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Maskelynes language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Maskelynes

| altname = Kuliviu / Uliveo

| region = Malekula

| state = Vanuatu

| speakers = 1,100

| date = 2001

| ref = e18

| familycolor = Austronesian

| fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian

| fam3 = Oceanic

| fam4 = Southern Oceanic

| fam5 = North-Central Vanuatu

| fam6 = Central Vanuatu

| fam7 = Malakula

| fam8 = Malakula Coastal

| iso3 = klv

| glotto = mask1242

| glottorefname = Maskelynes

| map = Lang Status 99-NE.svg

| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Maskelynes is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}

}}

Maskelynes ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|l|ɪ|n|s}}), or Kuliviu (Uliveo), is an Oceanic language spoken on the Maskelyne Islands off south Malekula, Vanuatu.

Phonology

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Labial

! rowspan="2" |Coronal

! rowspan="2" |Dorsal

plain

! {{small|labiovelarized}}

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|mʷ}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

rowspan="2" |Plosive

!{{small|unvoiced}}

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|pʷ}}

|{{IPA link|t̪}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

{{small|voiced}}

|ᵐb

|{{IPA link|ᵐbʷ}}

|ⁿd̪

|ᵑg

colspan="2" |Fricative

|{{IPA link|β}}

|{{IPA link|βʷ}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|x}}~{{IPA link|ɣ}}~{{IPA link|ʀ}}

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|{{IPA link|w}}

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

colspan="2" |Rhotic

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}~{{IPA link|ɾ}}

|

  • {{IPA|/ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg/}} are in free variation as unreleased {{IPA|[ᵐb̚, ⁿd̚, ᵑg̚]}} or unvoiced {{IPA|[p, t, k]}} word-finally or before a consonant{{sfn|Healey|2013|pp=14-15}}
  • {{IPA|/ᵑg/}} is also in free variation as nasal {{IPA|[ŋ]}} word-finally, especially among young speakers{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=15}}
  • {{IPA|/ᵑg/}} is realized as a voiceless {{IPA|[k]}} among some speakers, especially young{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=15}}
  • {{IPA|/p, pʷ, t/}} are unreleased {{IPA|[p̚, p̚, t̚]}} word-finally or before a consonant (though {{IPA|/p/}} has never been recorded before a consonant){{sfn|Healey|2013|p=13}}
  • {{IPA|/mʷ, pʷ, ᵐbʷ, βʷ/}} lose their labialization word-finally when not followed by a vowel and before {{IPA|/o, u/}}{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=19}}
  • {{IPA|/ᵐbʷ/}} is in free variation as trilled {{IPA|[ᵐʙ]}} (tapped {{IPA|[ᵐⱱ̟]}} in Peskarus) before {{IPA|/u/}} and sometimes before {{IPA|/ə/}}{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=15}}
  • {{IPA|/βʷ/}} is {{IPA|[β]}} before voiced consonants{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=17}}
  • {{IPA|/β, βʷ/}} are [{{IPA link|ɸ}}] before voiceless consonants and word-finally{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=17}}
  • {{IPA|/β/}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[ɸ]}} for some speakers{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=17}}
  • {{IPA|/w, j/}} are vocalic {{IPA|[u, i]}} when in nucleus following {{IPA|/e, a, o/}}{{sfn|Healey|2013|pp=18-19}}

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}} ({{IPA link|u̥}})

Mid

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|o}}

Open

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɑ}}

  • {{IPA|/i/}} is near-close {{IPA|[ɪ]}} between front consonants{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=20}}
  • {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is close-mid {{IPA|[e]}} word-finally{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=20}}
  • {{IPA|/ə/}} is {{IPA|[ɵ]}} after labiovelarized consonants or before {{IPA|/xu̥/}}{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=20}}
  • {{IPA|/əj, əw/}} are realised as single morphemes, {{IPA|[i, u]}}{{sfn|Healey|2013|pp=18-19}}
  • {{IPA|/u/}} is realised as front {{IPA|[y]}} between front consonants, and near-close {{IPA|[ʊ]}} when proceeded or preceded by back consonants{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=21}}
  • {{IPA|/o/}} is front {{IPA|[ø]}} between front consonants{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=21}}

==Voiceless vowel==

A voiceless {{IPA|[u̥]}} occurs at the ends of words. It is uncertain if it is an allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} or a separate phoneme{{sfn|Healey|2013|pp=24-25}}

=Phonotactics=

Possible syllable structures in Maskelynes: (C/S)V(S)(C){{sfn|Healey|2013|p=25}}

Orthography

class="wikitable"

|+ Maskelynes alphabet

align=center

!Letter

|a

|b

|b̃

|d

|e

|ǝ

|g

|h

|i

|k

|l

|m

|m̃

|n

|ŋ

|o

|p

|p̃

|r

|s

|t

|u

|w

|v

|ṽ

|w/u

|y/i

align=center

!IPA

|{{IPA link|ɑ}}

|{{IPA link|ᵐb}}

|{{IPA link|ᵐbʷ}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd̪}}

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

|{{IPA link|x}}

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|mʷ}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|{{IPA link|o}}

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|pʷ}}

|{{IPA link|r}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|t̪}}

|{{IPA link|u}}

|{{IPA link|u̥}}

|{{IPA link|β}}

|{{IPA link|βʷ}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

Grammar

=Verbs=

The verbs of Maskelynes are agglutinative, mostly being modified by prefixes, though the stem of a verb can stand on its own. These prefixes encode for, in order of appearance in verb: 1. tense-aspect-modes; 2. subject, person and number; 3. various modes, including realis and irrealis; 4. two tense-modes; 5. reduplication. The object of a sentence is encoded by a suffix.{{sfn|Healey|2013|loc=Section 8.1: Verb morphology}}

Examples of verbal agglutination:{{sfn|Healey|2013|p=181}}

{{interlinear|indent=3

|sa-g-e-mun-i

|PROH-2SG.SUBJ-IRR-drink-3SG.OBJ

|Don't you drink it.

|lang=klv}}

{{interlinear|indent=3

|go-to-madha-mun-mun-i

|2SG.SUBJ-REL-IMM.PST-ITER~drink-3SG.OBJ

|You who just now kept drinking it

|lang=klv}}

==Reduplication==

Reduplication in Maskelynes has various usages, and can encode for e.g. plurality, habituality, iterative aspect, etc.{{sfn|Healey|2013|loc=section 8.5: Reduplication}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.language-archives.org/language/klv Resources in and about the Maskelynes language] at OLAC
  • Paradisec has [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=klv a number of collections that include Maskelynes language materials]
  • [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maskelynes.htm Maskelynes (Kuliviu)] at Omniglot

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite thesis |last=Healey |first=David S. |date=2013 |title=A GRAMMAR OF MASKELYNES: THE LANGUAGE OF ULUVEU ISLAND, VANUATU |type=PhD |publisher=University of the South Pacific |url=http://www.uspaquatic.library.usp.ac.fj/gsdl/collect/usplibr1/index/assoc/HASH3017.dir/doc.pdf |access-date=2020-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531090432/http://digilib.library.usp.ac.fj/gsdl/collect/usplibr1/index/assoc/HASH3017.dir/doc.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-31 |url-status=live}}

{{refend}}

{{Languages of Vanuatu}}

{{Southern Oceanic languages}}

{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

Category:Malekula languages

Category:Languages of Vanuatu