Brigadier Mohammad Usman MVC (15 July 1912 – 3 July 1948)[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106056 Wreath Laying Ceremony of Brig Mohammad Usman, MVC], Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 3 July 2014. was the highest ranking officer of the Indian Army killed in action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. As a Muslim, Usman became a symbol of India's inclusive secularism.{{cite book |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |authorlink=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi |date=24 July 2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-019881-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha/page/94 94] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha/page/94 }} At the time of the partition of India he with many other Muslim officers declined to move to the Pakistan Army due to the illegal occupation and riots and continued to serve with the Indian Army. He was martyred in July 1948 while fighting Pakistani soldiers and militia in Jammu and Kashmir.[https://web.archive.org/web/20040813150302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/05/stories/2004070510170400.htm "Tributes paid to Brigadier Usman"], The Hindu, 5 July 2004. He was later awarded the second highest Indian military decoration for gallantry in the face of enemy, the Maha Vir Chakra.[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/brig-mohammad-usman-s-death-anniversary-commemorated-115070300999_1.html Brig Mohammad Usman's death anniversary commemorated], Business Standard, 3 July 2015.

Birth and Education

Mohammad Usman was born in Bibipur, now Mau, Uttar Pradesh, in the, United Provinces, British India on 15 July 1912{{sfn|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|loc=Chapter 5}}Rohit Singh, [http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW-Autumn2010.167-172.pdf Brig Mohammed Usman, MVC, The Lion of Naushera], CLAWS Journal, Autumn 2010.[http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/army-commemorates-birth-centenarybrig-usman/27833/ Army commemorates birth centenary of Brig Usman], Business Standard, 3 July 2012. to Jamilun Bibi and Mohammad Farooq Khunambir. Usman's maternal family was a large land-owning zamindar family from Yusufpur, more commonly known as the Ansaris of Yusufpur, through this side he was distant relatives of Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Faridul Haq Ansari, Hamid Ansari and Mukhtar Ansari.[https://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR/page/n355 Ansaris of Yusufpur 2013; Mahmud Ansari] Usman and his younger brothers, Subhan and Gufran, were educated at Harish Chandra Bhai School, Varanasi.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} At the age of 12, he had jumped into a well to rescue a drowning child.{{cite news |last= |first= |date=29 January 2022|title=A Lion, To The Last|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-lion-to-the-last/281472|newspaper=Outlook|access-date= 22 January 2024}}

Usman later made up his mind to join the Army, and despite the limited opportunities for Indians to get commissioned ranks and despite intense competition, he succeeded in gaining admission to the prestigious Royal Military College, Sandhurst (RMC). He entered RMC in 1932, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant and appointed to the Unattached List for the Indian Army on 1 February 1934.London Gazette 2 Feb 1934 page 755 He was attached in India to the 1st battalion of the Cameronians on 12 March 1934 for a year.

Indian Army List January 1935{{Cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/brigadier-mohammad-usman-centenary-celebrations-commence/ |title="Brigadier Mohammad Usman centenary celebrations commence" "Frontier India" 30 June 2012 |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041415/http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/brigadier-mohammad-usman-centenary-celebrations-commence/ |archive-date=22 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}

Military career

At the end of his year with the Cameronians, on 19 March 1935, he was appointed to the Indian Army and posted to the 5th battalion of the 10th Baluch Regiment (5/10 Baluch).July 1938 Indian Army List Later in the year he saw active service on the North-West Frontier of India during the Mohmand campaign of 1935.Indian Army List 1941 supplement He qualified as a 1st class interpreter in Urdu in November 1935.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

Usman was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 30 April 1936 and Captain on 31 August 1941. From February to July 1942, he attended the Indian Army Staff College at Quetta.{{cite book| last=Masters| first=John| authorlink=John Masters| title=The Road past Manadaley| publisher=Cassell| year=2002| isbn=978-0-3043-6157-1| pages=91, 335}} By April 1944, he was a temporary Major.April 1944 Indian Army List He served in Burma and was mentioned in dispatches as a temporary Major in the London Gazette 25 September 1945. He commanded the 14th battalion of the 10th Baluch Regiment (14/10 Baluch) from April 1945 to April 1946.History of the Baloch Regiment 1939-56, p 257

When the Indian Army was split during the Partition of India, Pakistan offered him the prospect of becoming the army chief in Pakistan. However, he opted to remain in India.

=Indo-Pakistani War of 1947=

In 1947 Pakistan sent tribal irregulars into the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in an attempt to capture it and accede it to Pakistan. Usman, then commanding the 77th Parachute Brigade, was sent to command the 50th Parachute Brigade, which was deployed at JhangarJhangar in Naushera sector of Rajauri district is Zero Point on LOC. in December 1947. On 25 December 1947, with the odds stacked heavily against the brigade, Pakistani forces captured Jhangar. Located at the junction of roads coming from Mirpur and Kotli, Jhangar was of strategic importance. On that day Usman took a vow to recapture Jhangar – a feat he accomplished three months later, but at the cost of his own life.

[http://nausheraacademy.com/battle+of+naushera.html About Battle of Naushera], Naushera Defence Academy, retrieved 23 March 2019.

File:Order of the day by Brigadier M Usman.jpg

In January–February 1948 Usman repulsed fierce attacks on Nowshera and Jhangar, both highly strategic locations in Jammu and Kashmir. During the defence of Nowshera against overwhelming odds and numbers, Indian forces inflicted around 2000 casualties on the Pakistanis (about 1000 dead and 1000 wounded) while Indian forces suffered only 33 dead and 102 wounded. His defence earned him the nickname Lion of Nowshera."Saluting the Brave", The Statesman(India), 6 July 2006. Pakistani forces then announced a sum of Rs 50,000 as a prize for his head. Unaffected by praise and congratulations, Usman continued to sleep on a mat laid on the floor as he had vowed that he would not sleep on a bed till he recaptured Jhangar, from where he had to withdraw in late 1947.

The enemy was eventually driven from the area, and Jhangar was recaptured. Pakistan brought its regular forces into the fray in May 1948. Jhangar was once again subjected to heavy artillery bombardment, and many determined attacks were launched on Jhangar by the Pakistan Army. However, Usman frustrated all their attempts to recapture it. It was during this defence of Jhangar that Usman was martyred on 3 July 1948, by an enemy 25-pounder shell. He was 12 days short of his 36th birthday. His last words were "I am dying but let not the territory we were fighting for fall for the enemy". For his inspiring leadership and great courage, he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm |title=Citation on Brig. Usman given on his Regiment's website |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608081808/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm |archive-date=2016-06-08 |url-status=dead }}

Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his Cabinet colleagues attended the funeral of Usman — "the highest ranking military commander till date" to lay down his life in the battlefield. He was given a state funeral of a martyr.

[http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-lion-to-the-last-/281472 A Lion, To The Last], Outlook, 9 July 2012

Vinay Kumar, [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/leading-from-the-front/article3795416.ece Leading from the front], The Hindu, 19 August 2012.

An Indian journalist, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, wrote about his death, "a precious life, of imagination and unswerving patriotism, has fallen a victim to communal fanaticism. Brigadier Usman's brave example will be an abiding source of inspiration for Free India".Abbas, K. A., "Will Kashmir vote for India", Current, 26 October 1949

Memorial

File:Tomb of Mohammad Usman 02.jpg

Usman is buried in the Okhla cemetery{{Cite book|last=Pinaki Biswas|title=Rabindranath Hatya Shorojantra (Bengali)|publisher=Lalmati Prakashan|year=2021|isbn=978-81-953129-3-1|location=Kolkata|pages=95}} near the Jamia Millia Islamia campus in New Delhi.{{Cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/july15-06/h3.htm |title=Brig Usman : A Legend Remembered |access-date=2012-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220160426/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/july15-06/h3.htm |archive-date=2012-02-20 |url-status=dead }} Film directors Ranjan Kumar Singh and Upendra Sood produced a film on Brigadier Usman's life.

{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/jul/16media.htm |title=Remembering the Lion of Naushera |website=Rediff On The Net |date=1997 |access-date=27 August 2018}}

In 2020, photos of the grave's defaced headstone were widely circulated and triggered outrage on social media. This led several Army veterans to condemn the dishonour done to his memory, ultimately leading the Army to initiate the restoration of the vandalised grave.{{cite web |title=Army to restore defaced Jamia grave of war hero |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/army-to-restore-defaced-jamia-grave-of-war-hero/cid/1802136 |website=The Telegraph |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=31 December 2020}}

His birth centenary was celebrated in 2012 by the Indian Army at Jhangar, Jammu and Kashmir. A Paramotor Expedition was organized by Gorkha Training Centre in the memory of Brigadier Usman.[https://archive.today/20130103142538/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/varanasi/32494345_1_expedition-paratroopers-indo-pak-war Paramotor expedition to mark birth centenary of Brigadier Mohammad Usman], The Times of India, 1 July 2012.

References

Bibliography

{{citation |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA160 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |pages=160– |ref={{sfnref|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005}}}}

Category:1948 deaths

Category:Indian military personnel killed in action

Category:20th-century Indian Muslims

Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst

Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra

Category:People from Azamgarh district

Category:1912 births

Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh

Category:British Indian Army officers

Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II

Category:10th Baluch Regiment officers