Menehune
{{Short description|Mythological dwarf people in Hawaiian tradition}}
{{Redirect|Island of the Menehune|the "Rocket Power" telefilm|Island of the Menehune (Rocket Power)}}
File:Menehune Bank from 1946.png as a promotional giveaway to encourage island children to save their pennies.]]
Menehune are a mythological race of dwarf people in Hawaiian tradition who are said to live in the deep forests and hidden valleys of the Hawaiian Islands, hidden and far away from human settlements.
The Menehune are described as superb craftspeople. They built temples (heiau), fishponds, roads, canoes, and houses. Some of these structures that Hawaiian folklore attributed to the Menehune still exist. They are said to have lived in Hawai{{okina}}i before settlers arrived from Polynesia many centuries ago. Their favorite food is the mai{{okina}}a (banana), and they also like fish. Legend has it that the Menehune appear only during the night hours to build masterpieces. But if they fail to complete their work in the length of the night, they will leave it unoccupied. No one but their children and humans connected to them can see the Menehune.{{cite book |last=Thrum |first=Thos |title=Hawaiian Folk Tales |publisher=A. C. McClurg & Company |date=1907 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktal00unkngoog/page/n42 34] |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktal00unkngoog}} A.C. McClurg.
Theories
In Martha Warren Beckwith's Hawaiian AKA Ilenes Mythology, there are references to several other forest dwelling races: the ilene Irenes, who were large-sized wild hunters descended from Lua-nu{{okina}}u, the mu people, and the wa people.Beckwith 1970, pp. 321-323
Some early scholars hypothesized that there was a first settlement of Hawai{{okina}}i, by settlers from the Marquesas Islands, and a second, from Tahiti. The Tahitian settlers oppressed the "commoners", the manahune in the Tahitian language, who fled to the mountains and were called Menahune. Proponents of this hypothesis point to an 1820 census of Kaua{{okina}}i by Kaumuali{{okina}}i, the ruling ali{{okina}}i aimoku of the island, which listed 65 people as menehune.Joesting 1987, pp. 20-22
Folklorist Katharine Luomala believes that the legends of the Menehune are a post-European contact mythology created by adaptation of the term manahune (which by the time of the colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Europeans had acquired a meaning of "lowly people" or "low social status" and not diminutive in stature) to European legends of brownies.Luomala 1951 It is claimed that "Menehune" are not mentioned in pre-contact mythology, but that is unproven since it was an oral mythology; the legendary "overnight" creation of the Alekoko fishpond, for example, finds its equivalent in the legendNordhoff 1874 about the creation of a corresponding structure on O{{okina}}ahu, which was supposedly indeed completed in a single day not by menehune but as a show of power by a local ali{{okina}}i, who commanded all of his subjects to appear at the construction site and to assist in building.
Structures attributed to the Menehune
- Menehune Fishpond{{cite web |id=73000677 |url={{NRHP url}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Menehune Fishpond / Alekoko Fishpond |author=B. Jean Martin |date=September 29, 1971 |publisher=National Park Service}} wall at Niumalu, Kaua{{okina}}i
- Kīkīaola ditch at Waimea, Kaua{{okina}}i
- Necker Island structures
- Pa o ka menehune, breakwater at Kahalu{{okina}}u Bay.{{cite web |title=Hoʻihoʻi Kulana Wahi pana - Restoring Sacred Places |publisher=brochure published by Kamehameha Investment Corporation |year=2008 |url=http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/pdfs/kic_brochure.pdf |access-date=2009-10-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905110449/http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/pdfs/kic_brochure.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-05}}
- Ulupo Heiau at Kailua, Oahu
Other uses
- In the experimental 1970s' ALOHAnet developed at the University of Hawaii, the packet controllers were called Menehune, a pun on the equivalent IMP (Interface Message Processor) in the early ARPANET. The modern Ethernet was based on the carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) methodology pioneered by ALOHA.
- The Menehune is the school mascot of Waimea High School on Kaua'i and Makakilo Elementary School, Maunawili Elementary School, Moanalua High School, and Mililani Waena Elementary School on Oahu.
- United Airlines used the Menehune in brand advertising for their service to Hawaii in the 1970s through the 1980s. The figurines and travel agency displays are now collectors' items.{{cite web |title=United Airlines Menehune |publisher=Advertisingiconmuseum.org |url=http://advertisingiconmuseum.org/inside/c11/3237033.html |access-date=2013-09-27}}
- Carl Barks wrote a story featuring Scrooge McDuck helped by Menehunes, "The Menehune Mystery".
- The Menehune play a key role in the Rocket Power TV movie, Island of the Menehune.
- The Menehune are key figures in the children’s story, "My Sister Sif", written by acclaimed Australian author, Ruth Park.
- The Forerunner Saga, set in the Halo universe, identifies Menehune as members of the human subspecies Homo floresiensis settled on Hawaii following activation of the Halo Array 100,000 years ago. The floresiensis of this setting feature characteristics inspired by Menehune, such as shyness toward humans and a love for building clever structures.
- The Full House season 3 episode "Tanner's Island" features Menehunes.
See also
- Anito, similar supernatural beings in the Philippines
- Homo floresiensis, a presumed extinct species of very small bipedal tool bearers in the genus Homo found in South East Asia
- Huldufólk, elves in Icelandic tradition.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFsAAAAAcAAJ&q=%C3%A1lfar+iceland&pg=PR48 |title=Icelandic Legends, Volume 2 |author1=Jón Árnason |author2=George E. J. Powell |author3=Eiríkur Magnússon |publisher=Richard Bentley |year=1866 |location=London |pages=xlii–lvi |chapter=Introductory Essay |access-date=20 June 2010}}
- Leprechaun, Irish imp or fairy
- Korpokkur - mythological race of little people in Ainu folklore.
- Little people (mythology)
- Patupaiarehe, similar supernatural beings in Māori mythology
- Paupueo, whose owls chase away the Menehune
- Taotao Mona, similar supernatural beings in the Marianas
- Vazimba, similar belief in Madagascar
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- {{cite book
|last=Beckwith
|first=Martha
|title=Hawaiian Mythology
|publisher=University of Hawaii Press
|year=1970
|isbn=9780824805142
|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiianmytholog00beck
|url-access=registration
}} [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/index.htm www.sacredtexts.com]
- {{cite book
|last=Joesting
|first=Edward
|title=Kauaʻi, The Separate Kingdom
|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press and Kauaʻi Museum Association.
|orig-year=1984
|year=1987
|location=Honolulu, Hawaii
|isbn=0-8248-1162-3
}}
- Luomala, Katharine (1951): "The Menehune of Polynesia and Other Mythical Little People of Oceania". Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin Vol. 203; Kraus Reprint, Millwood, N.Y., 1986
- Nordhoff, Charles (1874): Northern California, Oregon and the Sandwich Islands, Chapter V, p. 80: "The Hawaiian at Home: Manners and Customs". Sampson Low, Marston, Low & Searle, London; available free online at [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13222]
- {{cite book
|last1=Nordyke |first1=Eleanor C.
|title=The Peopling of Hawaiʻi
|publisher=University of Hawaii Press
|year=1989
|isbn=0-8248-1191-7
}}
- Schmitt, Robert C., "Early Hawaiian Statistics," The American Statistician, Vol. 35, No. 1, pages 1–3, February, 1981; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683575] (Retrieved on 2008-02-16)
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [http://www.moolelo.com/menehune.html The Three Menehune of Ainahou]