Ministry of General Machine-Building

The first Soviet organization dedicated to rocket technology was the Gas Dynamics Laboratory, founded in 1921 by Nikolai Tikhomirov. The laboratory researched and developed solid-propellant rockets, which became the prototypes of missiles in the Katyusha rocket launcher, as well as liquid-propellant rockets, which became the prototypes of Soviet rockets and spacecraft.Gas-Dynamic Laboratory, {{Cite book |title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia |date=December 1973 |publisher=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya |isbn=9780028800004 |edition=1926–1981 (printed version)}} An organization with a similar purpose, the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion, was founded in 1931.{{Cite book |last1=Chertok |first1=Boris |title=Rockets and People |date=31 January 2005 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |pages=9–10,23,164–165 |edition=Volume 1 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/rockets_people_vol1_detail.html |access-date=29 May 2022}} The two groups merged in 1933 to form the Reactive Scientific Research Institute,{{Cite book|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif Azam|title=Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974|isbn=9780160613050|date=2000|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div.|pages=6–14,892|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008193942/https://history.nasa.gov/printFriendly/series95.html|archive-date=2006-10-08|url-status=live}} the responsibility of which was transferred to the People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry in 1944.

The first rendition of the Ministry of General Machine-Building was created by a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 2 April 1955{{Cite web |url=http://www.rusconstitution.ru/library/constitution/articles/9660/ |title=2 апреля 1955 года «Об образовании общесоюзного Министерства общего машиностроения СССР» |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610100216/http://www.rusconstitution.ru/library/constitution/articles/9660/ |url-status=live}}[http://www.aif.ru/society/science/1313783 Вертикальная структура: как реорганизуется космическая отрасль России], АиФ. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160530161535/http://www.aif.ru/society/science/1313783 |date=30 May 2016 }}. with the active participation of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.[http://ria.ru/science/20130415/932759455.html Жорес Алферов: заметки о роли РАН в современной России], РИА. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160602213555/http://ria.ru/science/20130415/932759455.html |date=2 June 2016 }}.[http://file-rf.ru/analitics/903 Академик Жорес Алфёров: «Нашей науке нужна философия развития» ], file-rf.ru. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20190716214306/http://file-rf.ru/analitics/903 |date=16 July 2019}}. The ministry was formed to focus specifically on rocketry. Its intentionally vague name was chosen for purposes of secrecy.{{Cite web |url=https://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs04tarasenko.pdf |title=Transformation of the Soviet Space Program after the Cold War |last=Tarasenko |first1=Maxim V. |date=1994 |publisher=Science & Global Security}} Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service {{Ill|Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin|ru|Горемыкин, Пётр Николаевич}}, who had held the post of Minister of Agricultural Engineering from June 1946 to March 1951, was appointed as Minister of General Machine-Building.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PSnGAgAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F++%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&pg=PT353 Фронтовой дневник авторы Евгений Петров]{{Cite web |url=http://sm.evg-rumjantsev.ru/voen-ruk/goremykin.html |title=Первый министр «космического министерства». |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124110/http://sm.evg-rumjantsev.ru/voen-ruk/goremykin.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/scholars/goremykin_p_n |title=Горемыкин Пётр Николаевич МГТУ имени Баумана |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510131651/http://www.bmstu.ru/scholars/goremykin_p_n |url-status=dead }} The ministry was dissolved on 10 May 1957 and its functions were transferred.{{Cite book |author=Владимир Иванович Ивкин |title=Государственная власть СССР: высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители, 1923—1991: историко-биографический справочник |language=ru |publisher=ROSSPEN |date=1999 |page=52 |isbn=5-8243-0014-3 |quote=МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБЩЕГО МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ СССР Первое формирование. Образовано 2 апреля 1955 года. (ВВС СССР, 1955, No 6, Ст. 133). 10 мая 1957 года объединено с Министерством оборонной промышленности СССР и ликвидировано. (ВВС СССР, 1957, No 11, Ст. 275) Второе формирование. Образовано 2 марта 1965 года. (ВВС СССР, 1965, No 10, Ст. 115). Упразднено 14 ноября 1991 года. (ВВС СССР, 1991, No 50, Ст. 1421)}}{{Cite web |title=ГС завод № 15 |url=https://oboron-prom.ru/page,28,predpriyatiya-11-20.html |website=Оборонпром|access-date=19 September 2024}}{{Cite web |title=Открытое акционерное общество «Велта» |url=http://www.archive.perm.ru/projects/weeklyphoto/open-joint-stock-company-velta-/|website=Государственный архив Пермского края|date=26 November 2015|access-date=20 September 2024}}

The Ministry of General Machine-Building was reestablished on 2 March 1965 as a successor to the {{Ill|State Committee on Defense Technology|ru|Государственный комитет Совета Министров СССР по оборонной технике}}.{{Cite book |last1=Bukharin |first1=Oleg |title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces |date=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |page=157 |isbn=9780262661812}}{{Cite web |url=http://armsdata.net/nuclear/041-1.html |title=Создание и эксплуатация стратегических ракетных комплексов |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623120310/http://armsdata.net/nuclear/041-1.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://nvo.ng.ru/armament/2015-09-18/6_cooperation.html |title=Стратегическая кооперация в интересах безопасности государства |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109232621/http://nvo.ng.ru/armament/2015-09-18/6_cooperation.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mom-back.htm |title= General Machinebuilding - Background |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003032012/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mom-back.htm |url-status=live }} Sergey Afanasyev became Minister and {{Ill|Leonid Ivanovich Gusev|ru|Гусев, Леонид Иванович (учёный)}} became Deputy Minister{{Cite web |url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2417216 |title=Умер один из основателей ракетно-космической промышленности России Леонид Гусев |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507131718/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2417216 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2012-04-03/7_gusev.html |title=Человек, создавший космическую связь |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152733/http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2012-04-03/7_gusev.html |url-status=live }} while Vladimir Chelomey was the general designer of rocket technology.{{Cite web |url=http://tass.ru/info/1630624 |title=Владимир Челомей, советский ученый, конструктор ракетной техники. |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807140953/http://tass.ru/info/1630624 |url-status=live }} Transferred to the new ministry were factories from the defense, aviation, radio engineering, and shipbuilding industries, alongside leading design bureaus and research institutes such as the Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology (known as NITI-40 until 1966).{{Cite web |title=История ФГУП «НПО «Техномаш» |url=http://tmnpo.ru/node/7 |website=ФГУП «НПО «Техномаш» |isbn=5-7111-0298-2 |archive-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213064850/http://www.tmnpo.ru/node/7 |url-status=live}} Many of these were headed by academicians such as Sergei Korolev, Kerim Kerimov, Mikhail Yangel, Valentin Glushko, Vladimir Chelomey, Viktor Makeyev, {{Ill|Mikhail Reshetnev|ru|Решетнёв, Михаил Фёдорович}}, Nikolay Pilyugin, Vladimir Barmin, {{Ill|Mikhail Ryazansky|ru|Рязанский, Михаил Сергеевич}}, Viktor Makeev, and Viktor Litvinov.{{cite web|url=https://www.groundzerobooksltd.com/pages/books/80639/union-of-soviet-socialist-republics/postal-stationery-russia-airmail-envelope-with-depiction-of-the-earth-being-orbited-and-four-gold |title=Postal Stationery Russia Airmail Envelope with Depiction of the Earth Being Orbited and Four Gold Stars | website=groundzerobooksltd.com|access-date=18 August 2021}} In 1977, the ministry received its own trade union.{{Cite web |url=http://www.profrom.ru/about/473/475/ |title=О Профсоюзе |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524113643/http://www.profrom.ru/about/473/475/ |url-status=live }}

On 26 February 1985, the Ministry of General Machine-Building issued an order that formed Glavkosmos.{{Cite web |url=https://www.glavkosmos.com/en/history/ |title=History - Milestones of development |work=Glavkosmos |date=2020 |access-date=24 March 2021}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.glavkosmos.ru/about/history/ |title=История компании «Главкосмос» |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309123204/http://www.glavkosmos.ru/about/history/ |url-status=live }} The subsidiary was originally envisioned as an executive agency to command all Soviet space activities, but in practice it functioned more as a marketing and coordinating body.{{Cite book |title=Russia in space |last=Harvey |first=Brian |year=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=1-85233-203-4 |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrgvjPsfwhsC&q=glavcosmos&pg=PA276 |access-date=10 May 2009}} Glavkosmos became the prime authority for implementing cooperative agreements with foreign bodies, with activities including commercial utilization of Soviet systems and approving foreign cosmonauts to fly aboard Soviet spacecraft.{{Cite web |title=Glavcosmos (Russian Federation), CIVIL SPACE ORGANISATIONS - NATIONAL AGENCIES |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Space-Systems-and-Industry/Glavcosmos-Russian-Federation.html |publisher=Jane's Information Group |year=2008 |access-date=10 May 2009}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}

Many subsidiaries of the Ministry of General Machine-Building served as primary organizations in the management of the Soviet space program; the ministry controlled roughly 1200 factories and employed between 1 million and 1.5 million people at its peak.{{Cite web |url=http://polit.ru/news/2010/11/20/baklanov_radio/ |title=Бывший министр общего машиностроения СССР Олег Бакланов |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610134821/http://polit.ru/news/2010/11/20/baklanov_radio/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawinrussia.ru/node/353669 |title=Космическая отрасль – это «не кафе быстрого обслуживания» |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601065046/http://www.lawinrussia.ru/node/353669 |url-status=dead }} However, contrary to its competitors (NASA in the United States, the European Space Agency in Western Europe, and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry in China), which had their programs run under single coordinating agencies, the executive architecture of the Soviet space program was multi-centered; several internally competing design bureaus, technical councils, ministry staffs, and expert commissions all held more influence over the program than political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and establishment of the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Ministry of General Machine-Building was dissolved on 1 December 1991 on the basis of a 14 November resolution of the State Council of the Soviet Union.[http://zavtra.ru/content/view/polveka-bez-korolyova/ Полвека без Королёва], zavtra.ru. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160628043911/http://zavtra.ru/content/view/polveka-bez-korolyova/ |date=28 June 2016 }}.{{Cite wikisource |title=Resolution of the State Council of the Soviet Union of 14 November 1991 No. 13 |wslink=Постановление Государственного Совета СССР от 14.11.1991 № 13 |wslanguage=ru}} The Russian Space Agency, which eventually would become Roscosmos, was formed as its successor[https://rg.ru/documents/2015/07/16/roskosmos-dok.html Федеральный закон от 13 июля 2015 г. N 215-ФЗ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20221226143657/https://rg.ru/documents/2015/07/16/roskosmos-dok.html |date=26 December 2022 }} «8. Корпорация является правопреемником Министерства общего машиностроения СССР, Российского космического агентства, Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства в отношении международных договоров (соглашений) Российской Федерации в области космической деятельности, заключенных с органами и организациями иностранных государств и международными организациями (включая сопутствующие контрактные обязательства), а также правопреемником Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства в отношении соглашений (договоров) в указанной области, заключенных с федеральными органами государственной власти, органами государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации, органами местного самоуправления и организациями.»[https://ria.ru/20220225/roskosmos-1774689359.html Государственная корпорация "Роскосмос"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20221226143702/https://ria.ru/20220225/roskosmos-1774689359.html |date=26 December 2022 }}. «Таким образом, госкорпорация "Роскосмос" стала правопреемником Министерства общего машиностроения СССР, Российского космического агентства, Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства.»{{Cite web |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/39889 |title=Федеральный закон N 215-ФЗ |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226143702/http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/39889 |url-status=dead }} on 25 February 1992 by a decree of President Boris Yeltsin.{{Cite web |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/9156/ |title=25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос). |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055958/https://www.roscosmos.ru/9156/ |url-status=live }} Yuri Koptev, who previously had worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin, became the first director of the agency.{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program|publisher=Springer|location=Germany|date=2007|edition=1st|chapter=The design bureaus|isbn=978-0-387-71354-0}}

In 2013, when the Russian space sector was being reorganized,

{{cite news |last=Messier|first=Doug |title=Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/08/30/rogozin-interview-kommersant/ |access-date=31 August 2013 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=30 August 2013 }} one option considered was the creation of a ministry similar to the Ministry of General Machine-Building.[http://ria.ru/science/20130412/932315985.html Будущее космической отрасли: госкорпорация, холдинги или министерство], РИА. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160602074719/http://ria.ru/science/20130412/932315985.html |date=2 June 2016 }}.

The Ministry of General Machine-Building was in charge of space technology as well as intercontinental ballistic missiles, except for solid-fueled missiles; these instead were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology, which from 1966 was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense Industry.{{Cite news|title=Московский институт теплотехники (МИТ)|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1673440|accessdate=18 December 2017|work=Газета "Коммерсантъ"|date=7 June 2011|pages=4}} Design bureaus such as OKB-1 were subordinated to the ministry.{{Cite book |title=Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture |isbn=978-0-8229-7746-9 |access-date=19 January 2016 |last1=Andrews |first1=James T. |last2=Siddiqi |first2=Asif A. |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7oRuOZbb8IC |language=en}} The ministry reported to the Military-Industrial Commission of the Soviet Union, which coordinated its activity with eight other military-industrial ministries.{{Cite web |url=http://arsenal-otechestva.ru/article/168 |title=Военно-промышленная комиссия: страницы истории |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029172854/http://arsenal-otechestva.ru/article/168 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mom.htm |title= Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM) |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154107/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mom.htm |url-status=live }}

The R-12 Dvina missile was produced simultaneously at four enterprises within the ministry.[http://www.tatcenter.ru/article/131556/ Быть, а не казаться. Рассказ второй.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160509152648/http://www.tatcenter.ru/article/131556/ |date=9 May 2016 }}. In April 1970, Minister of General Machine-Building Sergey Afanasyev sent a memo to the chairperson of the Military-Industrial Commission that recommended negotiations with NASA, the space agency of the United States. These negotiations were approved the next month and eventually led to the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz mission.Volf, D. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09435-8 Evolution of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: The Effects of the "Third" on the Interplay Between Cooperation and Competition]. Minerva 59, 399–418 (2021). Work on the GLONASS system for satellite navigation began at the ministry in 1976.[http://www.newsru.com/russia/06dec2010/glonass.html В неудачном запуске спутников ГЛОНАСС обвиняют математиков: причиной могла стать программная ошибка]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160531102113/http://www.newsru.com/russia/06dec2010/glonass.html |date=31 May 2016 }}.{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/glonass.htm|title=Glonass|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129132654/http://astronautix.com/craft/glonass.htm|archive-date=29 November 2010}} The ministry contributed to the construction of the RT-2PM Topol missile system, which began deployment in 1985.[http://nvo.ng.ru/armament/2015-10-02/12_topol.html С «Тополями» все было непросто]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160804135803/http://nvo.ng.ru/armament/2015-10-02/12_topol.html |date=4 August 2016 }}.[http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2007-09-14/5_harkiv.html Ракетный Харьков]. НГ, 14 September 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160531234658/http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2007-09-14/5_harkiv.html |date=31 May 2016 }}. The {{Ill|combat railway missile complex|ru|Боевой железнодорожный ракетный комплекс}}, a mobile missile system, began deployment in October 1987; its development had started in January 1969 with an order from Afanasyev.{{Cite web |url=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/50950 |title=Успеет ли Россия создать БЖРК до удара США? |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123212503/http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/50950 |url-status=dead }}

File:Moscow Parad 2008 Ballist.jpg on a mobile launcher at a Victory Day parade rehearsal in Moscow, 2008]]

File: Боевой железнодорожный ракетный комплекс БЖРК 15П961 Молодец (2) - edited.jpg, 2007]]

During the perestroika reform movement of the late 1980s, the Glavkosmos agency of the ministry began offering commercial services for global customers, aiming primarily at competing with United States launchers. Its first commercial offering was presented at the Space Commerce '88 trade show in Montreux, Switzerland. Most notably, it featured the sales of the following launchers: Energia, with a payload of up to 100 tons to Low Earth orbit; Proton with a payload of up to 20 tons to Low Earth orbit or 2 tons to geostationary orbit for between US$25 million and US$30 million; Tsyklon-3 for payloads of up to 4 tons to Low Earth orbit; a family of Soyuz rockets in configurations for Low Earth, geostationary transfer, and Molniya orbits; and the Vostok launchers for between US$12 million and US$18 million. Glavkosmos also featured Kosmos rockets with the successfully completed launches of Indian Aryabhata and Bhaskara satellites. Other offerings included the sales of Okean-O1 satellites or the use of space on the Foton satellites and Mir space station. During the conference several contracts were signed, including down payments for three satellite launches for undisclosed customers, an option for a launch of the Aussat-2 on Proton, a contract with Payload Systems Inc. for experiments in protein crystallization on Mir, and a contract with Kayser-Threde for microgravity experiments on the Foton satellites in 1989, 1990, and 1991.{{Cite magazine |first1=Jerzy |last1=Rzymanek |year=1988 |editor-first=Paweł |editor-last=Elsztein |title=Oferta handlowa Gławkosmosu – ZSRR |trans-title=Glavkosmos' commercial offer – USSR |magazine=Astronautyka |volume=5 |language=Polish |publisher=Polskie Towarzystwo Astronautyczne |page=12, 14 |issue=159 |issn=0004-623X}}

The Buran program to develop reusable spacecraft was managed jointly by the Ministry of General Machine-Building and Ministry of Aviation Industry. Despite various disputes about the program between the two ministries, Buran, the first spacecraft to be produced as part of the program, successfully completed the sole flight of the program in November 1988.[http://rg.ru/2008/11/14/a283495.html Сбитый с орбиты]. РГ, 14 November 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160505171437/http://rg.ru/2008/11/14/a283495.html |date=5 May 2016 }}.[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2845825 «Победил полный автомат»], Коммерсантъ. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20151113155758/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2845825 |date=13 November 2015 }}.

The final project of the ministry before its liquidation was a 1991 US$120 million agreement between Glavkosmos and ISRO, the space agency of India, which included the transfer of two KVD-1 engines for use as the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle as well as design details such that the KVD-1 could be built indigenously in India.{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The GSLV Quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=March 17–31, 2001}}{{Cite web | url=http://isp.justthe80.com/launchers/isro-s-cryogenic-upper-stage-cus | title=Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) | publisher=justthe80.com | access-date=January 7, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223050505/http://isp.justthe80.com/launchers/isro-s-cryogenic-upper-stage-cus | archive-date=February 23, 2014 }} Russia backed out of the agreement in 1993 after the United States objected to the deal and imposed sanctions on the grounds that the deal was a violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime, forcing ISRO to sign a more limited agreement with Russia and to initiate a project to develop its own cryogenic engine.{{Cite news|last=Raj|first=N Gopal|title=The long road to cryogenic technology

|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 April 2011|location=Chennai, India}}{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The cryogenic quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=28 April – 11 May 2001}}

During its existence, the Ministry of General Machine-Building offered three awards. The "Excellence in Socialist Competition" award was approved on 1 September 1955 by order No. 134 and was awarded until 1957.{{Cite web |url=http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/excellence-in-socialist-competition-of-the-ministry-of-simpl-engineering |title=Отличник социалистического соревнования |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701193022/http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/excellence-in-socialist-competition-of-the-ministry-of-simpl-engineering |url-status=live }} The "Best Innovator" award was given out in the 1970s,{{Cite web |url=http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/znak-luchshiy-ratsionalizator-kb-metallurgii-legkih-splavov |title=Лучший рационализатор министерство общего машиностроения |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701185616/http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/znak-luchshiy-ratsionalizator-kb-metallurgii-legkih-splavov |url-status=live }} and the "Best Inventor" award was offered until 1991.{{Cite web |url=http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/znachok-luchshiy-izobretatel-ministerstvo-obschego-mashinostroeniya |title=Лучший изобретатель министерство общего машиностроения |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701191143/http://allfaler.ru/en/vedomstvennye-i-otraslevye-nagrady-sssr/mashinostroenie-sssr/obshchee-mashinostroenie-sssr/znachok-luchshiy-izobretatel-ministerstvo-obschego-mashinostroeniya |url-status=live }}

{{Infobox official post

| post = Minister

| body = General Machine-Building

| insignia = State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg

| insigniasize = 120px

| insigniaalt =

| flag =

| flagsize =

| flagalt =

| flagborder =

| flagcaption =

| image = Sergey afanasiev.jpg

| imagesize =

| alt =

| imagecaption = Longest serving
Sergey Afanasyev
2 March 1965 – 8 April 1983

| department = Ministry of General Machine-Building

| style =

| type = Government minister

| status = Head of government ministry of the Soviet Union

| abbreviation =

| member_of =

| reports_to =

| residence =

| seat =

| nominator =

| appointer =

| appointer_qualified =

| termlength =

| termlength_qualified =

| constituting_instrument =

| precursor =

| formation = {{PL|

• {{Sda|1955|04|02|df=y}} (initially)
• {{Sda|1965|03|02|df=y}} (reestablished)}}

| first = {{Ill|Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin|ru|Горемыкин, Пётр Николаевич}}

| last = {{Ill|Oleg Shushkin|ru|Шишкин, Олег Николаевич}}

| abolished = {{PL|

• {{Sda|1957|05|10|df=y}} (initially)
• {{Sda|1991|08|24|df=y}} (permanently)}}

| superseded_by = General Director of Roscosmos

| unofficial_names =

| deputy = Deputy Minister of General Machine-Building

| salary =

| website =

}}

The Ministry of General Machine-Building had five ministers during its existence, one having been from its first incarnation and the remaining four from its second incarnation:{{Cite web|title=Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964|url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm|access-date=28 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128144410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm|archive-date=28 November 2017}}{{Cite web|title=Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991|url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm|access-date=28 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128142837/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm|archive-date=28 November 2017}}{{Cite web|title=Organizers and leaders of the rocket and space industry |url=http://www.federalspace.ru/194/ |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318095204/https://www.federalspace.ru/194/ |archive-date=18 March 2014}}{{Cite web |title=The Ministry of General Machine-Building no longer exists (archived)|url=https://archive.today/20120906231853/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/004/15.shtml |language=ru |publisher=Журнал „Новости космонавтики”}}

• Ministry of Medium Machine-Building, the Soviet ministry of nuclear industry
• People's Commissariat of Mortar Armament, initially known as the People's Commissariat of General Machine-Building Industry

{{Reflist}}

{{Departments of the USSR|state=uncollapsed}}

{{Russian space program}}

{{Politics of outer space}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Space program of the Soviet Union

Category:1955 establishments in the Soviet Union

Category:Ministries established in 1955

Category:1965 establishments in the Soviet Union

Category:Ministries established in 1965