Martha Norelius

{{Infobox swimmer

| name = Martha Norelius

| image = Martha Norelius 1928.jpg

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption = Martha Norelius at 1928 Olympics

| fullname = Martha Maria Norelius

| nicknames =

| national_team = United States

| strokes = Freestyle

| club = Women's Swimming Association

| collegeteam =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|1|22|mf=y}}

| birth_place = Stockholm, Sweden

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|9|25|1909|1|22|mf=y}}

| death_place = St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.

| height =

| weight =

| medaltemplates =

}}

Martha Maria Norelius (January 22, 1909 – September 25, 1955) was a Swedish-born American competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder in five different freestyle swimming events.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/51140 |title=Martha Norelius |work=Olympedia |access-date=November 16, 2021}}

Biography

Norelius was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1909.Sports-Reference.com, Olympic Sports, Athletes, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417170059/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/no/martha-norelius-1.html Martha Norelius]. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Her father was Swedish Olympic swimmer Charles Norelius, who was also her swimming coach.

She was first recognized for her swimming and diving skills just after her seventh birthday, at an exhibition at the Greenbrier pool, where her father was a swimming instructor. He too had been an Olympic swimmer for Sweden and at the Summer Olympics 1912 in Stockholm offered a position in Florida to train the American swimming team. Daughter Martha became very good friends with top swimmer Johnny Weissmüller also trained by Marthas father Charles.{{cite news|title=White Sulphur|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045389/1916-01-30/ed-1/seq-37/|work=Richmond Times|date=January 30, 1916|location=Society - Fashions|page=7}} At the age of 15, she represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris."[https://www.newspapers.com/image/95114205/?terms=Martha%2BNorelius Olympic Swimmer Is Fifteen Years Old]," Oakland Tribune, p. 2D (August 17, 1924). Retrieved April 4, 2015. Norelius won the gold medal in the women's 400-meter freestyle in 1924, setting a new Olympic record (6:02.2), and edging fellow Americans Helen Wainwright (6:03.8) and Gertrude Ederle (6:04.8). Four years later, at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, she won two more gold medals. First, in individual competition, she won the women's 400-meter freestyle, breaking her own record with a new world mark of 5:42.8, and defeating Dutch swimmer Marie Braun by fifteen seconds. In the women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay event, Norelius and her American teammates Eleanor Garatti, Adelaide Lambert and Albina Osipowich, won the gold medal and set a new world record in the event semi-final, improving on the record in the event final with a time of 4:47.6.

Between 1925 and 1929, Norelius won eleven individual Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles and set at least 19 world and 30 American records. She remains the only woman to have received two Olympic back-to-back gold medals in the 400-meter freestyle.{{cite book|last1=Lohn|first1=John|title=Historical Dictionary of Competitive Swimming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWLKhp7HEkMC|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810867758|page=106}}

In 1929 she turned professional and won the ten-mile Wrigley Marathon in Toronto. There she met Canadian Olympic rower Joseph Wright Jr., and later married him on March 15, 1930. They had a daughter Diane born in February 1931.:File:Martha Norelius with daughter 1935.jpg, :File:Martha Norelius with daughter 1936.jpg[https://newspaperarchive.com/lowell-sun-nov-30-1932-p-37/ Lowell Sun Newspaper Archives] (November 30, 1932)

Norelius died in 1955, only 46 years old, following gall bladder surgery{{cite news|title=Former Olympics Champion Is Dead|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/71764435/?terms=%22Martha%2BNorelius%22|work=The Sedalia Democrat|publisher=Associated Press|date=September 27, 1955|page=10}} and was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery.{{cite web|title=Martha N. Brown Death Certificate|url=http://www.sos.mo.gov/images/archives/deathcerts/1955/1955_00030634.PDF|publisher=Division of Health of Missouri|date=October 7, 1955}} She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "honor swimmer" in 1967.

References

External links

{{Sports-Reference|no/martha-norelius-1}}
{{webarchive |title=Martha Norelius (USA) – Honor Swimmer profile at International Swimming Hall of Fame |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407111244/http://www.ishof.org/martha-norelius-(usa).html |date=April 7, 2015 }}

{{succession box

| before = Gertrude Ederle

| title = Women's 200-meter freestyle
world record-holder (long course)

| years = February 28, 1926 – March 6, 1930

| after = Helene Madison}}

{{succession box

| before = Gertrude Ederle

| title = Women's 400-meter freestyle
world record-holder (long course)

| years = January 23, 1927 – February 3, 1931

| after = Helene Madison}}

{{succession box

| before = Ethel McGary