Moniliformidae

Species of the family Moniliformidae are usually pseudosegmented and have a cylindrical proboscis with longitudinal rows of hooks that have posteriorly directed roots. Moniliformidae are further characterized by the presence of a simple, double-walled proboscis receptacle with the outer wall having spirally aligned muscle fibers (with the exception of Australiformis), brain at posterior end of receptacle, and dorsal and ventral lacunar canals.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2307/3282769|pmid = 2926590|jstor = 3282769|title = Australiformis semoni (Linstow, 1898) n. Gen., n. Comb. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from Marsupials of Australia and New Guinea|journal = The Journal of Parasitology|volume = 75|issue = 2|pages = 215–7|year = 1989|last1 = Schmidt|first1 = Gerald D.|last2 = Edmonds|first2 = Stanley J.}}{{cite book |last=Kükenthal|first=W |date=2014 |title=Gastrotricha and Gnathifera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwCTBgAAQBAJ&q=apororhynchus&pg=PP11 |location=Göttingen, Germany |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=322 |isbn=978-3110274271}} The proboscis retractor muscles pierce both the posterior and ventral end or just posterior end of the receptacle.{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=O. M.|date=1987 |title=Key to the families and subfamilies of Acanthocephala, with the erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida) |journal=Journal of Parasitology |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=1216–1219 |doi=10.2307/3282307 |jstor=3282307 |pmid=3437357 }} The cerebral ganglion is in the mid to posterior region, and the lemnisci are long and flat and not bound to the body wall. These worms also lack protonephridia and males have eight cement glands, each with a giant nucleus, which are used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation.{{cite book | last1=Bush | first1=Albert O.| last2=Fernández| first2=Jacqueline C.| last3=Esch| first3=Gerald W.| last4=Seed| first4=J. Richard | title=Parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK New York, NY | year=2001 | isbn=0-521-66278-8 | oclc=44131774 | page=203}} Genetic analysis has been conducted on four species: Moniliformis moniliformis, M. saudi, M. cryptosaudi and M. kalahariensis.{{cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=Omar M.|last2=Heckmann|first2=Richard A.|last3=Osama|first3=Mohammed|last4=Evans|first4=R. Paul|title=Morphological and molecular descriptions of Moniliformis saudi sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology|journal=Folia Parasitologica|volume=63|year=2016|issn=0015-5683|doi=10.14411/fp.2016.014|pmid=27189420|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal | doi=10.2478/s11686-018-00021-9| pmid=30666546| title=Moniliformis cryptosaudi n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin) (Erinaceidae) in Iraq; A Case of Incipient Cryptic Speciation Related to M. saudi in Saudi Arabia| journal=Acta Parasitologica| volume=64| issue=1| pages=195–204| year=2019| last1=Amin| first1=Omar M.| last2=Heckmann| first2=Richard A.| last3=Sharifdini| first3=Meysam| last4=Albayati| first4=Nagham Yaseen |s2cid=58572640 | doi-access=free}} Based on these results, Moniliformidae has been determined to be monophyletic.

{{cladogram|align=center|title=Archiacanthocephala

|caption=Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala{{cite journal |last1=Nascimento Gomes |first1=Ana Paula |last2=Cesário |first2=Clarice Silva |last3=Olifiers |first3=Natalie |last4=de Cassia Bianchi |first4=Rita |last5=Maldonado |first5=Arnaldo |last6=Vilela |first6=Roberto do Val |title=New morphological and genetic data of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae) |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |date=December 2019 |volume=10 |pages=281–288 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008|pmid=31867208 |pmc=6906829 |bibcode=2019IJPPW..10..281N }}{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1017/S0022149X20000073|title = New perspectives on Nephridiacanthus major (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) collected from hedgehogs in Iran|year = 2020|last1 = Amin|first1 = O.M.|last2 = Sharifdini|first2 = M.|last3 = Heckmann|first3 = R.A.|last4 = Zarean|first4 = M.|journal = Journal of Helminthology|volume = 94|pages = e133|pmid = 32114988|s2cid = 211725160}}

|cladogram=

{{clade

|label1=Archiacanthocephala

|1={{clade

|label1=Oligacanthorhynchidae

|1= {{clade

|1=Macracanthorhynchus ingens

|2=Oncicola venezuelensis

|3=Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa

|4=Nephridiacanthus major}}

|2={{clade

|1=Moniliformis moniliformis

|label1=Moniliformidae

|label2=Gigantorhynchida

|2={{clade

|1=Mediorhynchus sp.

|2=Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

There are three genera and twenty living species in the order Moniliformida.{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=Omar M. |title=Classification of the Acanthocephala |journal=Folia Parasitologica |date=September 19, 2013 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=273–305 |doi=10.14411/fp.2013.031 |pmid=24261131 |doi-access=free }}{{cite web |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=196572|title=Moniliformida Schmidt, 1972|date=November 23, 2019 |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |access-date=January 30, 2020}}{{#tag:ref|A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.|group=lower-alpha}}

{{main|Australiformis}}

Australiformis is a monotypic genus that infest marsupials in Australia and New Guinea. It was described by Schmidt and Edmonds in 1989. Its body consists of a proboscis armed with hooks which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host, and a long trunk. It contains a single species, Australiformis semoni. This genus resembles species in the genus Moniliformis but is characterized by a lack of spiral muscles in the outer wall of the proboscis receptacle. The proboscis is armed with 12 rows of 13 to 15 hooks which are used to attach themselves to the small or large intestines of the host. The female worms range from 95 to 197 millimetres, long virtually all of which is the trunk, and 1.75 to 3.5 millimetres wide. There is pronounced sexual dimorphism in this species as females are around twice the size of the males whose trunks range from 46 to 80 millimetres long and 2 millimetres wide. Infestation of marsupials by A. semoni may cause debilitating inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) with granulomatous ulcers.{{Cite book |last1=Lenhaus |first1=Cornelius |title=Management and conservation of small populations |last2=Obendorf |first2=David |last3=Wright |first3=Frank H. |date=1990 |publisher=Chicago Zoological Society |isbn=0-913934-16-X |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=Tim W. |pages=89–108 |chapter=Veterinary aspects of Perameles gunnii biology with special reference to species conservation |access-date=March 23, 2020 |editor-last2=Seebeck |editor-first2=John H. |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258341847}}

{{main|Moniliformis}}

The genus Moniliformis Travassos, 1915 contains eighteen species. Description of the genus is the same as the family Moniliformidae with the exception of possessing spiral muscles in the outer wall of the proboscis receptacle and a single distinct kind of proboscis hooks.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2307/3276638|jstor = 3276638|title = Acanthocephala of the Genus Moniliformis from Rodents of Egypt with the Description of a New Species from the Egyptian Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus)|journal = The Journal of Parasitology|volume = 53|issue = 1|pages = 150–156|year = 1967|last1 = Ward|first1 = Helen L.|last2 = Nelson|first2 = Diane R.|pmid = 6066757}}

{{Main|Promoniliformis}}

The genus Promoniliformis Dollfus and Golvan, 1963{{cite journal |last1=Dollfus |first1=Robert-Ph. |last2=Golvan |first2=Yves-J. |title=Sur un singulier Métacanthocéphale parasite d'insectivores (Tenrecinae) de Madagascar et des Comores |journal=Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée |date=1963 |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=793–806 |doi=10.1051/parasite/1963385793 |doi-access=free }} is characterized by possessing two distinct kinds of proboscis hooks. There is only one species in this genus. It contains a single species P. ovocristatus.

Moniliformidae species are found in the intestines parasitizing mammals and occasionally birds. Intermediate hosts are mostly cockroaches but also other insect groups. Infestation can cause moniliformiasis, which is characterized as lesions in the intestines, intestinal distension, perforated ulcers, enteritis, crypt hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, and occlusions of the intestinal tract in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).{{cite journal |last1=Singleton |first1=Jeurel |last2=Richardson |first2=Dennis J. |last3=Lockhart |first3=J. Mitchell |title=Severe Moniliformiasis (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) in a Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, from Arkansas, USA |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=January 1993 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-29.1.165 |pmid=8445783 |s2cid=10220897 }}

File:Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) 2, Vic, jjron, 09.01.2013.jpg|alt=Southern Brown Bandicoot on the ground in a forest|The Southern brown bandicoot is a host for Australiformis semoni

File:Common spiny mouse.JPG|alt=A Cairo spiny mouse on dirt|The Cairo spiny mouse is a host of Moniliformis acomysi

File:Four-toes-jerboa.jpg|alt=A Four-toed jerboa on a kitchen table with people in the background|The four-toed jerboa is a host of Moniliformis aegyptiacus

File:Atelerix algirus.jpg|alt=A North African hedgehog curled up on hay|The North African hedgehog is a host of Moniliformis aegyptiacus

File:Lisztaffe - Cottontop Tamarin - Saguinus oedipus.jpg|alt=A cotton-top tamarin on a tree stump in the jungle|The cotton-top tamarins is a host of Moniliformis clarki

File:Wilhelma Kalong-Flughund Pteropus vampyrus 0513.jpg|alt=A large flying fox hanging upsidedown on a branch|The large flying fox is a host of Moniliformis convolutus

File:Hemiechinus auritus; Baikonur 09.jpg|alt=Long-eared hedgehog on a wood floor infront of a wood door|The long-eared hedgehog is a host of Moniliformis cryptosaudi

File:Haarigel (Echinosorex gymnura).jpg|alt=A stuffed moonrat on display|The moonrat is a host of Moniliformis echinosorexi

File:Myresluger2.jpg|alt=A giant anteater|The giant anteater is a host of Moniliformis monoechinus

File:Desert Hedgehog.JPG|alt=A Desert hedgehog under branches|The desert hedgehog is a host of Moniliformis saudi

File:Rattus norvegicus -Fairlands Valley Park, Stevenage, England-8.jpg|alt=A brown rat on the ground|The brown rat is a host of M. siciliensis and Moniliformis travassosi

File:Eliomys quercinus01.jpg|alt=A Garden dormouse on a stone|The garden dormouse is a host of M. siciliensis

File:CSIRO ScienceImage 10564 The black rat Rattus rattus.jpg|alt=A black rat on the ground|The black rat is a host of Moniliformis spiralis

File:Bornean Tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus) (8067063777).jpg|alt=Close-up of the face of Horsfield's tarsier on a branch|The Horsfield's tarsier is a host of Moniliformis tarsii

File:Tanrek.jpg|alt=A Tailless tenrec sitting|Promoniliformis ovocristatus is a parasite of the tailless tenrec

File:Kleiner-igeltanrek-a.jpg|alt=A Lesser hedgehog tenrec in front of rocks|Promoniliformis ovocristatus is a parasite of the lesser hedgehog tenrec

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Category:Acanthocephala families

Category:Archiacanthocephala