Mars flyby

One application of a Mars flyby is for a human mission, where after landing and staying on the surface for some time the ascent stage has a space rendezvous with another, uncrewed spacecraft, that was launched separately from Earth, flying by. This would mean the ascent stage of the lander to reach the speed necessary equal to that of the spacecraft flying by, but the resources needed for Earth return would not have to enter or leave Mars orbit.{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/flem.html|title=Flyby-Landing Excursion Module (FLEM)|website=Astronautix|access-date=December 5, 2022}}

The spacecraft they live in on the journey to Mars does the flyby, but the crew separates and goes into a lander. The Excursion module's ascent stage must rejoin the main spacecraft before it gets too far away. An advantage is that the resources needed for Earth return don't have to enter and leave Mars orbit, but the ascent stage has to perform space rendezvous in solar orbit and the time on Mars is constrained by the need to this. Mars cyclers orbit the Sun in such a way as to pass by Mars and the Earth on regular intervals, performing Mars flybys on regular intervals. The crews would live on the stations during the interplanetary voyages. The concept for Flyby Excursion Landing Module is that a lander and flyby would separate in solar orbit, the lander would accelerate to get to Mars first, then land on Mars meanwhile the other segment does a Mars flyby, then the lander takes off and rendezvous with the flyby segment transferring the crew over.[https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2014/01/to-mars-by-flyby-landing-excursion-mode-flem-1966/ W.I.R.E.D.] (see also Mars Excursion Module (MEM))

Alternately, a flyby-only human mission is also possible, without detaching at Mars, but to slingshot around Mars and back to Earth.Washington Post, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/dennis-titos-mission-to-mars-launching-in-2018-for-the-children-and-to-beat-china/2013/02/27/4a4a98ce-8135-11e2-8074-b26a871b165a_story.html "Dennis Tito's mission to Mars: Launching in 2018 for the children (and to beat China)"], Brian Vastag, 27 February 2013

File:Rosetta’s self-portrait at Mars (12743274474).jpg{{'}}s ROLIS camera of Rosetta and Mars in February 2007]]

In July 1965, Mariner 4 achieved a flyby of Mars with a return of data, providing the public and scientists with dramatically closer images of Mars.{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.pss.2015.06.017 | bibcode=2015P&SS..117..207S | volume=117 | title=On the status of orbital high-resolution repeat imaging of Mars for the observation of dynamic surface processes | year=2015 | journal=Planetary and Space Science | pages=207–222 | last1 = Sidiropoulos | first1 = P. | last2 = Muller | first2 = J.-P.| url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1472609/1/1-s2.0-S0032063315001956-main.pdf | doi-access=free }} During the flyby Mariner 4 took 21 pictures amounting to about 1% of the surface of Mars. Mars was not globally mapped until the Mariner 9 orbiter, which over the course of 1972 to 1973 took thousands of images up to 100m a pixel. Observations from optical ground-based Earth telescopes have to peer through the atmosphere which blurs images, typically limiting them to resolving features about {{convert|300|km|mile|sp=us}} across even when Earth and Mars are closest.{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/redplanet2/slide_2.html|title=Slide 2 Earth Telescope View of Mars|publisher=Universities Space Research Association}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/redplanet2/index.shtml|title=The Red Planet: A Survey of Mars Second Edition|last1=Kiefer|first1=Walter S.|last2=Treiman|first2=Allan H.|last3=Clifford|first3=Stephen M.|publisher=Universities Space Research Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007082217/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/redplanet2/index.shtml|archive-date=7 October 2022|url-status=live}}

In October 1999, Deep Space 1 made observations of Mars after its flyby of asteroid Braille.{{cite web|url=http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/pds/data/ds1-a_c-spice-6-v1.0/ds1sp_1000/catalog/mission.cat|title=Deep Space 1|publisher=Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events|date=30 April 2004}} Although this was a very distant flyby it did succeed in taking multiple infrared spectra with its MICAS instrument of the planet.

In 2018, Mars Cube One (MarCO), two flyby CubeSats to relay communication from InSight lander during its EDL were launched towards Mars with the cruise stage.{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0501-marco-cubesats-to-mars.html|title=MarCO: CubeSats to Mars!|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}} Both MarCOs reached Mars and successfully relayed data during the entry, descent, and landing phase of Insight on November 26, 2018.{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/42541-mars-insight-lander-success.html|title=Touchdown on Mars! NASA's InSight Lands to Peer Inside the Red Planet|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-11-26}}

File:Pickering-Johnson.jpg

File:Mariner 7 lift-off.jpg

• Mariner program spacecraft
• Mariner 4, mapped 1% of Mars with 21 images and returned other data.
• Mariner 6, and Mariner 7 returned data from Mars flybys, mapping about 20% of Mars more closely with a couple hundred images.
• Mars program spacecraft
• Two Mars flyby attempts were made in 1960 under Mars 1M (Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B).
• The third attempt at a Mars flyby was the Soviet Mars 2MV-4 No.1,{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|last=McDowell|first=Jonathan|publisher=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=29 July 2010}} also called Mars 1962A or Sputnik 22, which launched in 1962 as part of the Mars program.{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_mars.html |title=Russia's unmanned missions to Mars |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |publisher=RussianSpaecWeb |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720011556/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_mars.html |archive-date=20 July 2010 }} but it was destroyed in low Earth orbit due to rocket failure.{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/mars.htm|title=Mars|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=29 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208124224/http://www.astronautix.com/project/mars.htm|archive-date=8 December 2010}}
• Mars 1 also launched in 1962 but communications failed before it reached Mars.[http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html The Soviet Mars program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013211415/http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html |date=2013-10-13 }}, Professor Chris Mihos, Case Western Reserve University
• Mars 4 achieved a flyby in 1974 and detected a nightside ionosphere.
• Mars 6 and 7 were Mars landers carried by instrumented flyby buses.{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A|title=Mars 6|publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}

• Nozomi,{{Cite web |title=Nozomi |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410072315/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A |archive-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}} unintentional due to insertion failure. Flew by at about 1000 km.{{Cite web |title=Every mission to Mars ever |url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/every-mars-mission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230193116/http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-mars.html |archive-date=30 December 2018 |website=The Planetary Society}}
• Rosetta,[http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMWZ5CE8YE_0.html ESA - Rosetta successfully swings-by Mars], gravity assist to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Closest approach was 250 km.
• Dawn, gravity assist to Vesta and Ceres. Closest approach was 549 km.{{cite web | url = http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001755/ | title = Dawn Journal: Aiming away from a bull's eye at Mars| access-date=2010-03-21 | first = Marc D. | last = Rayman | publisher = The Planetary Society}}{{cite web | url =http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/090218-dawn-asteroid-mars.html | title = Asteroid-Bound Probe Zooms Past Mars | publisher = Space.com | first =Tariq | last= Malik | date = February 18, 2009| access-date=2010-03-21}}
• Mars Cube One, twin flyby relay communication CubeSats for InSight lander.
• Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera, imaged Tianwen-1 in deep space.
• Europa Clipper, gravity assist to Jupiter and Europa. Closest approach was 884 km.

• Hera, gravity assist in March 2025, en route to 65803 Didymos
• Psyche, gravity assist in May 2026, en route to 16 Psyche

• List of Earth flybys
• List of missions to Mars
• List of planetary flybys

{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618074919/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/marflyby.htm Astronautix - Mars flyby]
• [http://www.esa.int/images/MarsNACTwoColor_H,0.JPG Mars by Rosetta] [http://www.esa.int/images/AnnotatedNACT_H.jpg Annotated] [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMUDT70LYE_1.html#subhead2 ESA source]
• [http://petermasek.tripod.com/m67ex11.html Mariner 6 montage]
• [http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/Stunning_image_of_Rosetta_above_Mars_taken_by_the_Philae_lander_camera Rosetta view of Mars during swingby by its comet lander Philae]

{{Mars spacecraft}}

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Category:Exploration of Mars

Category:Spaceflight concepts

Category:Flybys