosef Sprinzak

| foundation = {{Start date|1930|1|5|df=y}}

| dissolution = {{End date|1968|1|23|df=y}}

| merger = Ahdut HaAvoda
Hapoel Hatzair

| merged = Israeli Labor Party

| headquarters = Tel Aviv, Israel

| newspaper = Davar

| ideology = Labor Zionism
Social democracy{{cite book |editor1-last=Shafir |editor1-first=Gershon |editor2-last=Peled |editor2-first=Yoav |title=The New Israel: Peacemaking And Liberalization |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429964718 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rf7EDwAAQBAJ&q=mapai+israel+%22social+democracy%22&pg=PA85 |access-date=30 April 2020}}
Democratic socialism{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Clive A.|title=Soviet Jewish Aliyah, 1989–1992: Impact and Implications for Israel and the Middle East|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=61|quote=[...] Mapai, the democratic socialist party of David Ben Gurion.}}{{cite book |last1=Busky |first1=Donald F. |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275968861 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC&q=%22ben-gurion%22+%22democratic+socialism%22&pg=PA210 |access-date=30 April 2020}}

| position = Centre-left{{cite book|author=Sharon Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}} to left-wing{{cite news|title=Reshaping the Political Order in Israel, 1965–1967

|date=3 November 2018|work=JSTOR|quote=Israel’s two main left-wing parties, Mapai and Ahdut HaAvodah.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48563804}}

| national = Alignment (1965−1968)

| international = Socialist International

| affiliation1_title = Regional affiliation

| affiliation1 = Asian Socialist Conference

| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Mapai}}|border=darkgray}} Red

| symbol = File:Alef Hebrew Letter.png

| country = Israel

| seats1_title = Most MKs

| seats1 = {{nowrap|47 (1959)}}

}}

Mapai ({{langx|he|מַפָּא"י}}, an abbreviation for {{Script/Hebrew|מִפְלֶגֶת פּוֹעֲלֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}}, Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael, {{lit|Workers' Party of the Land of Israel}}) was a Labor Zionist and democratic socialist political party in Israel, and was the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the Israeli Labor Party in January 1968. During Mapai's time in office, a wide range of progressive reforms were carried out,{{Cite web|title=Beba Idelson|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/idelson-beba|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2011-06-17|title=National Labour Law Profile: The State of Israel|url=http://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/WCMS_158902/lang--en/index.htm|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.ilo.org|language=en}} as characterised by the establishment of a welfare state[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Israel_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Stra/HrGZBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+National+Insurance+Act+of+1953+and+the+Social+Welfare+Service+Law,+passed+by+the+Knesset+in+1958,&pg=PA114&printsec=frontcover Israel Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments By Inc Ibp, 2013, P.114] and new rights in the workplace.[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Golda_Meir/mtwtDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=In+spite+of+the+zeal+with+which+Golda+promoted+her+social+legislation,&pg=PT194&printsec=frontcover Golda Meir A Political Biography By Meron Medzini, 2017]

History

File:Pre-State_Zionist_Workers'_Parties_chart.png|chart of zionist workers parties|360px|right

rect 167 83 445 250 Hapoel Hatzair

rect 450 88 717 265 Non Partisans

rect 721 86 995 243 Poalei Zion

rect 152 316 373 502 HaPoel HaMizrachi

rect 552 328 884 512 Ahdut HaAvoda

rect 891 301 1111 534 Poalei Zion Left

rect 283 519 668 928 Mapai

rect 5 665 169 1432 HaOved HaTzioni

rect 697 747 918 953 Ahdut HaAvoda Movement

rect 755 977 959 1234 Ahdut HaAvoda Poalei ZIon

rect 775 1265 1136 1444 Mapam

rect 966 1023 1232 1217 HaShomer Hatzair Workers' Party

rect 1044 572 1228 766 HaShomer HaTzair

rect 942 769 1177 919 Socialist League of Palestine

rect 387 1275 734 1447 Mapai

rect 365 1260 174 1447 HaPoel HaMizrachi

rect 36 6 1225 81 Labor Zionism

desc bottom-left

The party was founded on 5 January 1930 by the merger of the Hapoel Hatzair founded by A. D. Gordon and the original Ahdut HaAvoda (founded in 1919 from the right, more moderate, wing of the Zionist socialist Poale Zion led by David Ben-Gurion). In the early 1920s, the Labor Zionist movement had founded the Histadrut Union, which dominated the Hebrew settlement economy and infrastructure, later making Mapai the dominant political faction in Zionist politics. It was also responsible for the founding of Hashomer and Haganah, the first two armed Jewish groups which secured the people and property of the new and emerging Jewish communities. By the early 1930s, Ben-Gurion had taken over the party, and had become de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine (known as the Yishuv). It was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1930 and 1940.{{Citation|last=Zielińska|first=Janina|title=Kowalski [Kowalski-Wierusz], Alfred(-Wierusz)|date=2003|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t047801|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t047801 |access-date=2021-02-26}}

The party was Jewish-only until the late 1960s, with a succession of satellite parties for Israeli Arabs, including the Democratic List of Nazareth, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Agriculture and Development, Progress and Work, Cooperation and Brotherhood, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Development. It supported the policy of subjecting Arab citizens to martial law, which included confining them to the towns of their residence, and allowing them to exit only with a permit granted by the Israeli authorities.{{cite book|last=Segev|first=Tom|title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East|year=2007|language=en|publisher=MacMillan|location=New York|page=68|isbn=9781429911672|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlqcITwEktEC&q=%22martial+law%22+arabs+israel&pg=PA67}}

Politics and government

File:Mapai (997009157405605171).jpg

File:9th Conference of Mapai (997009452009705171.jpg

Due to its role in emerging victorious and independent from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the party won large support in Israel's first elections in 1949, receiving 36% of the vote (well ahead of second-placed Mapam's 15%) and winning 46 of the 120 seats. Ben-Gurion became Prime Minister and formed a coalition with the United Religious Front, the Progressive Party, the Sephardim and Oriental Communities and the Democratic List of Nazareth (an Israeli Arab party associated with Mapai). A notable piece of legislation enacted during Mapai's first term in office was an educational law in 1949 which introduced compulsory schooling for all children between the ages of 5 and 14.{{Citation|title=The Ausführender – 45 rpm|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1183600724|oclc=1183600724|access-date=2021-02-26}} Mapai's years in office also witnessed the passage of the National Insurance Act of 1953 and the Social Welfare Service Law of 1958, which authorised a broad range of social welfare programmes, including special allowances for large families, workers' compensation provisions, maternity insurance, and old age and survivors' pensions.{{Cite web|title=Israel - Welfare|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6746.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.country-data.com}}

In the second elections in 1951 Mapai increased its vote share to 37% (and 47 seats) despite the country's economic problems. Ben-Gurion again formed the government with the support of Mizrachi, Hapoel HaMizrachi, Agudat Yisrael, Poalei Agudat Yisrael and the three Israeli Arab parties associated with Mapai, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Progress and Work and Agriculture and Development. However, he shocked the nation by resigning on 6 December 1953 in order to settle in the small Negev kibbutz of Sde Boker, and was replaced by Moshe Sharett.

The 1955 elections saw a drop in the party's support to 32% (and 40 seats), though still well ahead of the second-placed Herut (13%). Ben Gurion returned as Prime Minister, and formed a coalition with the National Religious Front (which later changed its name to the National Religious Party), Mapam, Ahdut HaAvoda, and the three Israeli Arab parties, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Progress and Work and Agriculture and Development. Later the Progressive Party was also added.

In contrast to the previous one, the 1959 election saw a surge in support, as the party recorded its best electoral performance, taking 38% of the vote and 47 seats. Ben-Gurion again invited the National Religious Party, Mapam, Ahdut HaAvoda, the Progressive Party and the three Israeli Arab parties, Progress and Development, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Agriculture and Development to form the coalition.

The inquiry into the Lavon Affair which brought down the government in 1961 probably contributed to the party's relatively poor performance in the elections in the same year, as it picked up only 35% of the vote and 42 seats. Although Ben-Gurion formed a strong coalition with the National Religious Party, Ahdut HaAvoda, Agudat Yisrael Workers, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Progress and Development, two events during the fifth Knesset led to Mapai's reducing dominance.

Firstly, Ben-Gurion resigned as head of the party citing personal reasons, though in reality he was upset at a perceived lack of support from colleagues. He set up a new party, Rafi, taking with him seven other Mapai members. Secondly, the two major right-wing opposition parties, Herut and the Liberal Party had merged into Gahal. This meant by the end of the Knesset session, Mapai had only 34 seats to Gahal's 27.

The party's response to the unprecedented strength of the opposition was to seek support from other parties with similar ideologies. The result was an alliance with Ahdut HaAvoda to form the Labor Alignment before the 1965 election. The new party received 37% of the vote and won 45 seats, and comfortably beat Gahal (26 seats). On 23 January 1968 Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi merged into the Israeli Labor Party and ceased to exist as individual entities.

Party leaders

=General Secretaries=

1930–1954 – David Ben-Gurion
1954–1955 – Moshe Sharett
1955–1963 – David Ben-Gurion
1963–1968 – Levi Eshkol

=Selection of party leaders=

Until 1963, the party had no formal rules to govern the selection of its leader. From the party's establishment, David Ben-Gurion was long the unchallenged leader of the party. Even in his brief 1954–1955 retirement (during which Moshe Sharett served as the official party leader), Ben-Gurion was still largely considered the de facto party boss. After Ben-Gurion retired again in 1963, informal consultations by the party's leading figures resulted in an informal consensus to appoint Levi Eshkol as leader, and this choice was ratified by the party's Central Committee. Soon after becoming party leader, Eshkol successfully pushed the party to amend its constitution to state that the party's candidate for the office of prime minister (its leader) would be selected by the party's Central Committee. Thus, when Ben-Gurion unsuccessfully attempted to retake party leadership in 1965, there was a formal leadership election held by a vote of the party's Central Committee. {{cite journal |last1=Kenig |first1=Ofer |title=Democratizing Party Leadership Selection in Israel: A Balance Sheet |journal=Israel Studies Forum |date=2009 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=62–81 |jstor=41805011 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41805011 |access-date=25 January 2022 |issn=1557-2455}}