Menkaure#Valley Temple

{{see also|Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}

Menkaure was the son of Khafre and the grandson of Khufu. A flint knife found in the mortuary temple of Menkaure mentioned a king's mother Khamerernebty I, suggesting that Khafre and this queen were the parents of Menkaure. Menkaure is thought to have had at least two wives.

Queen Khamerernebty II is the daughter of Khamerernebty I and the mother of a king's son Khuenre. The location of Khuenre's tomb suggests that he was a son of Menkaure, making his mother the wife of this king.Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, p13-14 {{ISBN|978-0-9547218-9-3}}Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. {{ISBN|0-500-05145-3}}

• Khuenre: Menkaure was not succeeded by Prince Khuenre, likely his eldest son, who predeceased Menkaure, but rather by Shepseskaf, a younger son of this king.Clayton, pp.57-58

Queen Rekhetre is known to have been a daughter of Khafre and as such the most likely identity of her husband is Menkaure.

Its possible that Menkaure had other children, but no mothers have been identified.

• Shepseskaf (died c. 2498 BC): The successor to Menkaure and likely his son.

• Sekhemre: Known from a statue and possibly a son of Menkaure.

• A daughter who died in early adulthood is mentioned by Herodotus. She was placed at a decorated hall of the palatial area at Sais, in a hollow gold layered wooden zoomorphic burial feature in the shape of a kneeling cow covered externally with a layer of red decoration except the neck area and the horns that were covered with adequate layers of gold.Herodotus, Historia, B:129-132
• Khentkaus I: possible daughter of MenkaureHassan, Selim: Excavations at Gîza IV. 1932–1933. Cairo: Government Press, Bulâq, 1930. pp 18-62

The royal court included several of Menkaure's half brothers. His brothers Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Nikaure, and Iunmin served as viziers during the reign of their brother. His brother Sekhemkare may have been younger than he was and became vizier after the death of Menkaure.Porter, Bertha and Moss, Rosalind, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings Volume III: Memphis, Part I Abu Rawash to Abusir. 2nd edition (revised and augmented by Dr Jaromir Malek, 1974). Retrieved from gizapyramids.org

Image:Menkaura.jpg (left) and the personification of the nome of Sesheshet (right). Graywacke statue in Cairo Museum.]]

The length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. The ancient historian Manetho credits him with a reign of 63 years, but this is surely an exaggeration. The Turin King List is damaged at the spot where it should present the full sum of years, but the remains allow a reconstruction of "..?.. + 8  years of rulership". Egyptologists think that 18-year reign was meant to be written, which is generally accepted. A contemporary workmen's graffito reports about the "year after the 11th cattle count". If the cattle count was held every second year (as was tradition at least up to king Sneferu), Menkaure might have ruled for 22 years.Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology. In: Archiv Orientální, Vol. 69. Prague 2001, page 363–418.

In 2013, a fragment of the sphinx of Menkaure was discovered at Tel Hazor at the entrance to the city palace.[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130709115209.htm Ancient Egyptian leader makes a surprise appearance at an archaeological dig in Israel] July 9, 2013, sciencedaily.com

{{main|Pyramid of Menkaure}}

Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called Netjer-er-Menkaure, meaning "Menkaure is Divine". This pyramid is the smallest of the three main pyramids at Giza. This pyramid measures {{convert|103.4|m|abbr=on}} at the base and {{convert|65.5|m|abbr=on}} in height.{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 2012|year=2011|isbn=978-1-904994-68-8|pages=194}} There are three subsidiary pyramids associated with Menkaure's pyramid.

These other pyramids are sometimes labeled G-IIIa (East subsidiary pyramid), G-IIIb (Middle subsidiary pyramid) and G-IIIc (West subsidiary pyramid). In the chapel associated with G-IIIa a statue of a queen was found. It is possible that these pyramids were meant for the queens of Khafre. It may be that Khamerernebti II was buried in one of the pyramids.

The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure that was enlarged in the fifth or sixth Dynasty. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his queen and Menkaure with several deities. A partial list includes:

• Nome triad, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus. 09.200.
• Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Theban nome-god standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40678.)
• Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Jackal-nome goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40679.)
• Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Bat-fetish nome -goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 46499.)
• Nome triad, King, Hathor, and nome-god standing, greywacke. (Middle part in Boston Mus. 11.3147, head of King in Brussels, Mus. Roy. E. 3074.)
• Double-statue,’ King and wife (Khamerernebty II) standing, uninscribed, greywacke. (Now in Boston Mus. 11.1738.)
• King seated, life-size, fragmentary, alabaster. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40703.)
• King seated, lower part, inscribed seat, alabaster. (Now in Boston Mus. 09.202)

At his mortuary temple more statues and statue fragments were found. An interesting find is a fragment of a wand from Queen Khamerernebty I. The piece is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Khamerernebti is given the title King's Mother on the fragment.

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In 1837, English army officer Richard William Howard Vyse, and engineer John Shae Perring began excavations within the pyramid of Menkaure. In the main burial chamber of the pyramid they found a large stone sarcophagus {{convert|8|ft|0|in|cm}} long, {{convert|3|ft|0|in|cm}} in width, and {{convert|2|ft|11|in|cm}} in height, made of basalt. The sarcophagus was not inscribed with hieroglyphs although it was decorated in the style of palace facade. Adjacent to the burial chamber were found wooden fragments of a coffin bearing the name of Menkaure and a partial skeleton wrapped in a coarse cloth. The sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and was sent by ship to the British Museum in London, but the merchant ship Beatrice carrying it was lost after leaving port at Malta on October 13, 1838. The other materials were sent by a separate ship, and those materials now reside at the museum, with the remains of the wooden coffin case on display.

It is now thought that the coffin was a replacement made during the much later Saite period, nearly two millennia after the king's original interment. Radiocarbon dating of the bone fragments that were found, place them at an even later date, from the Coptic period in the first centuries AD.Boughton, Paul "Menkaura's Anthropoid Coffin: A Case of Mistaken Identity?" Ancient Egypt. August/September 2006. p.30-32.

According to Herodotus (430 BC), Menkaure was the son of Khufu (Greek Cheops), and he alleviated the suffering his father's reign had caused the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Herodotus adds that he suffered much misfortune: his only daughter, whose corpse was interred in a wooden bull (which Herodotus claims survived to his lifetime), died before him. Subsequently the oracle at Buto predicted he would only rule six more years.

{{quote|The king deemed this unjust, and sent back to the oracle a message of reproach, blaming the god: why must he die so soon who was pious, whereas his father and his uncle had lived long, who shut up the temples, and regarded not the gods, and destroyed men? But a second utterance from the place of divination declared to him that his good deeds were the very cause of shortening his life; for he had done what was contrary to fate; Egypt should have been afflicted for an hundred and fifty years, whereof the two kings before him had been aware, but not Mycerinus. Hearing this, he knew that his doom was fixed. Therefore he caused many lamps to be made, and would light these at nightfall and drink and make merry; by day or night he never ceased from revelling, roaming to the marsh country and the groves and wherever he heard of the likeliest places of pleasure. Thus he planned, that by turning night into day he might make his six years into twelve and so prove the oracle false.Herodotus, Histories, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/2B*.html#129 2.129-133]}}

• Menkaure was the subject of a poem by the nineteenth century English poet Matthew Arnold, entitled "Mycerinus".
• Menkaure, using the Greek version of his name, Mencheres, is a major character in the Night Huntress series of books by Jeaniene Frost, depicted as an extremely old and powerful vampire living in modern times. He is a protagonist of one book in the series.

File:Seal Impression with Name of King Menkaure LACMA M.80.202.837.jpg|Seal Impression with Name of King Menkaure LACMA M.80.202.837

File:Menkaura-ColossalStatue MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Colossal alabaster statue of Menkaure at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (possibly a usurped statue of Khafre)

File:MenkauraAndQueen MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Greywacke statue of Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty II at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Egypt.Giza.Menkaure.01.jpg|Menkaure's Pyramid in Giza.

File:Menkaura-FragmentaryTriad MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Fragmentary statue triad of Menkaure flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a male nome god (right), Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Pharaoh Menhaure triad statue, Caire-Musée.jpg|Menkaure alongside Hathor and the nome goddess Anput

File:Menkaura-FragmentarySeatedStatue MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Fragmentary alabaster statue of Menkaure at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Menkaura-FragmentaryStatueTorso MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Fragmentary alabaster statue of Menkaure at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Menkaura-FragmentaryStatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Fragmentary alabaster statue head of believed to depict either Menkaure{{cite web |title=Head of King Menkaure (Mycerinus) |website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/138427/head-of-king-menkaura-mycerinus?ctx=945fc6e6-a160-4542-bca0-74f0fa384d76&idx=10 |id=Catalog number 09.203}} or Shepseskaf{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=William|author-link=William C. Hayes|year=1978|title=The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/The_Scepter_of_Egypt_Vol_1_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_End_of_the_Middle_Kingdom|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|oclc=7427345 |page=108}} at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Mykerinos CG 42.jpg|Statuette of Menkaure of uncertain provenance, now in the Egyptian Museum

File:Menkaura-AnthropoidCoffinFragment-Drawing1840.png|Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the king Menkaure made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840.

File:Basalt cylinder seal of pharaoh Menkaure, from Egypt, Old Kindom, 4th Dynasty, 2539-2511 BCE. Neues Museum, Berlin.jpg|Basalt cylinder seal of pharaoh Menkaure, from Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin

File:Greywacke Statue of Menkaure, Cairo Museum.jpg|Greywacke Statue of Menkaure flanked by Hathor and Anput, Cairo Museum 2023

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Menkaura}}

• [http://witcombe.sbc.edu/menkaure/menkaurediscovery.html Menkaure and His Queen] by Dr. Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe.
• [http://www.talkingpyramids.com/giza/pyramid-of-menkaure/ View photos, videos, current status and other information on the pyramid of Menkaure] at [http://www.talkingpyramids.com Talking Pyramids]

{{Pharaohs}}

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Category:26th-century BC pharaohs

Category:Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

Category:3rd-millennium BC births

Category:3rd-millennium BC deaths

Category:Khafre