Mosque City of Bagerhat

The mosque city is situated in southern Bengal near the vast estuary of the Bengal delta. It is located {{Convert|60|km}} from the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The city is spread over an area of {{Convert|50|km2}}, on the banks of the moribund branch of the Bhairab River along a {{Convert|6|km}} stretch (in an east–west direction and about {{Convert|25|km}} width in north–south direction), which was part of the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Today all monuments are set in the unspoilt environment of what is now farmlands, surrounded by palm trees.

File:Sixty Dome Mosque-38.jpg on a corner wall, Sixty Dome Mosque]]

The Bengal Sultanate appointed Khan Jahan Ali, also known as Ulug Khan, as its governor in the Sundarbans in southern Bengal during the 15th century. Ulugh Khan Jahan was a person of Turkic-origin. The title of Ulugh was common to rulers from the Turco-Persian tradition.{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/210 210] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |quote="Khan Jahan (d. 1459) ... the inscription on his tomb identifies this man as 'Ulugh Khan-i 'Azam Khan Jahan,' suggesting he was an ethnic Turk ('Ulugh') and a high-ranking officer ('Khan-i 'Azam') in the Bengal sultanate." |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/210 }} The Bengal Sultanate attracted many immigrants from the Middle East and Central Asia, who brought with them ideas of Islamic architecture.{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/167 167] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |quote="The literature and the architecture of the period reveal the new ruling class's profoundly foreign—that is, non-Bengali—character. In 1626 ... journeyed to Rajmahal and wrote of encountering people whose family origins lay in Balkh, Bukhara, Khurasan, Iraq, Baghdad, Anatolia, Syria, and North India." |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/167 }} Sufism was employed by Muslim missionaries to attract the local population. The high concentration of mosques suggests the rapidity with which the local population converted to Islam.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

According to coin inscriptions of the sultanate taka, it was built in the 15th century and was known by the name of Khalifatabad during the 16th century.{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and mosques: the early Muslim architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA72 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=72– |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}

Ulugh Khan Jahan administered an area covering parts of present-day Khulna Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh. Inscriptions in Bagerhat indicate that the mosque was built during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah between 1450 and 1459. Interestingly, Mahmud Shah was also responsible for transferring Bengal's capital from Pandua to Gauda. The reign of Mahmud Shah was marked by significant architectural development.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} In south Bengal, the mosque city of Bagerhat displays the simplistic 'Khan Jahan Style' of Bengali Islamic architecture. Ulugh Khan Jahan was responsible for establishing a planned township with roads, bridges, and water supply tanks (of which the Ghoradighi and Dargadighi still survive), cisterns, and several mosques and tombs.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Ulugh Khan Jahan was a Sufi.

In 1895, an extensive survey of the area was conducted by the Archaeological Survey of British India, and restoration was put into effect in 1903–04 on the Sixty Dome Mosque. In 1907-8 part of the roof and 28 domes were restored.{{cite journal |last=Begum |first=Ayesha |date=June 2003 |title=Architectural Heritage of Khalifatabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDAUAQAAMAAJ |access-date=15 May 2011 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Humanities |volume=48 |issue=1 |page=71}} In 1983, UNESCO drew up a master plan for the Bagerhat area{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Nazimuddin |title=The buildings of Khan Jahan in and around Bagerhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyANAAAAIAAJ |access-date=15 May 2011 |year=1989 |publisher=University Press Limited |oclc=21165885 |page=8}} and it became a World Heritage Site in 1985.

File:Nine Dome Mosque, Bagerhat(নয় গম্বুজ মসজিদ, বাগেরহাট) (7).jpg

The remaining buildings of the city are largely mosques and bridges etc, which later locals did not like to take apart for their materials. Only few of the original houses remain today. The larger buildings use a version of the Bengal Sultanate style of Indo-Islamic architecture, with elements of various styles, including Bengali, Persian and Arab. The city covered 360 mosques (most of them of identical designs) and many public buildings, mausoleums, bridges, network of roads and water reservoirs. The material used in building construction was baked bricks, which over the centuries deteriorated under saline conditions of the soil and the atmosphere.

The mosques have round towers projecting at the four corners; sometimes these extend some way above the main roofline to make minarets at the front corners of the mosque. These are very short by normal standards.

The layout, revealed after the recent removal of the vegetative growth around the historic city, indicates that the city developed in two distinct zones; the main zone is the Mosque of Shait Gumbaz and its precincts and the other zone to its east is the one encircling the Mausoleum of Khan Jahan. The two zones are separated by a distance of {{Convert|6.5|km}}.

The following includes a partial list of mosques, tombs or mausoleums and other monuments which have been restored from among the large number of ruins located in the city.

{{main|Sixty Dome Mosque}}

File:Sixty Dome Mosque-10.jpg

The Sixty Dome Mosque, on the eastern bank of a water tank or pond (the Ghora Dighi), is one of the oldest mosques in the country and is described as a "historic mosque representing the Golden Era of Muslim Bengal".{{cite book|author1=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan|author2=Isalāmika Phāuṇḍeśana (Bangladesh)|title=Khan Jahan, patron-saint of the Sundarbans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWgwAAAAYAAJ|access-date=15 May 2011|year=2004 |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|isbn=978-984-06-9032-9|quote= page 4...Shat Gumbaj Mosque or Bagerhat is one of the major signs of the Golden era of Muslim Bengal}} The mosque has an oblong plan of 148'6" x 101'4" externally and 123'3" x 76'2" internally. The mosque is unique in that it has 60 pillars that support 77 exquisitely curved "low squat domes" that have worn away over time; it has seven central domes that are four-sided and built in Bengali style. It was established in 1440 by Khan Jahan Ali.

The minarets are double storied and round in shape; projecting cornices surround the shafts up to the middle height of the minarets and a window fitted at this mid height provides ventilation and light. A spiral staircase in this minar leads to the top.{{cite book |author=Nihar Ghosh |title=Islamic art of mediaeval [sic] Bengal, architectural embellishments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysyfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 May 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=Rama Chattopadhyay |page=72 |oclc=56368557}}

It was used for prayers, as an assembly hall and madrasa. Seventy seven domes are over the roof and four smaller ones at the four corners are towers (the towers were used to call the faithfuls to attend prayers). The large prayer hall has 11 arched doorways on the east and 7 each on the north and south which provide ventilation and light to the hall. There are 7 longitudinal aisles and 11 deep bays in the midst of slim columns made of stone. These columns support the curving arches that are overlaid by the domes. The west wall in the interior has eleven mihrabs that are decorated with stonework and terracotta and the flooring is brickwork. The walls and the mihrabs were affected by sulphates. Most of the damage has been rectified. The arches are {{Convert|6|ft}} thick with a slight taper over the hollow and round walls. The mosque also functioned as the court of Khan Jahan Ali. It now attracts a large number of tourists and visitors. The mosque is decorated mostly with terracotta and bricks.{{Cite web|url=http://tslbuzz.com/tag/shat-gambuj-masjid/|title=World Heritage Site: This Time in Asia|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=TSLBuzz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831130405/http://tslbuzz.com/tag/shat-gambuj-masjid/|archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=dead}}:File:Shat Gambuj Mosque (4).jpg

File:Nine Dome Mosque ( interior ).jpg of the Nine Dome Mosque]]

The Nine Dome Mosque is located to the west of the takur dighi tank and built in the 15th century. It is located near Khan Jahan Ali's tomb. Its western wall conventionally faces west towards Mecca, where the mihrab is inset; terracotta floral scrolls and flower motifs are the decorations seen around the mihrab. Circular towers are provided in the four corners. The walls of the mosque support a large central dome which has eight smaller domes around it. This structure was also affected by sulphates. It has been since substantially restored. Close to this mosque are the Zinda Pir Mosque and mazar (tomb), which are in ruins.

The Singar Mosque is across the road from the Sixty Dome Mosque on its southeastern side. It is a square shaped single dome mosque. In what is typical to the Khan Jahan Style, the dome is supported on thick walls and topped with a cambered cornice. The Bigi Begni Mosque and the Chuna Khola Mosque are also single domed but much larger in size.

The Ronvijoypur Mosque has the largest dome in Bangladesh. It is of {{Convert|11|m}} width supported by arches and pendentives. The corners have tapering circular turrets while the external cornice has a slight curve. The mosque's interior is plain. However, the main mihrabs have decorations of floral patterns. It is located on the opposite side of the Khan Jahan Tomb on the Khulna-Bagerhat Road. It was built in the Khan Jahan style of architecture. It has been renovated many times in the past during the 1960s and 70s. However, it needs further repair work to prevent dampness inside the tomb, and also to the brickwork on the exterior surfaces.

File:চুনাখোলা মসজিদঃ মেহরাব।.jpg

The Chuna Khola Mosque, built in the 15th century, is located in the midst of rice fields in the village of Chuna Khola (named after the limestone extraction that was in vogue here in the past). It has been identified as representing a transition from the Khan Jahan style monuments. It is a {{Convert|7.7|m}} square building with {{Convert|2.24|m}} thick walls.{{cite book|author=Perween Hasan|title=Sultans and mosques: the early Muslim architecture of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA144|access-date=15 May 2011|year=2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-381-0|pages=144–147}} It has three entrances on the east and one each on the northern and southern sides also. It has three mihrabs with the central mihrab being the largest in size and projecting outwards. It has a hemispherical dome with frontal arches. There are also squinches and half domes. It is distinctly different from the Khan Jahan style mosque in its exterior decorations, particularly the east façade, which depicts four rectangular panels bordered by foliated scrolls with merlons having plant motifs. It has four turrets with curved cornices. The brick walls, in particular, were damaged due to sulphate effect. It was renovated in the 1980s according to guidelines set by UNESCO.

{{Main|Mausoleum of Khan Jahan Ali}}

The Khan Jahan Mausoleum or tomb is located on the northern bank of a water tank (a pond infested with crocodiles) called thakur dighi in Bengali language. The pond is square in shape and the excavated material from the tank was used to make an embankment over which the Mausoleum has been built. The pond is approached through a flight of broad and steep steps built from the embankment. It has a single dome structure built over a square plan of 47'0" x 47'0" externally while internally it has a square plan of 28'2" x 28'2". The building was made of brick walls over five layers of dressed stone which forms the basement. From recorded sources of 1866, it is also mentioned that the flooring had been inlaid with hexagonal encaustic tiles of different designs and colours (mostly blue, white and yellow). However, in its present condition such type of tiles are seen only on a few steps on the Mausoleum itself. The tomb has black stones which have been used for building the tomb and it is made of three steps. Verses from the Koran are inscribed in Arabic and Persian. There are inscriptions on the walls of the crypt which are inferred as providing historical information about Ulugh Khan Jahan's life. After retirement, Khan Jahan spent his retired life here and after his death on 25 October 1459, his tomb was preserved here.{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5263|title=Khan Jahan Mausoleum|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=ArchNet Digital Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003161541/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5263|archive-date=3 October 2012|url-status=dead}} It is now a pilgrimage site where people pay homage to the man who dedicated his lifetime to building the city and its monuments. The Pir Ali Tomb (of Pir Ali, a close associate of Khan Jahan) is an annexe building to this mausoleum and is of identical layout. A mosque called the Dargha Mosque is attached to the mausoleum.

File:Shat Gambuj Mosque (1).jpg

A small museum has been established by the Directorate of Archaeology of Bangladesh, in collaboration with UNESCO, in front of the Shait Gumbaz Mosque, where antiquaries collected from the area of the historical site are displayed providing knowledge on the history of Bagerhat. It has three exhibit galleries of antiquaries related to the "Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat", which include inscriptions, potteries, terracotta plaques and ornamental bricks. Pictures of important historic buildings of Bangladesh are also part of the exhibits here.{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bangladesh/khulna-division/bagerhat/sights/museum/bagerhat-museum|title=Bagerhat Museum|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=Lonely Planet.com|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045028/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bangladesh/khulna-division/bagerhat/sights/museum/bagerhat-museum|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourtobangladesh.com/Bagerhat-Museum-Bagerhat.php|title=Bagerhat Museum, Bagerhat|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=Tour to Bangladesh.com|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917144601/http://www.tourtobangladesh.com/Bagerhat-Museum-Bagerhat.php|url-status=live}}

• Architecture of Bangladesh

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Mosques in Bagerhat}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20161201121923/http://aishee.org/monographs/bagerhat/index.php Mosques and Tombs at Bagerhat] (archived 1 December 2016)
• [https://www.travelmate.com.bd/top-10-historical-mosques-in-bangladesh/ Top Historical Mosques in Bangladesh] at Travel Mate
• [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/historic-mosque-city-of-bagerhat/IgLyBtGhqQ7NLA Explore the Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat] at the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture

{{World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh}}

Category:World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh

Category:Archaeological sites in Bangladesh

Category:Populated places established in the 15th century

Category:Architecture of the Bengal Sultanate