Mooning

file:Martin Van Maele - La Grande Danse macabre des vifs - 01.jpg

Mooning is the act of displaying one's bare buttocks by removing clothing, e.g., by lowering the backside of one's trousers and underpants, usually bending over, and also potentially exposing the genitals. Mooning is used in the English-speaking world to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or for provocation, but mooning can be done for shock value, for fun, as a joke or as a form of exhibitionism. The Māori have a form of mooning known as {{lang|mi|whakapohane}} that is a form of insult.

Some jurisdictions regard mooning to be indecent exposure, sometimes depending on the context.

Word history

Moon has been a common shape metaphor for the buttocks in English since 1743, and the verb to moon has meant "to expose to (moon)light" since 1601.{{cite book |last=Nester |first=Daniel |title=How to be Inappropriate |publisher=Counterpoint Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1593762537 |url=https://archive.org/details/howtobeinappropr00nest }} As documented by McLaren, "'mooning', or exposing one's butt to shame an enemy ... had a long pedigree in peasant culture" throughout the Middle Ages, and in many nations.{{cite book|title=The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870-1930|first=Angus |last=McLaren |year=1997 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHTeeteHH1UC&pg=PA186|isbn=9780226500690 }}

Although the practice of mooning was widespread by the 19th century, the Oxford English Dictionary dates the use of "moon" and "mooning" to describe the act to student slang of the 1960s, when the gesture became increasingly popular among students at universities in the United States.{{cite web|title=Mooning: A History|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/06/27/mooning_a_history_when_did_people_start_baring_their_butts_as_an_insult_.html|work=browbeat: Slate's culture blog|publisher=Slate.com|access-date=July 11, 2012|author=Forrest Wickman|date=June 27, 2012}}

In various countries and cultures

= Australia =

File:Future Music Festival 2011 (5520539658).jpg

In Australian idiom, "chuck a browneye" is synonymous with the act of mooning.{{cite book |last1=Dictionary |first1=Macquarie |title=Macquarie Dictionary Seventh Edition |date=28 February 2017 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74261-981-1 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPm-DwAAQBAJ&dq=chuck+a+browneye&pg=PA195 |access-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}

== Victoria ==

In January 2016, mooning in a public place in Victoria was made a criminal offence.{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|num_act|caoa201647o2016349|Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences) Act 2016|24}}.

== Northern Territory ==

A group of locals, called "Noonamah Moonies", mooned the Ghan at Livingstone Airstrip in 2004 and 2024.{{Cite news |last=Wen |first=Lok Jian |date=March 13, 2024 |title=20 years on, passengers on Australia's legendary Ghan train greeted by naked bums again |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/20-years-on-passengers-on-australia-s-legendary-ghan-train-greeted-by-naked-bums-again |access-date=14 March 2024}}{{Cite web |last=Mackay |first=Melissa |date=13 March 2024 |title=Tourist train The Ghan is mooned again, 20 years after NT residents first downed their dacks to greet it |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-13/nt-locals-moon-the-ghan-train-on-way-to-darwin/103578750 |access-date=14 March 2024}} The next exhibition can be expected in 2034, with the mooning happening every 10 years.

= Latvia =

In Latvian legends, two maidens went naked from the sauna with carrying poles to the well. While collecting water, one of the women noted how beautiful the Moon is. The other was unimpressed, saying her own butt is prettier and proceeded to moon the Moon. As a punishment, either Dievs or Mēness (a lunar deity) put the woman along with a carrying pole on the Moon, with her butt now being visible to everyone.{{cite web |url=http://valoda.ailab.lv/folklora/pasakas/13/13C00.htm |title=Latvian folktales and legends (Latviešu pasakas un teikas) Vol. 13|last=Šmits |first=Pēteris |date=1936 |website=Latviešu valodas resursi|publisher=Valters un Rapa |access-date=Oct 27, 2023 |quote=Legends from 8 to 14 cover different variations of this legend. (Latvian language only)}}

= New Zealand =

{{lang|mi|Whakapohane}} is the Māori practice of baring one's buttocks with the intent to offend. It symbolises the birthing act and renders the recipient noa ("base").{{cite web|date=March 2001|title=Part 3 - A Collection of Behaviours, Philosophies, Emotions and Cultural Influences|url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-3-a-collection-of-behaviours-philosophies-emotions-and-cultural-influences/part-3-a-collection-of-behaviours-philosophies-emotions-and-cultural-influences|access-date=17 September 2017|work=He Hinatore ki te Ao Maori: A Glimpse into the Maori World|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Justice|page=141|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320053915/http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-3-a-collection-of-behaviours-philosophies-emotions-and-cultural-influences/part-3-a-collection-of-behaviours-philosophies-emotions-and-cultural-influences|url-status=dead}}

= United States =

== Maryland ==

file:Stanford mooning crop vignette.jpg conduct a "mass mooning" in May 1995. This demonstration was in protest of censorship in the American media.]]

In January 2006, a Maryland state circuit court determined that mooning is a form of artistic expression protected by the First Amendment as a form of speech.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/03/AR2006010301509.html |newspaper=Washington Post |title=Mooning Deemed 'Disgusting' but No Crime in Md. |last=Londoño |first=Ernesto |page=B01 |date=January 4, 2006 |access-date=2008-09-01}}{{cite news|page=B6|title=Judge rules 'mooning' is not illegal in Md.|date=January 6, 2006|newspaper=The News Journal, redistributed from the Associated Press}}

The court ruled that indecent exposure relates only to exposure of the genitals, adding that even though mooning was a "disgusting" and "demeaning" act to engage in, and had taken place in the presence of a minor, "If exposure of half of the buttocks constituted indecent exposure, any woman wearing a thong at the beach at Ocean City would be guilty."

Defense attorneys had cited a case from 1983 of a woman who was arrested after protesting in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building wearing nothing but a cardboard sign that covered the front of her body. In that case, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals had ruled that indecent exposure is limited to a person's genitalia. No review of the case by a higher court took place since prosecutors dropped the case after the ruling.

== California ==

In December 2000, in California, the California Court of Appeal found that mooning does not constitute indecent exposure (and therefore does not subject the defendant to sex offender registration laws), unless it can be proven beyond reasonable doubt that the conduct was sexually motivated.{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/caapp4th/85/937.html|title=In re Dallas W. (2000) 85 Cal. App. 4th 937 [102 Cal.Rptr.2d 493]}}

= United Kingdom =

The idiom "to pull a moonie" is commonly used to describe the activity.

Notable incidents

file:The Papal Belvedere.jpg's Depiction of the Papacy: German peasants respond to a papal bill of Pope Paul III. Caption reads: "The Pope speaks: Our sentences are to be feared, even if unjust. Response: Be damned! Behold, o furious race, our bared buttocks. Here, Pope, is my 'belvedere'"]]

In 80 AD, Flavius Josephus recorded the first known incident{{cn|date=October 2023}} of mooning. Josephus recorded that in the procuratorship of Ventidius Cumanus (48-52 AD), at around the beginning of the First Roman–Jewish War, a soldier in the Roman army mooned Jewish pilgrims at the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem who had gathered for Passover, and "spake such words as you might expect upon such a posture" causing a riot in which youths threw stones at the soldiers, who then called in reinforcements—the pilgrims panicked, and the ensuing stampede resulted in the death of (τρισμυρίους) Jews.{{cite book |title=The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66-135: A Military Analysis |page= 55 |first=James J. |last= Bloom |year= 2010 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4479-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEOiDBTXya8C&pg=PA55}}{{cite web |title=The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem, Book II, Chapter 12 |author= Josephus, Flavius |translator=Whiston, William |year=1737 |work=sacred-texts.com |publisher=Evinity Publishing Inc. |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-2.htm }}{{Cite web |title=josephus/War/JWG2 |url=https://www.biblical.ie/page.php?fl=josephus/War/JWG2#12 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.biblical.ie}}
In the Siege of Constantinople in 1204, the Greeks exposed their bare buttocks to the Crusaders after they repulsed them from the walls.{{Cite book |last1=Queller |first1=Donald E. |last2=Madden |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Andrea |first3=Alfred J. |title=The Fourth Crusade |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8122-1713-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fourthcrusadecon00dona/page/178 178] |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |quote=As the ships pulled away from the shore the Greeks on the walls hooted and jeered at the defeated attackers. Some of them let down their clouts and showed their bare buttocks in derision to the fleeing foe. |url=https://archive.org/details/fourthcrusadecon00dona/page/178 }}{{cite book |title=The Fall of Constantinople |first=Ruth |last=Tenzer Feldman |page=42 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Connecticut |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8225-5918-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ngv27cosOgC&pg=PA42}}
At the Siege of Nice, in the summer of 1543, Catherine Ségurane, a common washerwoman, led the townspeople into battle. Legend has it that she took the lead in defending the city by standing before the invading forces and exposing her bare bottom.{{cn|date=December 2019}}
At the Conference of Badajoz–Elvas of 1524, where Portugal and Spain discussed the location of the meridian that divided their respective hemispheres, a young boy one day asked the delegates if they were trying to divide the world. The adults answered they were. The boy then responded by baring his backside and suggesting that they draw their line through his intergluteal cleft. d'Anghiera, Peter Martyr. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?cc=eebo;c=eebo;idno=a20032.0001.001;seq=535;vid=4616;page=root;view=text "The decades of the newe worlde or west India conteynyng the nauigations and conquestes of the Spanyardes, with the particular description of the moste ryche and large landes and ilandes lately founde in the west ocean perteynyng to the inheritaunce of the kinges of Spayne."] U-M Library Digital Collections. 13 July 2018.Bergreen, Laurence. Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. 2003. E-book.Brotton, Jerry. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QUMCDAAAQBAJ&dq=diogo+lopes+de+sequeira+guadiana+river&pg=PA200 "A History of the World in 12 Maps."]. 13 July 2018.
A number of early explorers of the Atlantic coastline noted that the Etchemin tribe of Maine practiced this custom.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyHIPVn_gkAC&q=buttocks |title=Beyond 1492:Encounters in Colonial North America |first=James |last=Axtell |page= 189 |location=USA |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-508033-5}}
Since 1979, The Annual Mooning of Amtrak has been an annual tradition in Laguna Niguel, California on the second Saturday of July, where many people spend the day mooning passing Amtrak trains;{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/us_and_canada/10588850.stm |title=Californians bare bottoms for passing trains|work=BBC News |date=July 11, 2010}} some passengers ride the trains that day to witness the event. This has inspired a chain of "train moonings" throughout the country.{{cite web|first=Sheldon|last=Liss|year=2005|title=Mooning Amtrak Trains, Southern California USA|url=http://www.moonamtrak.org/|access-date=2006-02-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204164304/http://www.moonamtrak.org/|archive-date=2006-02-04}}
An example of whakapohane was performed by Dun Mihaka to Diana, Princess of Wales and Prince Charles during the royal tour of 1983 of New Zealand.{{cite web |title=Book Review "Whakapohane" |url=http://workersparty.org.nz/2011/03/30/book-review-whakapohane/ |first1=Mike |last1=Kay |author2=The Spark editorial board |work=The Spark |publisher=Workers Party of New Zealand |date=30 March 2011 |access-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210437/http://workersparty.org.nz/2011/03/30/book-review-whakapohane/ |archive-date=8 February 2013}}
In 1986, a Maori man mooned the motorcade of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip in Napier, New Zealand, as a protest over the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi.{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-02-26-8601150159-story.html |title=NEW ZEALAND MOON SHINES AT QUEEN |author=UPI |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=26 February 1986 |access-date=28 January 2019|author-link=United Press International }}
On November 22, 1987, an intruder interrupted the broadcast signal of Chicago PBS affiliate, WTTW with a strange video of himself dressed to resemble Max Headroom. He exposed his buttocks to the camera.Bellows, Alan (November 19, 2007). [http://www.damninteresting.com/remember-remember-the-22nd-of-november "Remember, Remember the 22nd of November"], Damn Interesting. Retrieved on 2011-09-05.
A tradition of Appalachian Trail thru-hikers, Mooning the Cog has developed on Mount Washington in New Hampshire.{{cite news |url=http://www.wlbz2.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=74791 |access-date=2008-09-01 |title=Officials Charge Hikers Who Moon Cog Railway |agency=Associated Press |work=WLBZ 2 |date=November 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120153/http://www.wlbz2.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=74791 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}
In June 2000, a mass mooning event was organised outside of Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom by the Movement Against the Monarchy (MAM). A large police presence prevented a large-scale mooning, but a few individuals did so. This event is known as the Moon Against the Monarchy.{{cite news |title=Cheeky anarchists in palace protest|date=August 3, 2000 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/775725.stm}}
On 7 June 2002, Macy Gray mooned the crowd during her performance at the Manchester Apollo concert in Ardwick Green, Manchester, England.{{cite news |url=http://designermagazine.tripod.com/MacyGrayLIVEREV2.html|title=Macy Gray - Manchester Apollo - 7.6.02 |work=Designer Magazine |date=7 June 2002 |access-date=27 April 2013}}
On January 9, 2005, Randy Moss of the Minnesota Vikings mimed pulling down his trousers and bent over toward Green Bay Packers fans following a touchdown he scored. NFL on Fox announcer Joe Buck called it a “disgusting act”. The simulated moon was a response to Packers fans, who traditionally moon the Vikings players aboard the team bus. Moss was fined $10,000 by the NFL for the incident.{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/playoffs04/news/story?id=1963404 |work=ESPN |title=Moss pretended to moon crowd after scoring |date=January 10, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-01}}
At the 2005 UK Music Hall of Fame awards ceremony, musician Ozzy Osbourne mooned the crowd after a set he played.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4441786.stm |work=BBC News |title=Legends turn out for Hall of Fame |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=November 17, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-01}}
In October 2006, English Premiership footballer Joey Barton was fined £2,000 for mooning Everton fans.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/5395778.stm "Police take no action over Barton incident"]. BBC Sport. October 4, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
At the Patch Adams Full Moon Festival three-day event to raise money for his Gesundheit! Institute and Albuquerque, 200,000 people pay $100 each to moon as a group and lend a hand with local projects.{{cite web|url=http://www.patchadams.org/may-july-09 |title=May - July 09: Guatemala, Brazil, Gaza, DC, Albuquerque |first=Patch |last=Adams MD |date=July 26, 2009 |publisher=Gesundheit Institute |work=patchadams.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128045958/http://www.patchadams.org/may-july-09 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 }}
On 10 May 2007, Yvette Fielding mooned photographers from inside a Soho restaurant window on the final episode of the reality television series Deadline.{{cite web |url=http://www.heatworld.com/Entertainment/TV/2007/05/Oh-My-God-Yvette-Fielding-pulls-a-moonie-on-telly-tonight/ |title=Oh. My. God. Yvette Fielding pulls a moonie on telly tonight |publisher=heatworld.com |date=10 May 2007 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313232811/http://www.heatworld.com/Entertainment/TV/2007/05/Oh-My-God-Yvette-Fielding-pulls-a-moonie-on-telly-tonight/ |archive-date=13 March 2013 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLSMuG-g7yg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/KLSMuG-g7yg |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Yvette Fielding|publisher=YouTube|date=26 December 2009 |access-date=27 April 2013}}{{cbignore}}
On 24 October 2011, economic inequality protester Liam Warriner of Sydney ran alongside the motorcade of Queen Elizabeth II and a waving Prince Philip for 50 metres with an Australian flag clenched between his exposed buttocks, before being arrested by police.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8845431/Queen-mooned-by-construction-worker-in-Brisbane.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Bonnie | last=Malkin | title=Queen mooned by construction worker in Brisbane | date=October 24, 2011}}
On 13 May 2017, during an interval act at the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, a man wrapped in an Australian flag snuck on stage and mooned the audience. It was later reported that the man was Ukrainian journalist and prankster Vitalii Sediuk.{{Cite news|url=http://thenewdaily.com.au/entertainment/music/2017/05/14/mooning-prankster-australian-flag-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2017: Mooning prankster steals show draped in Australian flag {{!}} The New Daily|date=2017-05-14|work=The New Daily|access-date=2017-05-17|language=en-GB}}
In January 2023, 79-year-old Australian music personality Molly Meldrum climbed onstage at an Elton John concert and mooned the audience. The incident garnered significant media attention.{{Cite web |title=Molly Meldrum moons crowd while onstage at Elton John concert |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/molly-meldrum-moons-crowd-while-onstage-at-elton-john-concert/R47MHHJPJNHABJXIZDJ7BUQGPM/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

References

External links

[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/queen-mooned-robbie-williams-joey-275597 Queen 'mooned': Robbie Williams, Joey Barton, Gerard Butler, Anne Hathaway and more celeb backside exposure]. Daily Mirror. October 24, 2011
Wickman, Forrest. [http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/06/27/mooning_a_history_when_did_people_start_baring_their_butts_as_an_insult_.html Mooning: A history. When did people start baring their butts as an insult?]. Slate. June 27, 2012
Cochrane, Kira. [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2012/aug/15/mooning-back-elton-john Mooning is back – and here's why]. The Guardian. August 15, 2012
Wilkes, Sam. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/17/mooning-in-movies-supercut_n_3574533.html Mooning In Movies: A Supercut Everyone Can Get Behind (NSFW VIDEO)]. The Huffington Post. July 17, 2013