Merz cabinet#Chancellor election

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The Union (CDU/CSU) with its Chancellor candidate Friedrich Merz emerged from 2025 German federal election as the strongest faction in the new Bundestag. However, the CDU/CSU needed coalition partners (as is usual in German politics) in order to form a majority government. The only possibility of forming a coalition with just one other party was a coalition with the SPD. Mathematically, a two-party coalition with the AfD, which is generally considered to be on the far right, would also have been possible; however, the CDU/CSU had ruled this out before the election.{{cite web |title=German Federal Election Results |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2025-german-election-results/ |work=Bloomberg |access-date=12 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228112649/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2025-german-election-results/|archive-date=28 February 2025|url-status=live}}

For the coalition negotations the CDU team included Friedrich Merz and other high-ranking officials such as CSU leader Markus Söder, CDU General Secretary Carsten Linnemann and CDU parliamentary group leader Thorsten Frei, CSU parliamentary group leader Alexander Dobrindt, the Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer, the deputy chairwoman of the CDU Karin Prien and CSU politician Dorothee Bär. The SPD delegation was made up of important personalities such as Defence Minister Boris Pistorius and Labour Minister Hubertus Heil, as well as the Secretary General Matthias Miersch, Bundestag President Bärbel Bas, the two Minister Presidents Manuela Schwesig and Anke Rehlinger, and the head of the SPD in North Rhine-Westphalia Achim Post.{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Sondierungen von Union und SPD sollen heute beginnen |trans-title=Exploratory talks between the CDU/CSU and SPD to begin today |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bundestagswahl/sondierungen-union-spd-freitag-100.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=Tagesschau |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227213731/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bundestagswahl/sondierungen-union-spd-freitag-100.html |archive-date=27 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Knackpunkte, Kabinett - der Weg zur Koalition |trans-title=Sticking points, cabinet - the road to coalition |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/sondierungen-union-spd-100.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=Tagesschau |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228151428/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/sondierungen-union-spd-100.html |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

Both sides had originally wanted the talks not to commence until 5 March, in view of the 2025 Hamburg state election on 2 March, as well as Carnival (peaking 3 March), which is very popular in some parts of Germany. Subsequently, however, Klingbeil and Merz agreed to an early start in their talks, so exploratory talks between the two parties began in Berlin on 28 February 2025, five days after the election. Merz had set himself the target of forming a coalition by Easter.{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Gespräche von Union und SPD starten schneller als erwartet |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bundestagswahl/sondierungen-union-spd-freitag-102.html |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=Tagesschau |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228084413/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bundestagswahl/sondierungen-union-spd-freitag-102.html |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

From the outset, there were differences of opinion between the CDU and SPD on the reform of the debt brake (which limited the German budget deficit to 0.35% of GDP per year), a possible tax reform, the minimum tax reform, the minimum wage, the citizen's income, immigration, and a new right to vote. On 9 April, both SPD and the CDU/CSU parliamentary groups had reached a coalition agreement to form a new cabinet under Friedrich Merz’s chancellorship. The coalition government would consist of 10 ministers from the CDU/CSU,{{efn|name=“CDSU”|7 Ministers from the CDU and 3 from CSU}} and 7 from SPD as per the agreement. Additionally, the Vice Chancellor would be nominated by the SPD among 7 of its ministers.{{Cite web|date=9 April 2025|title= Germany is back, says Merz, after sealing government deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2xxd4v6dzo.amp|access-date=12 April 2025|language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-coalition-deal-expected-around-midday-sources-say-2025-04-09/|title=Germany's Merz unveils coalition deal to spur growth, tackle migration|first1=Andreas|last1=Rinke|first2=Matthias|last2=Williams|publisher=Reuters|date=9 April 2025|accessdate=12 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410101023/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-coalition-deal-expected-around-midday-sources-say-2025-04-09/ |archive-date=10 April 2025|url-status=live}}

The Constitution (Basic Law) requires the President of Germany to propose a Chancellor to the President of the Bundestag for approval by an absolute majority of Bundestag members. Accordingly, after the party leaders of the CDU, CSU and SPD signed their coalition agreement on May 5, Frank-Walter Steinmeier officially proposed Friedrich Merz to Bundestag President Julia Klöckner for election as Chancellor, which was put to the vote the next day by secret ballot.{{Cite web |last=Bundespräsident, Federal President`s Office |date=2025-05-06 |title=Ernennung des Bundeskanzlers und des Bundeskabinetts |url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Berichte/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/2025/05/250506-Ernennung-BK-BReg.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Der Bundespräsident |language=de}}

Although the CDU/CSU and SPD had 328 of 630 members of the Bundestag, in the first round of voting Merz received only 310 votes, below the required 316. This is the first time this has happened in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. After the election result was announced, the session was interrupted.{{cite news |last1=Knoelle |first1=Kirsti |last2=Chambers |first2=Madeline |last3=Marsh |first3=Sarah |last4=Heine |first4=Friederike |name-list-style=and |date=6 May 2025 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Matthias |title=Germany's Merz fails to be elected chancellor in shock first-round vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/merz-fails-be-elected-chancellor-by-german-parliament-2025-05-06/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250506094121/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/merz-fails-be-elected-chancellor-by-german-parliament-2025-05-06/ |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=Reuters |location=Berlin}}{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Paul |last2=Parker |first2=Jessica |date=2025-05-06 |title=Germany's Merz wins vote for chancellor after surviving historic defeat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgp22zlrgko |url-status= |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Irina |date=2025-05-06 |title=Friedrich Merz mit 325 Stimmen zum Bundeskanzler gewählt |url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2025/kw19-de-kanzlerwahl-1062470 |url-status= |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-06 |title=Merz scheitert im ersten Wahlgang bei Kanzlerwahl |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/kanzlerwahl-merz-100.html |url-status= |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}

According to [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0296 Article 63 (3) of the Basic Law], the election of the Chancellor was now in the second phase: within a period of 14 days, i.e. until May 20, a quarter of the members of the Bundestag could nominate a candidate for election as Federal Chancellor. The number of ballots is not predetermined and is theoretically unlimited. If a candidate is elected in one of these ballots, the President must appoint him or her. If no new Federal Chancellor is elected within this period, a final election must be held "without delay" (unverzüglich) in accordance with [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0296 Article 63 (4) of the Basic Law.] If a candidate achieves the Chancellor majority, he or she must be appointed; if no candidate achieves this majority, the President must decide whether to appoint the candidate with the most votes (relative majority) or dissolve the Bundestag.

Surprised by his failure to win enough votes, Merz's coalition asked the parliament's legal department whether a second vote could be held the same day.{{Cite news |last=Benoit |first=Bertrand |date=2025-05-06 |title=Germany's Merz Becomes Chancellor on Second Try but Emerges Weakened |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/germanys-merz-suffers-embarrassing-setback-in-bid-to-be-confirmed-chancellor-93674621?mod=itp_wsj,djemITP_h |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}} During the adjournment of the session, the factions of the Bundestag discussed a second round of voting. All parliamentary groups agreed that the second round of voting should take place on May 6. The CDU/CSU and SPD parliamentary groups once again put forward Friedrich Merz as their candidate. However, a resolution of the Bundestag was required for this second ballot, as the motion for the election proposal was distributed as a printed matter, which, according to the Bundestag's rules of procedure, may be dealt with no earlier than three days after its submission ([https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btgo_1980/__78.html Section 78 (5) GOBT]). The CDU/CSU, SPD, The Greens and The Left parliamentary groups then tabled a motion that the deadline be shortened, which is permitted under [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btgo_1980/__126.html Section 126] of the Standing Rules and needs a two-thirds majority to pass. The shortening of the deadline was approved unanimously. Friedrich Merz was elected in the second round of voting. He was then appointed Chancellor by Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and sworn in to the Bundestag. The federal ministers were then appointed by Federal President Steinmeier and then sworn in by the Bundestag.{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-06 |title=Erfolg im zweiten Wahlgang: Merz zum Bundeskanzler gewählt |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/merz-kanzler-wahl-100.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}

In addition to the chancellor, the cabinet consists of 17 ministers, 16 of whom have their own portfolio and one is Minister for Special Affairs (in order to give cabinet rank to the head of the chancellery). The total number of ministers has thus risen by one in comparision to the Scholz cabinet. The Federal Ministry for Digital and State Modernisation has been newly created as a split from the transport ministry and parts of portfolio of the ministry for the interior and of the ministry for economic affairs. Other portfolio reshuffles includes the re-integration of climate action back into the ministry for the environment; it had been merged with economic affairs under outgoing minister Robert Habeck. The responsibility for education is being merged with the portfolio of family, seniors, women and youth affairs, while the remaining ministry for research has been given the added designations of technology and astronautics.

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